Fundamentals of Urban Design and Community Architecture Planning 2 PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE URBAN FORMS AND FUNCTION SIZE AND DENSITY Minor Street – 16 – 20 m access to abutting properties COMPONENTS OF THE URBAN F...

FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE URBAN FORMS AND FUNCTION SIZE AND DENSITY Minor Street – 16 – 20 m access to abutting properties COMPONENTS OF THE URBAN FABRIC THAT CREATE AN URBAN Computed in several ways: Marginal Access Streets – 12 -15 m, parallel to arterial PATTERN Number of people per square kilometer or hectare streets Number of families per block Avenue – Same as streets or highway frequently used to designates URBAN FABRIC - Means an urban structure or urban area structure Number of houses per square kilometer or hectare streets of a certain direction and describes the physical characteristics of urban areas, that is Amount of building floor area per section Boulevard – A broad street of major importance, usually planted with cities, and towns. This includes the streetscapes, buildings, soft and Automobile population trees hard landscaping, signage. Lighting, roads and other infrastructure. Floor area ratio URBAN SPACES – well-defined public streets, plazas, parks, LANDFORM DENSITY OF SETTLEMENT playgrounds, quadrangles, etc. Topography - The topography of the land can greatly affect the urban ROUTES Ex: A corridor spaces pattern’s circulation system, building forms and texture, utility Outlying Routes – traversing the city and approach routes to the city ARCHITECTURE – Scale, Character/Theme, Grain/Texture systems, size and shape. play significant role to the users understanding of the urban fabric Ex: Coarse-grain and uniform texture – Yonkers, New York Relationship with Nature – Landscaping, bodies of water, nature in - Routes can approach architecture or cities in many Ex: Fine-grain and uniform texture – Row Houses in general, and its relationship with the urban fabric are significant ways. Philadelphia features of a city. - Routes traverse the countryside in many ways. Ex: Coarse-grain and uneven texture – Lower Manhattan (Cities with Nature, Nature with Cities) Approach Routes – outlying routes traversing the city and approach DETAILS routes to the city play significant role to the users understanding of – street vendors, traffic enforcers, entertainer, etc. SHAPE the urban fabric – sidewalk, street furniture, urban landscaping, pavers Radio centric – A large circle with radial corridors of intense - A clear route with its own strength of character aids – traffic signs, billboards, store signs, etc. development emanating from the center orientation. INHABITANTS Rectilinear – Usually with two corridors of intense development - The foreground of a city should reinforce a view, not - ethnic background, social class, sex, etc. crossing the center, usually found in small cities rather than in large distract from it. - activities ones Right of Way MOVEMENT Star – Radio centric form with open spaces between the outreaching Highway Pedestrian & Vehicular corridors of development Supper Highway - Pedestrian and vehicular circulation can be mixed if Ring – A city built around a large open space Street – Highway in Urban Areas traffic kept slow, and island is provided Linear – Usually, the result of natural topography which restricts National Road – min. 20 m ROW (Primary and - Pedestrian above and vehicular below growth, may also be a transportation spine Secondary) Branch – A linear span with connecting arms Provincial Road – min. 15 m ROW FUNCTION OF THE CITIES Sheet – A vast area with little or no articulation City Road – min. 15 m ROW Economic Articulated Sheet – A sheet accented by one or more central clusters Municipal Road – min. 10 m ROW A basic and continuing function. The city acts as the and several subclusters Barangay Road producers and marketplaces Constellation – A series of nearly equalized cities in close proximity Road – Highway outside of an Urban District Locating cities at strategic points is importance in the Satellite – Constellation of cities around a main center Arterial Road – 25 – 40 m, fast heavy traffic, may exchange of goods intersect with expressways Collector Streets – 20 – 25 m connects minor to major Defense and Protection system of arterial streets, connects to the entrance Historic urban function of the city, though quite absolute at streets for developments present  FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE Cities were once built to withstand sieges from migrating 5. High-class residential tribes, or frequent raids from the enemies CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL 6. Heavy manufacturing Proposed by ERNEST BURGESS 7. Outlying business district Worship and Government Includes a transition zone for eventual CBD 8. Residential suburb The prime function of the city throughout the history expansion 9. Industrial suburb Cities were built around temples, shrines and pyramids in Has some deficiencies but has stood the test of ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome time URBAN DESIGN CONTROLS The medieval cathedral was the center of the city, as were FLOOR AREA RATIO renaissance palaces and castles 1. Central business district The proportions between the built area and the lot area 2. Zone of transition Also referred to as “PLOT RATIO” Transportation 