Plant Evolution Lecture PDF

Plant Evolution Lecture Tue, Feb 04, 2025 11:34AM 1:10:16 SUMMARY KEYWORDS sporophyte, gametophyte, alternation of generations, meiosis, sporangia, speropolinum, apical meristem, fossil record, vascular plants, xylem, phloem, seedless vascular plants, homosporous, heterosporous, seed plants S...

Plant Evolution Lecture Tue, Feb 04, 2025 11:34AM 1:10:16 SUMMARY KEYWORDS sporophyte, gametophyte, alternation of generations, meiosis, sporangia, speropolinum, apical meristem, fossil record, vascular plants, xylem, phloem, seedless vascular plants, homosporous, heterosporous, seed plants SPEAKERS Speaker 2, Speaker 1, Speaker 3, Speaker 5, Speaker 4 S Speaker 1 00:00 Alright. So if you take a look here, this shows the trends of going from the basic spore fight being very, very small to the sporophyte being very large and supporting the gametaphy. So we see our trees in that are huge sporophytes that have flowering plants and seeds and everything else that is the gametophyte there. So it has increased, because it works really well for being able to adapt to a drier climate and what things are doing this little picture, this kind of helps a little bit to kind of see the trend in a direction that things are going being very small up here for the most part. As far as the sport five, we actually have the ability to be able to be close to water and utilize water for more of our reproduction and something that's going to be more prevalent as we go along. Okay, again, the alternation of generations. This is just a general view of how it actually exists, and we're going to go into more detail with each one of these. So notice here that all it is is for the organism or the plant or whatever that utilizes this will have a diploid and haploid state of existence, and it really works well for plants as far as being able to reproduce adequately. Okay, so this is a good generalized view, so you can refer back to this when we get to the more specific life cycles, the alternation of generations with these groups. It will be kind of important to have this generalized one in mind. All right, so let's take a look at some of those characteristics that we were talking about. So if we take a look here at the sporophyte, okay, produces a spores in organs called a sporangia. So that's pretty easy to remember, the diploid cells called spores, sites undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores. That's not an unusual idea. But then the spore walls contain speropolinum that you can see up there as a real strong type of resistant, water resistant type of protection and from harsh environments also, like temperatures also. So you can see right here, with this moss, as little as the area up there, that's the sporophyte. Notice that the gametophyte supports the sporophyte, okay? And when we start looking at pine trees, the sporophyte is the tree itself that supports the gametophyte. Everybody okay with the direction that that kind of goes. You kind of see how that's a little topsy turvy, but it works. Well, you good. Any questions on that it'll become a lot more evident as we go along, as far as the basic concept, multi cellular game tangia. So this is another one of those characteristics that we talked about. So the gametophytes are produced in orange, called Game tangia. In a female gametangia called  archegonia, they produce the eggs or the precursors for the spores or the seeds, depending upon what type of plant the male gamete here called the anthuride, or the site of sperm production and release or pollen. When we start to get to things like 04:00 juvenile sperms and angiosperms. S Speaker 1 04:04 Okay, there just definitions, but I'm going to show you pictures here. Ready? We take a look at these small types of non vascular types of plants that are close to the water because they only have cell to cell communication as far as nutrients and the water. If I put a quarter on here, it'd be about this big, but these are really tiny, right next to the water itself. And so you can see the archigona and the anthridia here as the two different types of gametophytes that are working well here eventually to support the sport. Now, apical neurostomatic tissue, this is like stem cell tissue in animals. When babies are born, they have this wonderful type of material that helps them develop into different directions, depending upon how the genetics run. So plants here have this apical meristematic tissue in here to help them grow tall and deep. So the roots grow deep with that meristematic tissue down below and the different branches and different flowering parts and all sorts of things happen with the meristematic tissue that you see in here, moving outward in some of the plants, etc, as we take a look here and down here, the meristematic tissue pushing the roots further. You don't want shallow roots if you're going to grow really tall, right, you want something to support. So that's what we're talking about there. As far as that type of a definition going really quick over here on the origin diversification of plants. So we start to see that plants were starting to come up on land from their glaucophyton type of ancestor, 470, 5 million years ago, creating the fossil record, and it was a little bit before, little bit after, millions of years wise, it doesn't matter. This is a good ballpark figure, and we'll do that a lot as far as geological time, because we'll give you ballpark figures, but that works very well, alright? So you can see the spores in the tissues extracted from the rocks as fossils, fossilized spores, as well as sporophyte tissue in there, along with what else do we have here that's really important for the colonization of these types of ancestors of the green algae, like types of things the Glock fights going into the land plants. What else do we find in the fossil record at this same time that helps them grow as far as their roots? What's it called mycorrhiza fungi. So we also have fungi growing at the same time in on the plants, in the plant and in the fossil record. Okay, so this is a nice overall view of the direction we're going to go. So we started looking almost immediately at the non vascular plants. Vascular meaning what? What does vascularization mean? Xylem and flow and plumbing. So just think of plumbing. We don't have plumbing for those real small plants, but they just what have, cell to cell communication with the plasma Desmond sending stuff back and forth across the cell wall. So the vascular seed plants going up here with our seedless plants, excuse me, they have lots of good plumbing because they're trying to compete with one another, or