Plant Evolution Lecture Summary

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of apical meristematic tissue in plants?

  • To provide structural support for the plant
  • To transport water and nutrients throughout the plant
  • To facilitate growth and development in plants (correct)
  • To produce spores and gametes for reproduction

What is the relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte in moss and pine trees?

  • The gametophyte supports the sporophyte in moss, and the sporophyte supports the gametophyte in pine trees. (correct)
  • The gametophyte supports the sporophyte in both moss and pine trees.
  • The sporophyte supports the gametophyte in both moss and pine trees.
  • The sporophyte supports the gametophyte in moss, and the gametophyte supports the sporophyte in pine trees.

What is the role of the sporophyte in plant reproduction?

  • The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis. (correct)
  • The sporophyte is the dominant generation in all plants.
  • The sporophyte produces gametes that fuse to form a zygote.
  • The sporophyte is the only stage that can reproduce sexually.

What is the significance of the sporophyte becoming larger in the evolution of plants?

<p>Larger sporophytes can better support the gametophyte and survive in drier environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why non-vascular plants, such as moss, need to live close to water?

<p>For nutrient uptake, as they lack a vascular system for nutrient transport. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sporophyte generation?

<p>It produces gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the archegonia in plants?

<p>To produce eggs for fertilization by sperm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the anthridia in plant reproduction?

<p>To produce sperm that fertilize the egg. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of speropolinum in spore walls?

<p>It provides resistance to water and harsh environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the alternation of generations contribute to plant reproduction?

<p>It allows for genetic diversity through the production of haploid and diploid stages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for tall plants to have deep roots?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes non-vascular plants from vascular plants?

<p>The lack of a specialized vascular system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte in the life cycle of plants?

<p>The sporophyte and gametophyte are both essential for completing the life cycle, with each stage producing the other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of apical meristematic tissue?

<p>It is involved in the production of spores and gametes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these plant groups is ONLY characterized by the presence of a sporophyte?

<p>Bryophytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the forerunners of vascular plants that led to their terrestrialization?

<p>They shifted to dominant sporophyte life cycles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of tracheids in vascular plants?

<p>They facilitate the transportation of water upwards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do vascular plants need well-developed roots?

<p>To absorb nutrients and water from the soil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the leaves in vascular plants?

<p>Photosynthesis and gas exchange. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vascular plants?

<p>Seed production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fossils found in Scotland and Ireland that are considered to be important evidence of early vascular plant evolution?

<p>Rainia church fossils. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the fact that early vascular plant stems were photosynthetic?

<p>They provided an alternative way for the plant to produce energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that produces sperm in ferns?

<p>Anthridia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a plant that has both male and female reproductive parts on the same individual?

<p>Monoecious (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ploidy level of the spores produced by ferns?

<p>Haploid (n) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the gametophyte in ferns?

<p>Supporting the sporophyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is inbreeding depression a concern for plants?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ploidy level of the fertilized egg in ferns?

<p>Diploid (2n) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is sperm transferred in ferns?

<p>By water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the roots in non-vascular plants?

<p>Providing structural support for the plant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called where the gametophyte in ferns gradually disappears after fertilization?

<p>Apoptosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water move through non-vascular plants?

<p>Through a process of diffusion and osmosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the sporophyte in non-vascular plants?

<p>Producing spores for asexual reproduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the study of plant anatomy challenging for botanists?

<p>The complexity of plant structures, making them more challenging to understand than human anatomy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of xylem in vascular plants?

<p>Transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are xylem cells dead when they reach full maturity?

<p>They have completed their function of transporting water and minerals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of xylem and phloem for large redwood trees?

<p>They are essential for transporting water and nutrients to the top of the tree. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of xylem tissue?

<p>Found in both non-vascular and vascular plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of homosporous plants?

<p>They produce one type of spore, which develops into a bisexual gametophyte. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the clusters of sporangia in plants?

<p>Sori (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sporophylls?

<p>Modified leaves with sporangia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls?

<p>Strobilus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In heterosporous plants, what does the megaspore develop into?

<p>A female gametophyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between homosporous and heterosporous plants?

<p>Homosporous plants produce one type of spore, while heterosporous plants produce two types of spores. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a heterosporous plant?

<p>Pine tree (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sporophyte

The part of the plant that produces spores and supports the gametophyte.

Gametophyte

A phase in the plant lifecycle that produces gametes and supports the sporophyte.

Gametangia

Organs that produce and protect gametes in plants.

Archegonia

The female gametangia that produces eggs in plants.