3. Zone of independent worker’s homes Greatly influences the location of the cities since they are 4. Zone of better residences FLOOR SPACE INDEX (FSI) dependent on the geography 5. Commuter’s zone - Established by dividing the area of the total floor-space New means of transpiration has enabled people live in much of the buildings on any by the site area, including half larger more spread-out cities SECTOR MODEL the area of any roads adjoining it. Proposed by ECONOMIST HOMER HOYT Education and Culture Developed under the premise that other uses grow 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 − 𝑈𝑝 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 1000 𝑚2 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 − 𝑈𝑝 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐹𝑆𝐼 = = = 1.0 Cities have always been the seat of the academy and with the CBD 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 1000 𝑚2 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 scholarship Consistent with the observation that most cities LAND USE PLANNING & ZONING Due to the diversity of people, ideas, and jobs, the city is grow in the direction of higher income Defined as the legal regulation of the use of land seen as an educator Allocating types of uses based on growth patterns Cities have also always been hubs for culture and 1. Central business district An application of the police power for the protection of the entertainment 2. Transportation and industry public health, welfare, and safety 3. Low-class residential Housing 4. Middle-class residential INCENTIVE ZONING The largest and simplest function of a city 5. High-class residential - Allowing builders and developers more space if they People come to cities to live there, and housing is always a provide certain desirable features and amenities such main function and a major concern MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL as plazas, arcades, and other open spaces. Proposed by CHAUNCY HARRIS and EDWARD URBAN MODELS PULLMAN CLUSTER ZONING – are abstractions of reality that attempt to explain and Uses do not evolve around a single core but at - Creating special zoning policies and regulations for predict urban spatial patterns and the functions of cities in several nodes and foci medium to large sized controlled developments a simplified manner. Recognizes that different activities have varying – The focus was on urban land use, starting with Burgess and accessibility requirements URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES Park’s concentric zone model, moving to Hoyt’s sectoral Building height model, and finally to Harris and Ulman’s multiple nuclei 1. Central business district Setbacks model. 2. Wholesale, light manufacturing Building bulk – Environmental impacts, consumer behavior, disaster 3. Low-class residential Architectural character response and transportation planning. 4. Middle-class residential  FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Adaptive Reuse – converting old, usually historic buildings, sections For large projects developers are required to outline possible effects of, or entire districts to new uses other than their original purpose. of the project on the environment. The outline includes the following: In many U.S. cities adaptive reuse is encouraged by special tax Description of the project incentives. Description of existing environments (physical, social, economic, historical, and aesthetic) Rehabilitation – term used to describe the idea of repairing, Impact on the environment (conditions evaluated) redecorating and in some cases converting, existing structurally Adverse environmental effects sound property to a standard compatible with modern requirements Alternatives to proposed action taken of amenity and health. Long range impacts Irreversible and irretrievable communities of resources Invasion – a type of urban ecological process defined as the entrance likely to result from implementation of proposed project. of a new population and / or facilities in an already occupied area. ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION Block-busting – “forcing” the old population out of the area because - Protecting the environment from urban growth by of social or racial differences restricting development in certain areas, especially in sensitive areas such as wetlands, coastal areas, and Centralization – an urban ecological process in city land use mountain environments patterning referring to an increase in population at a certain geographic center. CONSERVATION, RESTORATION AND ADAPTIVE REUSES Conservation – a term used interchangeably with preservation but Gentrification – improving the physical set-up and consequently having the rather more positive connotation of adaptation of parts affecting the market for previously run-down areas. of buildings while retaining the essential spirit of the original. Conservation Area – an area containing a group of buildings of special architectural or historical significance, which a Local Authority may designate. Urban Renewal – a general term to describe the idea of consciously renewing the outworn areas of towns and cities; covers most aspects of renewal, including both redevelopment and rehabilitation “The process of cleaning slum areas which are economically & physically beyond repair, rehabilitation areas where houses & neighborhood facilities can be restored to come up to health, safety, & good living standards, & protective measures in order to prevent enrichment of undesirable influences.”  FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE MENTAL MAPPING o Proximity to special of the city could also Different Types of EDGES - Refers to how individuals internally visualize and endow a path with increased importance. Fragmentary Edges: In the abstract continuous but only organize their understanding of a city or environment o Paths with clear and well-known origins and visualized edges in discrete points. - These maps are subjective and shaped by personal destinations had stronger identities. Overhead Edges: Elevated railways. experiences, but they often share common elements Visible Edge among people navigating the same space. NODES – the strategic foci into which the observer can enter either junctions of paths or concentrations of some DISTRICT – are large city areas which observer can mentally “IMAGE OF THE CITY (1960)” characteristics go inside of KEVIN LYNCH o Directly related to the concept of paths and the o The physical characteristics that determine concept of districts. districts are; texture, space, form, detail, - Lynch’s most famous work o Serves as meeting points or anchors for symbol, building type, use, activity, - The result of a five-year study on how observers take in movement and activity. inhabitants, degree of maintenance, information of the city topography. - Using three American cities (Boston, Jersey City and Los LANDMARK- are the point references which are external to o People perceive districts as distinct areas, Angeles) the observer and simple physical elements vary in scale. defined by their physical characteristics or - Lynch reported that users understood their o Location at a junction involving path decisions activity patterns surroundings in consistent and predictable ways strengthens a landmark. o Medium to large sections of a city, conceived of - Lynch seeks to understand how people perceive urban o Sequential series of landmarks as traveling as two-dimensional environments and how this perception affects their guides. o Recognizable as having some common, experience of the city - Spatial prominence can establish landmarks in two identifying character ways: o Dominance depends upon the individual and THE ELEMENTS OF A CITY ▪ Making element visible from many the given district Lynch identifies five key elements that shape how people perceive locations urban spaces ▪ Setting up local contrast with nearby ELEMENTS INTERRELATIONSHIP elements. - Elements are not isolated from each other. PATH – the channels which the observer moves. They can be - Districts are structured with nodes, defined by edges, streets, walkways, transit lines, canals and railroads. EDGE – are boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in penetrated by paths and sprinkled with landmarks continuity. For instance, shores, railroad cuts, edges of - These elements are the raw material of the Different Features of PATH development and walls. environmental image at the city scale. The must be o Particularly paths may become important o Linear elements not used or considered as patterned together to provide satisfying form. features in a number of ways such as paths. customary travel. o May be barriers or seams IMAGEABILITY o Concentration special use or activity along a o Not as dominant as paths but are important - The quality of a physical environment that makes it street may give it prominence for the organizing features of the city easily recognizable, memorable and clear to navigate. observers. o Strong edges are: - Lynch explains that environments with high o Specific spatial qualities were able to ▪ Visually prominent imageability are visually striking and allow people to strengthen the image of particular paths. ▪ Continuous create strong mental images. o Special façade characteristics are important for ▪ Impenetrable to cross movement - This concept is central that are intuitive and path identity. emotionally engaging.  FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE - The permeability of a public space depends on the - Legibility is important at two levels: physical form and Characteristics of High Imageability number of alternative routes it has to offer from one activity patterns Strong Identity: Each element of the city has a distinct point to another - Legibility in the old days: important buildings stood out identity that makes it easily recognizable. - Alternatives routes should be visible, otherwise, users while form and use is reduced in the modern Clear Organization: The city’s elements are well-organized already familiar can only take advantage of the space. environment and interconnected, creating a coherent and - So visual permeability is also important - Separating pedestrians from vehicles also reduces understandable whole. - Encourages layouts with multiple routes and legibility. Visual Clarity: The city’s physical form is clear and easy to connections, facilitating pedestrian and vehicular - Legibility is strengthened by Lynch’s physical elements perceive, with well-defined edges and distinct districts. circulation. of city. Rich Sensory Experience: The city engages multiple senses, - Highlights the importance of accessible spaces that with varied textures, sounds, and smells. integrate