sunlight, or extra space for making more sugar, okay, and photosynthesis going on, and then we have seeds that are also another adaptation, a movement Going from spores and seed like structures into actual seeds, and then the seeds in in angiosperms also. 08:28  So far so good. Alright, okay. 08:32 So this is a nice little overview how that works, S Speaker 1 08:36 alright, this is a quick overview of all of the groups that we just kind of discussed with pictures in there, commonly called bryophytes. Okay, non vascular plants are called bryophytes, and unfortunately, we have a group of non vascular plants are also called bryoth. So sometimes it's a little bit confusing, but you're going to see that as we go along here. Seedless vascular plants can be divided into clades. We're only going to look at two of them today, the lycopodah and pteryopod the ferns and the club muscles and seedless vascular plants are paraphyletic. What does that mean? That they're paraphytic. That means we know that they're related, but we're not sure exactly all of the connections everybody good there and are the same level of biological organization. They're what we call a grade, instead of a clade. Clades tell us that things are related to another. Grades are talking about certain characteristics that are shared by groups that don't seem to be closely related. Everybody. All right, with that, we're going to look at that with animals also. So keep that seed, then as an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat the seed plants form a clay or a group is closely related that share characteristics. Can be divided into the gymnosperms and the angiosperms naked seeds, like the pine trees and conifers and the angiosperms of the flowers. So far, so good that you can kind of see this fire, how they are ready. This is a little chart that kind of help you put those things together a little bit. You don't have to memorize the estimated number of species, but this just helps you look at the different basic phyla that we have within plants themselves. Planting, okay, we take a look at what's going on here. This is kind of nice, because we see how the plants are evolving from the non vascular from the basic types of relatives of green algae, the glycophytes in there, and how they evolve into the basic streptophada in there, then going into the land plants themselves. So this is kind of a good way to kind of look at the direction at which we're going, and how evolution has produced the plants the way they are to become more terrestrial. 11:31 So this is just kind of an A gap S Speaker 1 11:35 we Okay, there. This is one of those helps. Okay, now we're going to start talking about the non vasculars, the ones that are the mosses and the hormones and other types of things that are plumbing vacant, okay, but they work really well, and are probably exactly like some of the early plants that came up on the land, liverworts, corn warts and mosses. Notice the phylum in mosses is the same as a generalized term for all three of these, bryofa in there, and bryophytes are talking about the basic type of MOS like plants. Now it's interesting also that mosses are more closely related as far as characteristics to the vascular plants that are going to evolve  that we see here. So we have transitions, so the mosses are a good transition. That's a very generalized way of looking at it. Let's take a look at it. There's a moss, there's a hornwort, and there's a liverwort. Remember that these are very, very small. These are non vascular, meaning they don't have one, again, 12:51 plumbing. There you go. S Speaker 1 12:53 Pretty good. There just a general overview. So bryophytes by definition, and plants in general, are photosynthetic eukaryotes. They are autotrophic, and they have cellulose walls and chlorophylls A and B. That is a real good definition that you should carry throughout these next four sections. It also is underlined and bold printed. So does that look like something that would be on the test question. Say, Yes, yes, yay. Verily, it will be, I bring down truth from on high. Alright, there we go. Bryophytes and bryophyte like plants for the prevalent vegetation for a long time, until they started to adjust and have certain types of mutations that would take them onto the terrestrial ecosystem. So this is just looking again at those basic groups. Now this is our first life cycle, so I'm going to finish doing the whole life cycle. But notice here, if you take pictures of it in sequence. This might help you understand that words, so all of the three types of non vascular plants, the variety in there, the gametophytes, are larger and longer living than the sporophytes themselves. Sporophytes are temporary reproductive types of structures or fights typically present only a part of the times in which they exist. So as we go along here, if you want to take picture after picture, and then we're going to take a look at this cycle. Okay, there you go. And then finally here. So let's take a look at what's going on here. This is a good way to start the basic alternation generation. So if you take a look here, like for example, at a firm, most of the time. You're not going to see this type of stuff. They look like ferns, though, don't they? I mean, you could be walked out there, but they're bryotalks in actuality. So we take a look at what's going on here. What's this right here? Well, is it 2n or N in here, in this little area right here, not going up here, but Spora five. Is this a sporophyte, or is it a gametophyte? This is a sporified, right? Because it supports the what the gameified supports what the sporified it is a sporified support the media fight. What is the media fight? In where it really kind of before. What does the gameto fight do? Guys? We need to just kind of clear this right now. Gametophytes make starts with a G also, there you go. Okay, the sporophyte is that tissue which is kind of unique in here. Well, let's go along here. Notice here that we have the sporangia. They go through meiosis as they're making things that are what now are they haploid or diploid? Here they're haploid. But notice that we have the plant coming out of the spores, that one is a female and one's a male. Is that video? Okay with that notice in here that we have the anthridia and the archigona. Now, those terms change all the time in Bonnies. Bonnets like to do that, but take a look at what happens here. From the standpoint of the sperm are released in here, and they're going what down into the gametophyte that's in here in the archigo area in here, into this gametophyte. So gametophytes do what? Again, in here, the