Plants Data: CSV Data (PDF)

CSV Data Plant Name Scientific Name Medicinal Use Abscess root Polemonium reptans It is used to reduce fever,...

CSV Data Plant Name Scientific Name Medicinal Use Abscess root Polemonium reptans It is used to reduce fever, inflammation, and cough. Acai Euterpe oleracea Although acai berries are a longstanding food source for indigenous people of the Amazon, there is no evidence that they have historically served a medicinal, as opposed to nutritional role. Alder buckthorn Frangula alnus Bark (and to a lesser extent the fruit) has been used as a laxative, due to its 3 – 7% anthraquinone content. Alfalfa Medicago sativa The leaves are used to lower cholesterol, as well as forum kidney and urinary tract ailments, although  there is insufficient scientific evidence for its efficacy. Aloe vera Aloe vera Leaves are widely used to heal burns, wounds and other skin ailments. Amargo, bitter-wood Quassia amara A 2012 study found a topical gel with 4% Quassia extract to be a safe and effective cure of rosacea. Arnica Arnica montana Used as an anti-inflammatory and for osteoarthritis. The US Food and Drug Administration has classified Arnica montana as an unsafe herb because of its toxicity. It should not be taken orally or applied to broken skin where absorption can occur. Asafoetida Ferula assa-foetida  Might be useful for IBS, high cholesterol, and breathing problems. Ashoka tree Saraca indica The plant is used in Ayurvedic traditions to treat gynecological disorders. The bark is also used to combat oedema or swelling. Ashwagandha Withania somnifera The plant's long, brown, tuberous roots are used in traditional medicine. In Ayurveda, the berries and leaves are applied externally to tumors, tubercular glands, carbuncles, and ulcers. Asthma-plant Euphorbia hirta Used traditionally in Asia to treat bronchitic asthma and laryngeal spasm. It is used in the Philippines for dengue fever. Astragalus  Astragalus propinquus Long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to strengthen the immune system, and is used in modern China to treat hepatitis and as an adjunctive therapy in cancer. Avaram senna Senna auriculata The root is used in decoctions against fevers, diabetes, diseases of urinary system and constipation. The leaves have laxative properties. Barberry Berberis vulgaris Long history of medicinal use, dating back to the Middle Ages particularly among Native Americans. Uses have included skin ailments, scurvy and gastro-intestinal ailments. Bay laurel Laurus nobilis Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can be used as astringents and even as a reasonable salve for open wounds. Belladonna Atropa belladonna Although toxic, was used historically in Italy by women to enlarge their pupils, as well as a sedative, among other uses. The name itself means "beautiful woman" in Italian. Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus It is used to treat diarrhea, scurvy, and other conditions. Bitter leaf Vernonia amygdalina The plant is used by both primates and indigenous peoples in Africa to treat intestinal ailments such as dysentery. Bitter melon Momordica charantia The plant is used as an agent to reduce the blood glucose level. Bitter orange Citrus × aurantium  Used in traditional Chinese medicine and by indigenous peoples of the Amazon for nausea, indigestion and constipation. Black cohosh Actaea racemosa Historically used for arthritis and muscle pain, used more recently for conditions related to menopause and menstruation. Blessed thistle Cnicus benedictus Used during the Middle Ages to treat bubonic plague. In modern times, herbal teas made from blessed thistle are used for loss of appetite, indigestion and other purposes. Blue snakeweed Stachytarpheta cayennensis Extracts of the plant are used to ease the symptoms of malaria. The boiled juice or a tea made from the leaves or the whole plant is taken to relieve fever and other symptoms. It is also  used for dysentery, pain, and liver disorders. Blueberries Vaccinium spec. They are of current medical interest as an antioxidant and for urinary tract ailments. Borage Borago officinalis Used in hyperactive gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, such as gastrointestinal (colic, cramps, diarrhea), airways (asthma, bronchitis), cardiovascular, (cardiotonic, antihypertensive and blood purifier), urinary (diuretic and kidney/ bladder disorders). Burdock Arctium lappa Used traditionally as a diuretic and to lower blood sugar and, in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for sore throat and  symptoms of the common cold. Californian poppy Eschscholzia californica Used as an herbal remedy: an aqueous extract of the plant has sedative and anxiolytic actions. Cannabis Cannabis Used worldwide since ancient times as treatment for various conditions and ailments including pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal issues such as IBS, muscle relaxation, anxiety, Alzheimer's and dementia, ADHD, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, recurring