public, semi-private and private realms. ROBUSTNESS Emotional Resonance: The city evokes strong emotional - Spaces that can be used for different purposes offer the responses, such as feelings of awe comfort, or excitement. VARIETY users more choices than places where design limits - Offers users a choice of experiences them to a single fixed use. KEVIN LYNCH - Variety of experience implies places with varied forms, o Emphasizes the flexibility of spaces to support - An American urban planner and author uses, and meanings a wide range of activities - Known for his work on the perceptual from of urban - Encourages diversity in architectural styles and urban o Encourages designs that can adapt over time environments and was an early proponent of mental form to cater to different needs and preferences without requiring extensive reconstruction. mapping - Variety of use and spaces in collaboration unlocks the - It concerns the ability of specific spaces within the - His most influential books include “The Image of the other angles and scales of variety building to be used in a wide variety of ways. City” (1960) and “What time is This Place?” (1972) o A space with varied uses has varied types of - There are three key factors that support long term - A student of Architect Frank Lloyd Wright before buildings, of varied forms. robustness: training in city planning o It attracts varied people, at varied times, with o Building depth varied approaches, for varied reasons o Access o Because the varied activities, forms, and users o Building height RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENT provide a rich mix of perceptual conception. IAN BENTLEY VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS - A practical guide to creating places that are both LEGIBILITY - It focuses on details. functional and enjoyable Degree of choice depends on how legible it is: how layout is - Ensures the appearance of a space aligns with its - It focuses on the design principles that contribute to understood. function and the cultural context creating environments that are easy to understand, - Focuses on the clarity of an environment’s layout, - Supports coherent aesthetics that communicate the comfortable, and controllable ensuring users can navigate and orient themselves purpose and identity of a place easily. PERMEABILITY - Advocates for the use of landmarks, visual cues, and Ex: Quezon Memorial Circle - Defined as a place that is accessible to users and can logical spatial arrangements to enhance understanding. offer them a choice Western Section - An environment which allows people a choice of access Degree of choice depends on how legible it is: how layout is o Present/Future – Discovery and technology core through it, from space is a key measure of its understood. anchored on the new bio-conservatory center and responsiveness Manila Ocean Park  FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE Central Section - Supports users’ ability to modify and “claim” spaces, o Colonial – History core anchored on Rizal and the fostering a sense of ownership Rizal Monument - Encourages designs that allow people to express Eastern Section individuality within shared environments o Precolonial – Culture/heritage core anchored by the Ex.: Pixeland, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, China, 100 Architects National Museum and its extensions - Users personalize as an affirmation of their own tastes - Is significant in the places which are most likely to be and values and because they perceive existing image as visited by people from a wider range and variety of inappropriate backgrounds, particularly when the appearance cannot - Personalization comes in two levels: be altered by the users themselves o Private - Is important in the more public aspects of the spaces in o Public the scheme - Personalization is affected by three key factors: o Tenure RICHNESS o Building type - The variety of sense experiences that users can enjoy o Technology - There are two ways for users to choose from different sense experiences GENERAL: o Focusing their attention on different sources of PERMEABILITY: designing the overall layout of routes and sense experience development blocks o Moving away from one source to another VARIETY: locating uses on the site Ex.: All colors sidewalk, Jardin Everest, Brazil, Zoom Urbanism LEGIBILITY: designing the massing of the buildings and the Architect + LAO Engenharia and Design enclosure of public space ROBUSTNESS: designing the spatial and constructional arrangement - Focuses on stimulating sensory experiences through of individual buildings and outdoor spaces diverse materials, textures, colors and details. VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS: designing the external image - Advocates for creating visually and physically engaging RICHNESS: developing the design for sensory choice spaces that enhance user enjoyment PERSONALIZATION: making the design encourage people to put their Ex.: Tainan Spring, China, MVRDV Architects own mark on the places where they live and work PERSONALIZATION - Allows people to achieve an environment that bears the stamp of their own tastes and values - Makes a person’s pattern of activities more clear - Users personalize in two ways: o To improve practical facilities o To change the image of a place Ex.: Red Carpet, Shanghai, China, 100 Architects