gametophytes make gametes. But at the same time, how do these get to here? Through water. So that's going to be super important for you to understand that these are flagellated sperm because of the fact that they're right next to one another and these little tiny plants right next to the river. And what happens? So water sits there and washes these into the areas where these eggs are in here. Then they do what they fertilize. They go into what here. They go into a  diploid state in there. Okay, this is a two end baby in here. Now, because I have a full component, at least it's staying pretty close to what animals do. And then notice here that it starts to grow and produces what young score fight in here, produces the sporangia. Everybody okay with that, and it's supported by what? There you go. Everybody okay with that? Go ahead, what 18:20 happens to the male? Do you fight S Speaker 1 18:24 it? Stays a male and produces sperm and continues to but the Yeah, female is just what develops, is where it the real development that takes place, as far as the baby, just like with animals, what good are males? All we are is sperm. X guys, we're absolutely useless. The females are the ones that produce the babies and make the babies grow. So if you think of it that way, with animals and plants, they're following the same route. Did I just depress you guys? I hope not. We don't even though you're absolutely worthless, okay, biologically speaking, for the most part, you're nothing. Okay. Does this kind of help the alternation? Does this alternate the generations as far as haploid and diploid? That's all we're looking at here. Now that seems like it's kind of complicated, but it works really well from where it came from, as far as the glycophytes and the green allergy. And so you can see that this is doing what it's adapting to an environment where there's not very much water, except to do what transport the male gametophytes is female gametophytes, nobody. All right. With that, it's terrestrializing. So keep that in mind as we go along with these alternation generations as an adaptation from the Marine, semi aquatic environment where we're getting what an adaption to the land, and being able to adapt well to land and still photosynthesize adequately. Because notice here each one of those groups still photosynthesizes, as far as the gametophyte right? Gotta produce food, gotta produce sugars. You gotta have that energy in there, as well as the gametophytes then 20:25 producing the anthracianarcert. S Speaker 1 20:28 Does this seem like it's understandable? Now, I'm not going to put one of these on the test and have you fill in the blanks. 20:36 That's for a good bonding class cell, S Speaker 1 20:40 okay, but we are going to do it here, but I want you to understand the cycle. Everybody okay with that, and see that it is an important way in which plants reproduce. Notice I also put up here, while I talk about the flagellated sperm, kind of important here, but I also talk about these little areas in here. These are rhizoids in here that help anchor did we see this in algae? In the green algae, also, they were used to anchor the algae, but they didn't do what. They did not transfer what into the rest of the plant, the nutrients and stuff. Here they're doing it. They're actually modified stems. Everybody okay with that? They're not roots yet that are different than stems. These are just modified. And you would expect that as a transition coming up onto the land, you have the rise like that, anchors, the game devices, the substrate, and also gives it what the nourishment sometimes, and that's where the water and everything else go up there, cell to cell, because they are really small, so that way they can get all the water and nutrients into the plant. We good so far. Seems a little bit complicated, but is it a little bit better that video? Okay. Do you have any questions on this? We're all okay. Okay, so you're going to see these types of life cycles come up a matter of understanding how they work, not just mass memorization of it, but you should be familiar enough with it that you could explain it if you saw let's take a look here again. Marcantia. Here, you can see the spacing the basic space. Now we're not going into space basic type of production here, of the gametophytes, of the capsules in there, etc. So that's kind of neat. Okay, kind of small. This is a liverwort in here, and then the horn, or notice there's this orophyte in there, and the gametophyte that supports everybody, okay with that idea. Very simple. Go ahead. These ones are all the non vascular. Non vascular so far. Yeah, we're gonna announce when we move into the next group. Okay, okay, if we take a look at a close up again, just to kind of review what's going on. Oh, go ahead. Could we go back two slides? Sure. All right, there, yes, thank you. But what you're seeing is the same type of physiology, but just a different morphology on the outside of it. You need that one. You got that one. Everybody? Okay, all right, there we go. So we take a look there at this moss. Guess what you're seeing there? The green is the what the game to point that supports the what everybody good there. 23:56 It's not too bad after you kind of get used to it, S Speaker 1 24:01 all right, and again, here we go. We're dividing them right up here. This is the vascular, seedless plant. Notice that they're getting larger. They're competing for sunlight with one another by becoming larger, and they're getting more surface area for photosynthesis for that larger plant. So it works really well, okay? And as we go along here, here the seedless vascular plants growing tall. And so here's a little bit of detail here. As we get more vascularity, we become more terrestrialized. And so these fossils that we find of these plants that make up the coal beds and things like that are forerunners of the vascular plants. So these are forerunners of the vascular plants that date back to about 420 million years ago, and they're characterized by in each one of these bullet points is kind of a neat differentiation. As it become more terrestrialized, life cycles with dominant sporophytes separate from the gametophyte along with flagellated sperm, you're going to see flagellated sperm being produced for quite a while here, even though it is not as useful as it was in the beginning, vascular tissues, xylem and phon in here, and we're going to look at the idea of tracheids. Tracheids and vessels are two different sizes. But you kind of want larger sizes and smaller sizes, because you want the ability to have physics allow water to what move upward into the plant