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Antheridia

The male gametangia that produces sperm in plants.

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Apical Meristematic Tissue

Tissue in plants that facilitates growth in height and depth.

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Cell to Cell Communication

The method of nutrient and water transport in non-vascular plants.

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Support Structure in Plants

Roots and stems provide stability for tall plants, supported by meristematic tissue.

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Alternation of Generations

The life cycle of plants alternating between diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) stages.

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Sporangia

The organs in which sporophytes produce and contain spores.

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Meiosis

The process by which diploid cells divide to produce haploid spores in the sporophyte.

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Speropolinum

A water-resistant substance that protects spore walls from harsh environments.

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Vascular Plants

Plants that have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients.

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Homosporous vs Heterosporous

Homosporous plants produce one type of spore, while heterosporous plants produce two types (male and female).

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Flagellated Sperm

Sperm cells with flagella used for swimming to fertilize egg cells in water-dependent plants.

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Tracheids

Elongated cells in vascular plants that aid in water transport and provide structural support.

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Roots vs. Rhizoids

Roots are specialized structures for nutrient uptake, while rhizoids are simpler anchoring structures in non-vascular plants.

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Photosynthesis in Stems

Process by which stems of certain plants perform photosynthesis, not relying solely on leaves.

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Cooksonia

An early vascular plant from the Devonian period that showcases traits of terrestrialization.

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Diploid

A cell or organism with two sets of chromosomes (2n).

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Haploid

A cell or organism with one set of chromosomes (n).

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Homosporous

A type of plant that produces one type of spore, leading to both male and female gametophytes.

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Inbreeding Depression

Reduced biological fitness due to mating of closely related individuals.

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Xylem

Vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals, includes dead cells called tracheids.

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Phloem

Vascular tissue responsible for transporting sugars and nutrients throughout the plant.

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Adventitious roots

Roots that grow from unusual places (e.g., stems) to provide support.

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Supportive tissues

Plant tissues that provide structural integrity and support.

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Water transport in plants

Process of moving water from roots to leaves, mainly through xylem.

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Sporophylls

Modified leaves that bear sporangia (sori).

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Sori

Clusters of sporangia found on sporophylls.

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Strobila

Cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls.

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Heterosporous

Plants producing two types of spores: megaspores for females and microspores for males.

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Microspores

Smaller spores that develop into male gametophytes.

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Megaspores

Larger spores that give rise to female gametophytes.

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Study Notes

Plant Evolution Lecture Summary

  •  The lecture discusses the evolution of plants, from basic spore-producing forms to complex flowering plants and seed-bearing plants. 
  •  The trend is from small sporophytes to large sporophytes, with supportive gametophytes.
  •  Alternation of generations is a key characteristic, involving both diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) phases in the plant life cycle.
  •  Sporophytes produce spores in structures called sporangia. Spores undergo meiosis to become haploid.
  •  The spore walls contain speropolinin, a resistant substance.
  •  Gametophytes produce gametes in structures called gametangia.
  •  Non-vascular plants have limited transport capabilities, relying on cell-to-cell communication for nutrient and water transfer.
  •  Vascular plants developed xylem and phloem for transporting water and nutrients.
  •  Vascular plants are characterized by sporophytes in many cases, supporting the gametophytes
  •  Early plants were primarily adapted to moist environments, and evolution progressed to more terrestrial forms with adaptations like vascular tissue for transport, supportive structures (roots), and structures to control water loss (leaves).
  •  Modern plants developed seeds from structures analogous to spores to help in transferring genetic material and resources to their offspring.  
  •  Evolutionary trends of plants, from non-vascular to vascular, and the rise of seed plants are emphasized.
  •  Bryophytes, seedless vascular plants (lycopods and pteridophytes), gymnosperms, and angiosperms are mentioned, illustrating the different evolutionary stages.
  •  Bryophytes exhibit a life cycle where the gametophyte generation is larger and more prominent than the sporophyte generation.
  •  The sporophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle of the seed plants.
  •  Spores are mentioned as a reproductive method for plants without seeds
  •  Gametophytes produce gametes
  •  Sporophytes are the larger prominent phase of plant life in seed bearing plants.
  •  Fossil records corroborate the evolutionary sequence.
  •  Mycorrhizae fungi are also mentioned as important symbiotic relationships in plants.
  •  The lecture touches on the significance of vascular tissue, sporangia, gametangia, spores and the importance of water in plant reproduction.
  •  Different photosynthetic plant structures are highlighted.
  •  Important geological time periods are mentioned in the context of the evolution of plants.

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