headaches, Crohn's disease, depression, epilepsy, glaucoma, insomnia, and neuropathy among others. Cat's claw Uncaria tomentosa It has a long history of use in South America to prevent and treat disease. Cayenne Capsicum annuum Type of chili that has been used as both food and medicine for thousands of years. Uses have included reducing pain and swelling, lowering triglyceride and cholesterol levels and fighting viruses and harmful bacteria, due to high levels of Vitamin C. Celery Apium graveolens Seed is used only occasionally in tradition medicine. Modern usage is primarily as a diuretic. Chamomile Matricaria recutita and Anthemis nobilis It has been used over thousands of years for a variety of conditions, including sleeplessness, anxiety, and gastrointestinal conditions such as upset stomach, gas, and diarrhea. Chaparral  Larrea tridentata The leaves and twigs are used by Native Americans to make a herbal tea used for a variety of conditions, including arthritis, cancer and a number of others. Subsequent studies have been extremely variable, at best. Charcoal-tree Trema orientalis The leaves and the bark are used to treat coughs, sore throats, asthma, bronchitis, gonorrhea, yellow fever, toothache, and as an antidote to general poisoning. Chasteberry Vitex agnus-castus It has been used for over thousands of years for menstrual problems, and to stimulate lactation. Chili Capsicum frutescens Its active ingredient, capsaicine, is the basic of commercial pain-relief  ointments in Western medicine. The low incidence of heart attack in Thais may be related to capsaicine's fibronolytic action (dissolving blood clots). Cinchona Cinchona spec. Genus of about 38 species of trees whose bark is a source of alkaloids, including quinine. Its use as a febrifuge was first popularized in the 17th century by Peruvian Jesuits. Cinnamon rose Rosa majalis It yields edible hip fruits rich in vitamin C, which are used in medicine and to produce rose hip syrup. Clove Syzygium aromaticum The plant is used for upset stomach and as an expectorant, among other purposes. The oil is used topically to treat toothache. Coffee senna Cassia occidentalis Used in a wide variety of roles in traditional medicine, including in particular as a broad-spectrum internal and external antimicrobial, for liver disorders, for intestinal worms and other parasites and as an immune-system stimulant. Comfrey Symphytum officinale It has been used as a vulnerary and to reduce inflammation. It was also used internally in the past, for stomach and other ailments, but its toxicity has led a number of other countries, including Canada, Brazil, Australia, and the United Kingdom, to severely restrict or ban the use of comfrey. Common chickweed Stellaria media It has been used as a remedy to treat itchy skin conditions and pulmonary diseases. 17th-century  herbalist John Gerard recommended it as a remedy for mange. Modern herbalists prescribe it for iron-deficiency anemia (for its high iron content), as well as for skin diseases, bronchitis, rheumatic pains, arthritis and period pain. Common hepatica Anemone hepatica Historically used to treat liver diseases, it is still used in alternative medicine today. Other modern applications by herbalists include treatments for pimples, bronchitis and gout. Common hollyhock Alcea rosea Believed to be an emollient and laxative. It is used to control inflammation, to stop bedwetting and as a mouthwash in cases of bleeding gums. Common mullein Verbascum thapsus  It contains glycyrrhizin compounds with bactericide and potential anti-tumoral action. These compounds are concentrated in the flowers. Common nettle, stinging nettle Urtica dioica It has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, locomotor system, skin, cardiovascular system, hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism, and gout. Common witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana It produces a specific kind of tannins called hamamelitannins. One of those substances displays a specific cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells. Common yarrow Achillea millefolium  Purported to be a diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic. Cornflower Centaurea cyanus In herbalism, a decoction of cornflower is effective in treating conjunctivitis and as a wash for tired eyes. Cotton lavender Santolina chamaecyparissus Most commonly, the flowers and leaves are made into a decoction used to expel intestinal parasites. Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon It was used historically as a vulnerary and for urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems. Modern usage has concentrated on urinary tract related problems. Curly dock or yellow dock  Rumex crispus In Western herbalism the root is often used for treating anemia, due to its high level of iron. The plant will help with skin conditions if taken internally or applied externally to things like itching, scrofula, and sores. It is also used for respiratory conditions, specifically those with a tickling cough that is worse when exposed to cold air. It mentions also passing pains, excessive itching, and that it helps enlarged lymphs. Daisy Bellis perennis Flowers have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea (or the leaves as a salad) for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. Dandelion Taraxacum officinale It was most commonly used historically to treat liver diseases,  kidney diseases, and spleen problems. Digitalis or foxglove Digitalis lanata It came into use in treating cardiac disease in late 18th century England in spite of its high toxicity.a Its use has been almost entirely replaced by the pharmaceutical derivative Digoxin, which has a shorter half-life in the body, and whose toxicity is therefore more easily managed. Digoxin is used as an antiarrhythmic agent and inotrope. Dong quai Angelica sinensis Used for thousands of years in Asia, primarily in women's health. Drumstick tree Moringa oleifera It is used for food and traditional medicine. It is undergoing preliminary research to investigate potential properties of its nutrients  and phytochemicals Elderberry Sambucus nigra The berries and leaves have traditionally been used to treat pain, swelling, infections, coughs, and skin conditions and, more recently, flu, common cold, fevers, constipation, and sinus infections. Elecampane Inula helenium It is used in herbal medicine as an expectorant and for water retention. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus Leaves were widely used in traditional medicine as a febrifuge. Eucalyptus oil is commonly used in over-the-counter cough and cold medications, as well as for an analgesic. European mistletoe Viscum album  It has been used to treat seizures, headaches, and other conditions. Evening primrose Oenothera Its oil has been used since the 1930s for eczema, and more recently as an anti-inflammatory. False sowthistle Reichardia tingitana Uses in folk medicine have been recorded in the Middle East, its leaves being used to treat ailments such as constipation, colic and inflamed eyes. Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum It has long been used to treat symptoms of menopause, and digestive ailments. More recently, it has been used to treat diabetes, loss of appetite and other conditions Feverfew Tanacetum parthenium  The plant has been used for centuries for fevers, headaches, stomach aches, toothaches, insect bites and other conditions. Field scabious Knautia arvensis The whole plant is astringent and mildly diuretic. An infusion is used internally as a blood purifier and externally for treating cuts, burns and bruises. Flaxseed Linum usitatissimum The plant is most commonly used as a laxative. Flaxseed oil is used for different conditions, including arthritis. Fumitory Fumaria officinalis Traditionally thought to be good for the eyes and to remove skin blemishes. In modern times herbalists use it to treat skin diseases and conjunctivitis, as well  as to cleanse the kidneys. However, Howard (1987) warns that fumitory is poisonous and should only be used under the direction of a medical herbalist. Garden angelica Angelica archangelica Roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or tincture for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, nervous system, and also against fever, infections, and flu. Garlic Allium sativum Widely used as an antibiotic and, more recently, for treating cardiovascular disease Garlic is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and has antidepressant-like effects on mice so might be used as a herbal antidepressant or anxiolytic in humans. Ginger Zingiber officinale The plant is used to relieve nausea. Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba The leaf extract has been used to treat asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, Alzheimer's and tinnitus. Ginseng Panax spec. Used medicinally, in particular in Asia, for over 2,000 years, and is widely used in modern society. Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis It was used traditionally by Native Americans to treat skin diseases, ulcers, and gonorrhea. More recently, the herb has been used to treat the respiratory tract and a number of other infections. Grape Vitis vinifera  The leaves and fruit have been used medicinally since the ancient Greeks. Ground-ivy Glechoma hederacea It has been used as a "lung herb". Other traditional uses include as an expectorant, astringent, and to treat bronchitis. The essential oil of the plant has been used for centuries as a general tonic for colds and coughs, and to relieve congestion of the mucous membranes. Guava Psidium guajava It has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. It is traditionally used to treat diarrhea; however, evidence of its effectiveness is very limited. Gum arabic Acacia senegal A natural gum sourced from hardened sap of various species of acacia tree used as a binder and  emulsifier. Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus laevigata Fruit has been used for centuries for heart disease. Other uses include digestive and kidney related problems. Henna Lawsonia inermis The plants exhibits potential antibacterial activity. The alcoholic extract of the root has antibacterial activity due to the presence of flavonoid and alkaloids. Henna is also thought to show anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects in experimental animals. Hoodia Hoodia gordonii The plant is traditionally used by Kalahari San (Bushmen) to reduce hunger and thirst. It is currently  marketed as an appetite suppressant. Horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum Its seeds, leaves, bark, and flowers have been used medicinally for many centuries. The raw plant materials are toxic unless processed. Horsetail Equisetum arvense Dates back to ancient Roman and Greek medicine, when it was used to stop bleeding, heal ulcers and wounds, and treat tuberculosis and kidney problems. Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis It is used for digestive and intestinal problems including liver and gallbladder conditions, intestinal pain, intestinal gas, colic, and loss of appetite. It is also used for respiratory problems including coughs, the common cold,  respiratory infections, sore throat, and asthma. Inchplant Tradescantia zebrina It is used in southeast Mexico in the region of Tabasco as a cold herbal tea, which is named Matali. Skin irritation may result from repeated contact with or prolonged handling of the plant, particularly from the clear, watery sap (a characteristic unique to T. zebrina as compared with other types). Indian sandalwood Santalum album Sandalwood oil has been widely used in folk medicine for treatment of common colds, bronchitis, skin disorders, heart ailments, general weakness, fever, infection of the urinary tract, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, liver and gallbladder complaints and other maladies. Jamaica dogwood Piscidia erythrina / Piscidia piscipula The plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety, despite serious safety concerns. A 2006 study suggested medicinal potential. Japanese hawkweed Youngia japonica The plant is antitussive and febrifuge. It is also used in the treatment of boils and snakebites. Jasmine Jasminum officinale It is used in dermatology as either an antiseptic or anti-inflammatory agent. Kanna Sceletium tortuosum African treatment for depression. Suggested to be an SSRI or have similar effects, but unknown mechanism of activity. Karvy Strobilanthes callosus The plant is anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-rheumatic. Kava Piper methysticum The plant has been used for centuries in the South Pacific to make a ceremonial drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. It is used as a soporific, as well as for asthma and urinary tract infection Khat Catha edulis Mild stimulant used for thousands of years in Yemen, and is banned today in many countries. Contains the amphetamine-like substance cathinone. Konjac Amorphophallus konjac Significant dietary source of glucomannan, which is used in treating obesity, constipation, and  reducing cholesterol. Kratom Mitragyna speciosa Kratom is known to prevent or delay withdrawal symptoms in an opioid-dependent individual, and it is often used to mitigate cravings thereafter. It can also be used for other medicinal purposes. Kratom has been traditionally used in regions such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Laurustinus Viburnum tinus V. tinus has medicinal properties. The active ingredients are viburnin (a substance or more probably a mixture of compounds) and tannins. Tannins can cause stomach upset. The leaves when infused have antipyretic properties. The fruits have been used as purgatives against constipation. The tincture has been used lately in herbal medicine as a remedy for  depression. The plant also contains iridoid glucosides. Lavender Lavandula angustifolia It was traditionally used as an antiseptic and for mental health purposes. It was also used in ancient Egypt in mummifying bodies. There is little scientific evidence that lavender is effective for most mental health uses. Lemon Citrus limon Along with other citruses, it has a long history of use in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine. In contemporary use, honey and lemon is common for treating coughs and sore throat. Lemon balm Melissa officinalis It is used as a sleep aid and digestive aid. Licorice root Glycyrrhiza glabra It has a long history of medicinal usage in Eastern and Western medicine. Uses include stomach ulcers, bronchitis, and sore throat, as well as infections caused by viruses, such as hepatitis. Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Sacred lotus has been the subject of a number of in-vitro and animal studies, exploring its pharmacologic effects, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-infective, hyperlipidemic, and psychopharmacologic activity although clinical trials are lacking. Magnolia-bark Magnolia officinalis The bark contains magnolol and honokiol, two polyphenolic compounds. Preclinical studies have evaluated their various potential  applications including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial properties. Mallow Malva sylvestris The seeds are used internally in a decoction or herbal tea as a demulcent and diuretic, and the leaves made into poultices as an emollient for external applications. Marigold Calendula officinalis Also named calendula, has a long history of use in treating wounds and soothing skin Marsh-mallow Althaea officinalis Used for over 2,000 years as both a food and a medicine Milk thistle Silybum marianum It has been used for thousands of years for a variety of medicinal  purposes, in particular liver problems. Minnieroot, fever root, snapdragon root Ruellia tuberosa In folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine it has been used as a diuretic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antihypertensive, gastroprotective, and to treat gonorrhea. Xanthoparmelia scabrosa Xanthoparmelia scabrosa It is a lichen used for sexual dysfunction. Neem Azadirachta indica Used in India to treat worms, malaria, rheumatism and skin infections among many other things. Its many uses have led to neem being called "the village dispensary" in India. Nigella, black-caraway, black-cumin, and kalonji Nigella sativa It has efficacy as a therapy, mainly using the seed oil extract, volatile oil, and isolated constituent thymoquinone. One meta-analysis of clinical trials concluded that N. sativa has a short-term benefit on lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Noni Morinda citrifolia It has a history of use as for joint pain and skin conditions. Opium poppy Papaver somniferum The plant is the plant source of morphine, used for pain relief. Morphine made from the refined and modified sap is used for pain control in terminally ill patients. Dried sap was used as a traditional medicine until the 19th century. Papaya Carica papaya Used for treating wounds and stomach troubles. Passion flower Passiflora Thought to have anti-depressant properties. Unknown MOA. Used in traditional medicine to aid with sleep or depression. Peppermint Mentha x piperita Its oil, from a cross between water mint and spearmint, has a history of medicinal use for a variety of conditions, including nausea, indigestion, and symptoms of the common cold. Plantain Plantago lanceolata It is used frequently in herbal teas and other herbal remedies. A tea from the leaves is used as a highly effective cough medicine. In the  traditional Austrian medicine Plantago lanceolata leaves have been used internally (as syrup or tea) or externally (fresh leaves) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, insect bites, and infections. Platycodon, balloon flower Platycodon grandiflorus The extracts and purified platycoside compounds (saponins) from the roots may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties. Purple coneflower Echinacea purpurea This plant and other species of Echinacea have been used for at least 400 years by Native Americans to treat infections and wounds, and as a general "cure-all" (panacea). It is currently used for symptoms associated with cold and flu Red clover Trifolium pratense The plant is an ingredient in some recipes for essiac tea. Research has found no benefit for any human health conditions. Robert geranium Geranium robertianum In traditional herbalism, it was used as a remedy for toothache and nosebleeds and as a vulnerary (used for or useful in healing wounds). Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis It has been used medicinally from ancient times. Sage Salvia officinalis Shown to improve cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease Salae Broussonetia kurzii  Known as Salae in Thailand where this species is valued as a medicinal plant. Sao Caetano melon Cayaponia espelina It is a diuretic and aid in the treatment of diarrhea and syphilis. Sea buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides The leaves are used as herbal medicine to alleviate cough and fever, pain, and general gastrointestinal disorders as well as to cure dermatologic disorders. Similarly, the fruit juice and oils can be used in the treatment of liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, chronic wounds or other dermatological disorders. Shoreline purslane Sesuvium portulacastrum The plant extract showed antibacterial and anticandidal activities and moderate antifungal  activity. Small-leaved linden Tilia cordata In the countries of Central, Southern and Western Europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into an herbal tea called tisane. Snowdrop Galanthus It contains an active substance called galantamine, which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Galantamine (or galanthamine) can be helpful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, though it is not a cure. St John's wort Hypericum perforatum Widely used within herbalism