adequately, without putting a whole lot of energy into it. And that's going to be significant later. Well developed roots, not rhizoids, now, are being developed. So these stems that were modified supports and kind of acted like, kind of acted like. Roots are now fully organized roots, as far as just definitions go. So we have well developed roots, not rhizoids and that and leaves. The leaf structures are modifications of the stem, like material in there. No seeds yet, though. We're still using sports, but it still works pretty good. Do we still need water with these guys? Absolutely So, all right, just taking a look at a couple of these, notice here that we have the rhizomatous type of and it looks like a rhizoic but it now has what we call little root hairs in her adventitious roots that work really good as far as getting the nutrients. But notice here we don't have leaves in certain of these because what the stems doing in here they are photosizing, but we actually will have modifications of these to make leaf like structures. And then we have the sporangia there. Also we Okay, so far looking at the evolution of how this works, okay, cook sunia is a good example here, and this has an interesting story. If we go over to places over in Scotland and Ireland, we actually find what we call the rainia church, or the rocks that have these beautiful fossils in them. Farmers have used them for their rock walls. And when paleobotans found these. They had to actually go in and pay the farmer to take one of their rocks out of the rock wall, and then the farmer just replaced it. Got some money for it. But it was kind of cool to have this, because this helps us understand the emotion of plants, so we have a vascularity in here, only a few centimeters tall, still developing into those groups that are really going to be important for getting very tall, and no roots or leaves in here, per se, in crookstonia. But some of them are kind of developing expanded types of branching in here, we'll show that there's a term that we're going to use here, that we use with some of these more ancient types of vascular plants called homospherous, and you'll understand how that works as we go along right now. This is just one of the characteristics of coxinia. Of the more less we're going to say less complex types of plants. One I have the right name of that producing only one type of Spore. That is a real good way to maintain the species. You're going to see how that term turns out a little bit later on, let's take a look at the next life cycle. Then you can take pictures along here with this. I understand it, but you're going to understand from the last one also, because there's lots of similarities in it. So in contrast, again, with the bright white sporophytes, for the seedless vascular plants, are larger, okay, as in the firm, okay, the gametophytes are tiny plants that grow on or below this soil surface. Now, okay, here we go. Let's take a look there, and then there. So this is a real good example of looking at a number of different types of unique things with vascular plants, and we'll come back to this a little bit later. Here's the furniture all familiar with right notice that we have the sporangia on here, the sporangium right here, that are kind of unique from the standpoint. Have you ever seen a fern, if you've seen flowers or sent flowers or somebody or received flowers, and you see the little gold dots on the leaves and things like that. That's what we have here, as far as that goes. Oh, take a look at this. This is looking kind of interesting here. This is the mature sporified in here. So, this is the sporophyte supporting basically what the gametophyte in here. So let's take a look here. This is going to move up and the sporangial area in here release through meiosis in the sporangium spores that are one type of spore here, that are what going from diploid to haploid, but notice the little plant that they're producing here is what. This is a real good example of hemospherous, and we'll tell you more about that, because this little plant has both what male and female parts in it. In here, notice that we have the anthridia, or the sperm, and we have the archidonia in here on the same plant. Now, is it a real problem for plants to kind of interbreed with one another. Could there be changes in the group as you sit there in a little pasture and there's a whole bunch of ferns there, could you get some of the sperm that actually goes to another plant? Could there be some variation that way? Is it going to be really important? Because why plants have multiple sets of what chromosomes so that they don't worry about inbreeding depression? You guys  familiar with the inbreeding depression, too many similar genes coming together, like in the kings and queens of Spain and Russia and everything else that are interbreeding having a lot of problems with some deleterious genes that come up. Okay, so here we go. That's kind of neat on one plant here. Notice that, as we have the egg in here become fertilized in here. We have the 2n in here. And notice that this plant right here, this game is doing, what supporting the sporophytic type of tissue that's going to give rise to the sporangia on there that are then going to go through that cycle again? Can everybody see how we alternate generations, as far as diploid and haploid in there? Go 32:46 ahead, where does the game look like? Go next. S Speaker 1 32:50 In the next stage, it gets kind of absorbed, and that is atrophied a little bit apoptosis in here and disappears. And we just have the Fill heads coming out of the basic type of root, like structure that's also being kind of absorbed in there, not really important for this class. Just take my word for it. I'm a doctor, trust me. Okay, all right, so there we go. Is that kind of neat, how that works again. Are these good roots? These are good roots. Go ahead. So the atherium produces the flagellated sperm. Is it still transferred through water? Yes, very good observation. Very good yeah. I'm glad you brought that up, because that is true. So here with these basic types, even though their vascular plants are still going to use water for the transportation Exactly, right? Anything else that was good. Good observations. Everybody okay with this? It's not too bad, is it, after you look at these, as long as you don't have to memorize the damn things, right? That's the important thing. Go ahead. So the roots, S Speaker 2 34:04 if it doesn't have, like, any vascularization in it, are the roots, basically, just to 34:10 keep you give it like a base, yeah, S Speaker 1 34:12 strong, okay, because it's not absorbing water, you bring up a really good point. These are absorbing. They have adventitious roots and materials in here that support with more strong tissue, the actual sporophyte that's growing in here as it changes from the Fill head into the sporophyte, getting into this type of thing to support the basic sporangia up here, but it is supplying food and water and support. S Speaker 2 34:45 S Speaker 2 34:45 It just transfers the water, like by cell to cell, rather than design. Ah, it's a S Speaker 1 34:50 little bit more complicated, but not important. Just know that it, it does that. Okay, there's a lot of I'll tell you. I it at the University of Utah, that was one of the classes that even botanists absolutely feared in that plant anatomy. It's it really gets complex, more complex than human anatomy, believe it or so. Yeah, again, you got to trust me. I'm a doctor. 35:24 Luckily, I can't prescribe drugs. You know, S Speaker 1 35:29 it's okay, because the drugs that I do take, I'm feeling much better. All right, here we go, better living who cares? Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissues, xylem and foam. We're going to go into the depth of this, because later on, it's going to be vitally important. I mean, if you start looking at these things, yeah, the xylem and phloem are really important. But when you become a huge redwood tree, is it really super important then. So we're going to just kind of superficially look at it now. So xylem conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called trach in Oh my gosh. So when xylem finally gets to the point of total growth, there's no reason to nourish that tissue anymore, and so it becomes dead, but it's like a piece of plumbing. Okay, so it works really well. Phloem, on the other hand, is always changing, because as things photosynthesize and brand new tissue photosynthesizes, you're going to need to do what transfer that material down to the rest of the plant, and it has to be alive to be able to be growing where it needs to go in that new growing plant, the xylem is just plumbing to get the water and the minerals up. Does it always go up? So this is what a lot of beginning botany students do xylem is up, flowns down. That's not necessarily true all, because it can go all different directions. We okay with that. Water conducting cells are strengthened by lignin, so real hard, Woody like material in there and provide structural support. Increased Height was an evolutionary advantage. That's obvious. We good. So far, everybody understanding plants, for the most part, they aren't too bad, are they? But you can see they can be complex. Okay, groups here, and we're going to look at each one of these different groups later on in some detail, just to show you the variety that they have. Roots are organs that anchor vascular plants. They enable vascular plants to absorb water nutrients. Roots may have evolved from subterranean stems. They did. So these roots that you see now are modified stem like structures. And again, if we take a look at the algae and the other types of genes that perpetuated the basic shape of a plant, we see that they don't need what movement of water and minerals up into the algae, because they're surrounded by the water, so therefore it just is support. But now what's one of my tenants, nature takes what's already there, and there you go. 38:32 We good. So far,  We good. So far, S Speaker 1 38:36 leaves are organs that increase the surface area. Obviously, for vascular plants, we have two types of categories in their evolution, in their development, basically onto genetically. Microfils are leaves with single vein. Megaphylls are leaves with highly branched vascular systems. They're all modifications. Then of the basic types of stem like structures. According to one model of evolution, microfilms evolved first as outgrowth of steps, and that's exactly what it is. So if you take a look at this and then we take a look at the picture, I hope this picture's Next, there you go. Microfills evolved into basically the megaphyll like structures. 39:28 Everybody okay with that? How that works. S Speaker 1 39:32 And notice here that the genes that are usually used for separating the branches from one another now have been turned off, and the tissue just throws in between each one of these kind of like webbing in between ducks be compared to 39:52 very good there. S Speaker 1 39:58 Okay, just some more definitions here. You've already had a couple of these. The sporophylls are modified leaves with sporangia Sori. And here are clusters of sporangia, like on the burn that you just saw. There are a whole bunch of Sori in there. Okay, on the other side of the sporophyll this is a new one, strobola, or cone like structures form from groups of sporophylls that nature takes was already there and modifies it into something that's going to give rise To cones that are going to produce the seeds, which these we Okay, there just definition wise, because it's coming up. Now, let's differentiate between homeosporous and heterosparis here. Okay, so for homospherics, you've already been introduced to, but we'll go back to it again, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte. All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants, not all are heterospherous. Heteroscedas species produce mega spores that give rise to the female gametophytes and microspores that give rise to the male dominant device, very, very small. Okay, we're good there, definition wise. Let's get some diagrams and some pictures now, that might help again, hemospherus. There we have the sporangium, or films in there, giving rise to a single type of Spore, typically a bisexual gametophyte. Eggs and sperm come from that same one plant you already saw that didn't you in that life cycle, but we're going to show it again. Penrose free. Here is one area in here, the megasporangium in here produce the female eggs in here, and the microsporangium, the males produce a sperm two different plant like structures, sometimes on the same plant,  sometimes on different plants. It depends. It can be very complex. But does this chart kind of help a little bit explain those two terms. Now we're going to have some pictures. What's this one heterospressor, or what was the other one? Okay, so this is producing what one type of spore produces both sexes to produce what one type of zygote in here? Everybody, okay with that one little plant, whereas if you take a look here, here's male cones, here's the female cones, pollen 43:01 and seeds. Everybody, okay? With that 43:05 heterosporin, homosp, 43:09 it's that simple, S Speaker 1 43:12 at least for