for depression. Evaluated for use as an antidepressant, but with ambiguous results. Star anise Illicium verum It is the major source of the chemical compound shikimic acid, a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu). Summer savory Satureja hortensis Its extracts show antibacterial and antifungal effects on several species including some of the antibiotic resistant strains. Summer snowflake Leucojum aestivum It is known to contain Galantamine (Nivalin, Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl, Lycoremine in pharmaceutical format). It is used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and various other memory impairments, in particular those of vascular origin. Syrian Rue (aka Harmal)  Peganum harmala Can be used as an antidepressant, but carries significant risk. Used in traditional shamanistic rites in the amazon, and is a component of Ayahuasca, Caapi or Yajé (which is actually usually Banisteriopsis caapi but has the same active alkaloids). Tea tree oil Melaleuca alternifolia It has been used medicinally for centuries by Australian aboriginal people. Modern usage is primarily as an antibacterial or antifungal agent. Thyme Thymus vulgaris The plant is used to treat bronchitis and cough. It serves as an antispasmodic and expectorant in this role. It has also been used in many other medicinal roles in Asian and Ayurvedic medicine, although it has not been shown to be effective in non-respiratory medicinal roles. Trifoliate orange, bitter orange Citrus trifoliata Fruits of Citrus trifoliata are widely used in Oriental medicine as a treatment for allergic inflammation. Tulsi or holy basil Ocimum tenuiflorum It is used for a variety of purposes in traditional medicine; tulsi is taken in many forms: as herbal tea, dried powder, fresh leaf or mixed with ghee. Essential oil extracted from Karpoora tulasi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics. Turmeric Curcuma longa Spice that lends its distinctive yellow color to Indian curries, has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to aid digestion and liver function, relieve arthritis pain, and regulate menstruation. Umckaloabo, or South African Geranium Pelargonium sidoides It is used in treating acute bronchitis 141 Valerian Valeriana officinalis It has been used since at least ancient Greece and Rome for sleep disorders and anxiety. Velvetleaf Cissampelos pareira Used for a wide variety of conditions. Verbena Verbena officinalis It is used for sore throats and respiratory tract diseases. Veronica Veronica officinalis The plant is used for sinus and ear infections. Vetiver Chrysopogon zizanioides  Used for skin care. Wafer Ash Ptelea trifoliata The root bark is used for the digestive system. Also known as hoptree. Wahoo Euonymus atropurpureus Plant is a purgative and might affect the heart. Water germander Teucrium scordium It has been used for asthma, diarrhea, fever, intestinal parasites, hemorrhoids, and wounds. Water-plantain Alisma plantago-aquatica Used for the urinary tract. Watercress Nasturtium officinale It may be diuretic and antibacterial. Wheatgrass Triticum aestivum It may contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. White buttercup Turnera subulata It is used for skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory ailments. Laboratory tests showed it has some inhibitory activity against various fungi, such as Candida glabrata, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Candida albicans. White snakeroot Ageratina altissima Root tea has been used to treat diarrhea, kidney stones, and fever. A root poultice can be used on snakebites. White willow Salix alba Plant source of salicylic acid, white willow is like the chemical known as  aspirin, although more likely to cause stomach upset as a side effect than aspirin itself which can cause the lining in your stomach to be destroyed. Used from ancient times for the same uses as aspirin. Wild pansy Viola tricolor It is one of many viola plant species containing cyclotides. These small peptides have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise to high stability. Many cyclotides, found in Viola tricolor are cytotoxic. This feature means that it could be used to treat cancers. Yellow lady's slipper Cypripedium parviflorum The Cypripedium species have been used in native remedies for dermatitis, tooth aches, anxiety, headaches, as an antispasmodic, stimulant and sedative. However, the preferred species for use are Cyp.  parviflorum and Cyp.acaule, used as topical applications or tea. Yerba mate Ilex paraguariensis It has been claimed to have various effects on human health and these effects have been attributed to the high quantity of polyphenols found in mate tea. Mate contains compounds that act as an appetite suppressant, increases mental energy and focus, and improves mood. Yerba mate also contains elements such as potassium, magnesium, and manganese. Yerba Santa Eriodictyon crassifolium Used by the Chumash people to keep airways open for proper breathing.