this class, it gets more complicated, and if you go into more bond, okay, let's look at the classification of the see those vascular plants? We're going to just look at two of them. There's some very interesting ones, the lycopetins and pteropods in here. So lycopeta are club mosses, Spike mosses and squirrel wars. So you just have to kind of know what these include. As far as the basic phyto The pteryopeta includes sperms, first hills and whispers and their relatives, all the above, including the bryophytes, have flagellated sperm. We haven't got away from that yet, because we're using water. Everybody good there, which you brought up so well, okay, 44:03 what was that buck you were reading? By the way, 44:06 Gone With the Wind, really. Wow, interesting. S Speaker 1 44:13 I'm glad people can read stuff like that. It bores me to tears anyway, but no, it's good literature. I'm just saying that being said, add one. Does he say in there? Does he tell Scarlet that he really doesn't give a damn? Yeah, actually, in the book, huh? Well, actually, but he does. But you know, he does in the movie. I was sitting there in the movie theater and these older ladies behind me When Clark Gable comes out, and they go, Oh, I hear that. Oh, crap. What did I get myself into? I need Star Wars. Okay, anyway, so here we go, seedless, vascular glands. Here we go, looking at some of the varieties here. Now this is one of the interesting things, I think, that comes up. Take a look here at the strobola again. Development here of what does that kind of look what does this look like? Generally, if you were walking through the forest, you'd think, that's a what a pine tree. And again, the strobe light here put it into the seedless vascular plants in here. Why do we have needles in there? And why do we have the strobe light? Because these are efficient and are going to become precursors for COVID like structures that work really well in drier climates. How come the leaves are needles now they still photosynthesize well. They are modified stems eventually, if they evolved from how that worked. But why do we go to a needle like structure? Why don't we have more open leaf like structures? So I didn't explain that. Well, go ahead, conserve water. Conserve water. And if you're going to go out into the more terrestrial types of environments and utilize the food in the soil you're going to want to be able to stay dry. So needles are very efficient as far as staying what moist and having the ability to photosynthesize, even in the winter time they photosynthesize. Take a look right here, we still have certain types of seedless, vascular plants that have that vascularity, but the stems photosynthesize, like in the Whisper here. Did you guys see this in labs yet? But they didn't have this out. Oh, they should have brought it out. What are these little dots up here on these stems. There you go. And then the horse tail in here, with the whorls in there, kind of neat. Or the synthesizing in there, they lose those. And they have these types of things going on here. As far as, what do we call this here in nature? One of the common names, Snake grass. Okay, so you can pop this and turn it into little whistles. Don't do it. It's mean to the plant. But also, there is some reinforced types of Ligna, like material in here to keep them upright. And you can tell, looking at this that boy, there's some good vascularity and water coming up through here. But what's kind of neat here is you can also do something historically if you want. The LDS pioneers, when they came into this valley, actually took some of these and then rolled them and they used them to scrub their pans. It's called scouring rush. And the scouring Rush is because there is part of the reinforcement of this good type of tissue in here, also silicon dioxide sand, like material that's incorporated into the structure to hold it strong so you can scrub your pans. Sorry about that historical aspect, but it's kind of fun and botany, when you start learning about some of these things, and that's kind of boy, what does that look like? It looks like a modification of the stroma I hear that are going to be pine cones. What did you say? What did you say? Said pineapple. A pineapple. That's okay, because guess what? It's following the Fibonacci sequence of growth. Are you guys familiar with the Fibonacci sequence of mathematics? Isn't that kind of cool? I'm glad you brought that up. It means absolutely nothing as far as test goes. Okay, but it's cool, isn't it? You know what I reminds me of, and that's unfortunate. It reminds me of a hanger. Okay, 49:10 so I was in the army too often, I guess. What's 49:15 wrong with that cube? All S Speaker 1 49:19 right, take a look. Here's some of the lycopota again, some of the same types of architecture here, as far as what you see with this, or strobe eye, etc, and all of the stuff with Spike monsters and Quill warts, etc. Just close ups of some of them. Some of them you might mistake for other types of plants, like ferns. And they're Fern alike, but their evolution is a little bit different, pteryopada in here, which means wing plant in here. And so we have basically the ferns and the horsetails and the siloteum or the Whisper. We Okay, there a little close up, right there, the fiddleheads are the start of the growth of this, of the actual plant itself. I understand we, in one of my classes, we had a guy who was from back east, New York. He was a chef, and he said they actually collect these and their delicacies in food, and that I've never tried one, but be kind of interesting. Anybody ever heard of that? Nobody got a couple of yet. So, yeah, I think that's kind of neat. I mean, if you were out there in the middle of nowhere and you have these, you might want to put them in a stew or something like that. Firm diversity. Take a look how small it is compared to this. Some of them are epiphytes. EPA means a pond, so they grow on the tree. They you don't get their nourishment from the tree, but they use the tree to bring themselves up where there's lots of moisture, like in California and Northern Cal beautiful northern California. You know, when the thought comes in and has all that moisture, these types of things, staghorn ferns just love that moisture coming in, because that's where they get all of their nutrition. Even the dust has nutrients more so their epiphytes, they live on the plant, but they're not there stick. So that's really kind of cool. Go ahead and do roots like go below the plant again? No, no, totally. They have roots that just hold on to the sides, kind of like in the moisture comes in from the fog and hits them. The roots don't go any further than to hold the plant. 51:49 Is That? That? What you mean? Did I S Speaker 1 51:53 Yeah, yeah, there you go. Exactly right, yeah. There you. And then some of them look like trees, like palm trees in there. So that's kind of interesting also, all right, little close up, equicetum in here, the horse tails, different species with strobe eye in there. Beautiful whisper siloum. And then we take a look here at the significance of seedless vascular plants. Well, why are they so important? Well, obviously, they evolved into the plants that we use for food today. That's a big, obvious thing, but the evolution of these non vascular to vascular plants becoming the plant that are so important to cover the whole planet by the Mesozoic are really important because right towards the middle and the end of the Paleozoic we have the Devonian and the Carboniferous types of forest mats. They're not really forced because a lot of them are papyri like, or crepe paper like, they're not very strong. If you were in the forest back then and you'd lean against one, you know, to clean off your shoe or something like that, you'd push it over. Could you build a lock cabin with most of these? No, you couldn't paper mache. Okay, so the decaying plants, like bites and terabytes in here, include whispers, tree burns, etc, all of the ones that go to make up the cold back east in Pennsylvania, hence, the Carboniferous is made up of the Mississippi and Pennsylvanian period, which that's named for the video, came with that idea that coal is really kind of important to our economy. The coal that we get down here in price is dinosaur coal, Cretaceous coal, towards the end of the age of dinosaurs, a little bit  different types of things. But whenever you get a swamp, you get the overlying layers that vary the swamp, and then you can turn into lignite and bituminous types of coal that are used that are really kind of important for certain types of things in industry, etc. 54:16 So here's that forest in there. S Speaker 1 54:20 Not only were we getting lots of oxygen from the ocean, but we were getting lots of oxygen from these plants all over the planet. The content of the atmospheric oxygen was pretty close, between 30 and 35% very high. So we're actually finding, sometimes fossil remnants of forest fires, because things would spontaneously ignite 54:46 that high oxygen content in there. S Speaker 1 54:52 Critters back then were also larger because there was more oxygen in the air. Dragonflies had wingspan two feet. We had huge arthropods that were almost two to three meters in length. We had huge amphibious types of critters that were also pretty close to two to three meters gigantic stuff, lots of fun. Here's a real good picture of some of the examples of the glycophytes in here, seed ferns and horse tails in here. Keep in mind, again, what's going on here. These are not really strong. Okay, so again, don't lean against them, and don't go back in time, in the time machine and decide to build a hut, because it's not going to work, 55:47 although I'll save this for later. S Speaker 1 55:53 Again, this is a good way to kind of look at this. Have we been showing you some of the trends here of how this works? Okay, so what's really important now, as far as the trees that you go outside and they start looking at, they're all supportive, right? Okay, that support the game. That's it for that section. Three more sections than we're done with plants, 56:21 exciting, who knows? Then  56:24 we're going to get to animals. S Speaker 1 56:29 And you guys, all you animals now we're on Section five, lecture five. You guys are quiet. Plants just mesmerized. You guys 56:41 are you just tired? S Speaker 1 56:43 You're tired already. We haven't even had the first test yet. Goodness gracious, come on. I'm getting excited. I'll take the test right with you if you want. I won't let you see my answers. You ready for the next section on plants. Any questions on the previous ones? You guys had some real good observations. I hope that you kind of understand the alternation in generations. Okay, so this is plant diversity, two, the evolution of seed plants. So these are really kind of fun. A couple of neat ones. Up here we go up to the Arctic and we actually see lots of stuff. Now, a reason why I put these in here again is these are vascular plants, but they evolved into what they have characteristics that make them evolve, not into hand grenades, but into pineapples. Are there some genes that might be shared by pineapples and the store I and there might be that would be a good PhD, like you don't want to do that. Nobody's interested. Nobody cares. What are some COVID, beautiful types of seed plants, and obviously the CO evolution. What are these? You guys know what? These are leading hearts. Leading hearts, there you go. You get the A for the day. Wow, cool. 58:10 Leading hearts are beautiful flowers S Speaker 1 58:14 again, we just throw this up there. Okay, so we're headed in this direction, going more towards dominance, and we start looking at the seeds themselves. So seeds change the course of plant evolution, obviously, by making them more adaptable to those types of things. Now before we go any further with this, let me see and answer your questions. Well, not directly about the test, but I will answer some kind of scenes here. We'll look at here. Okay, we you guys want to have a little help review to a certain degree. Yeah. Are you ready? Okay, so we talked about the formation of the earth. We talked about plate tectonics. We talked about the gasses and how the atmosphere changed, et cetera, and the different components of those gasses you should  be familiar with that. We talked about genetics. We talked about an RNA world compared to a DNA world. The RNA world was first, then the two RNAs together, making the DNA, etc, kind of thing. We talked about the evolution with the Cambrian radiation. I and we talked about radiometric dating. Everybody okay with radiometric dating? We're okay there. Okay and important things like cyanobacteria, now you need to have dates down. You need to have the dates down we talked about. So it's important to know the dates and the geological time periods that go with them. Everybody, all right, you have to do that. I know that's bang to a lot of students. They really hate doing that, but it's kind of important to put things in perspective that way. Okay? I Okay, we talked about all of the basic evolutionary ideas, like classification, Linnaeus classification, compared to cladistic analyzes, tree, time charts in here, wherever you use Cladistics and phylogenetics together, punctuated equilibrium and phytic gradualism, exaptation, those types of things are important. Protease going into the protease, you should know the basic groups that we talked about and the characteristics that separate each one of them and link each one of them together. That's just that encyclopedic type of thing that you have to do for a class like this. But we didn't go into too many of the proteases, because it would take all semester long to do it, and everybody would be falling asleep. Well, you're probably falling asleep now anyway, right? Mixotros, compared to heterotrophs and all the rest of those, each one of the groups you should be familiar with that. We talked about Irish potato famine. They all my COTA. I mean, that's kind of important. Those are kind of the examples I would use in some of these types of things going along here. And then we talked about things like diatoms and forams and radiolarians and all of those types of things, we went into detail into all of the different types of algae, the Fauci chlorovita and Rhodope, the red, the green and the brown and their importance. 1:02:22 Fungi, very important S Speaker 1 1:02:25 as to how they get their food. How do they get their food? What kind of enzymes do they have? EXO enzymes, EXO out of okay, and characteristics. That fungi have, 1:02:47 the different types of S Speaker 1 1:02:52 basic parts of a fungus become the mycelium and the big group and the fruiting bodies, and the differences between those, as far as what's the differences between all of the different types of fungi, how they do what, 1:03:10 how they reproduce, things like that, okay,  how they reproduce, things like that, okay, S Speaker 1 1:03:17 and, and you should know the basic groups, you know, the chytrids, the Glar of Lakota, visidio, lancota, all of those. Also, we talked about prairie rings. And so what I'm going to have here is an actual picture of a fairy ring. How they work. Now I explain how they work, right? So you should be familiar with that, and a little diagram to help me know that you understand how that works. Lichens, their importance, what they're made out of, etc, as far as the basic groups that make them, 1:04:08 their lifestyles, 1:04:12 vascular plants in here, S Speaker 1 1:04:15 all sorts of Well, no, I'm not Asking about vascular mycorrhizae. That's what we're asking. Make sure that you understand the endo and Ecto mycorrhiza are. Video, okay with that? Go ahead. 1:04:30 Just trying to remember, I think there's a little bit of confusion S Speaker 3 1:04:35 for me the studio, my seats are that endo mycorrhiza. Endo mice are the hexo micro or is it the other way? What most of the time, S Speaker 1 1:04:48 as far as the basidium I COTA are the club fungi. As far as the different types of mycorrhiza, I think that's just a memorizational type of thing that you need to have, 1:05:01 okay, but they're not all glamorous. S Speaker 1 1:05:05 Lots of them are lots of them huge, yeah, but not all. And that's in that one slide. Or look at that one slide and be familiar with, 1:05:15 yeah, no, no, you're okay. 1:05:18 Straighten it out. S Speaker 1 1:05:21 Anything else are we okay? Now I just help you guys the way I should have, okay, go ahead. S Speaker 4 1:05:29 You said a couple classes, lessons done, that you would bring, like, some practice problems, 1:05:36 yeah, but I just went over all of the whole 1:05:41 test so everything is basically 1:05:46 multiple choice S Speaker 1 1:05:49 and multiple guess if you don't study, right? Okay, so the the Okay, let me give you a couple of ways in which you can study or answer these questions, some people actually go in and read all of the answers and then they read the question. Have you ever heard that strategy before? Some people like to read carefully what's going on with the question. Say, what is he asking,  and then go down and eliminate every one of the answers. Guys, don't be mistaken, because that'll mess you up. Everybody okay with that? Now, you had a question, then we'll go over here. S Speaker 4 1:06:29 You know how many questions we'll be on the test about Yeah, 43 1:06:37 that's not bad. You can handle 1:06:41 it. You'll be okay. Go ahead. Are they in response or S Speaker 1 1:06:46 multiple choice? Multiple choice? Every once in a while, I'll tell you how I do it. Most of the time, they're multiple choice, so at least you have something to choose from, so it can jog your memory. Sometimes I will have matching and very rarely, well, I have two and false but every once in a while, so matching, sometimes very used, go ahead, 1:07:10 yeah, questions as a test. 1:07:15 You wouldn't have been talking to him. You know, my S Speaker 1 1:07:19 best. What were you guys discussing? How do we how do we cut the brakes on this professor's 1:07:34 car? Have S Speaker 1 1:07:37  Speaker 1 1:07:37 you did I barely watch TV, but have you seen some of the stuff on TV? It is just hair raising. It's gross, and that's just not the politics. Okay, you're supposed to laugh. S Speaker 5 1:07:53 Give me a break. Go ahead. My other question, is this gonna take full class period of like, the hour and 1:07:58 events? 1:08:01 Everybody has different S Speaker 1 1:08:04 speeds. I'll tell you what you need to do. Also that I mentioned on the slide that I'll have for you to fill out the Scantron is statistically. If you sit there and you decide something, and then you go back and do what, and change it statistically, usually you're wrong. Be careful with that, not all the time, but S Speaker 4 1:08:27 that does happen. Go ahead, just to clarify, how many tests are there this semester? 1:08:38 Three basic tests. Yes. S Speaker 1 1:08:44 So what's going to happen is this first test, you know, basically what's on that. Second Test is Frank. The next test is animal invertebrates. Invertebrates. That's it. That's all you need to know for this class, guys. And then you get your butt out of here and get some real Go ahead. Yes, I will. I want you to bring a piece of scratch paper, because lots of people do some thinking on the paper. They'll sit there and they'll look at it, and they'll kind of draw little diagrams or something, or some people like to do. That's the way the brains work. Bring a piece of scratch paper. Go ahead, yeah, we're gonna you're gonna be I want you to memorize everything about then they live through their cousins, and they actually get so I want those important things. Did you guys have any questions over here? Are we all okay? And you know, how many tests, how many questions? There you go. There you go. Anything else, guys. 1:10:12 What is the fill analysis.