Pink and Purple Illustrative Computer Technology Presentation PDF

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION Computer organization refers to the way the various components of a computer system are interconnected and work together to perform task and execute programs  INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMPUTER Is a c...

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION Computer organization refers to the way the various components of a computer system are interconnected and work together to perform task and execute programs  INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMPUTER Is a collection of raw facts, figures or instructions that do not have much Computer is an electronic device that operates meaning to the user. (works) under the control of programs stored in its TYPES OF DATA. own memory unit. A computer is an electronic machine that processes a). Digital (discrete) data raw data to give information as output. Digital data is discrete in nature. It must be represented in form of numbers, alphabets or A computer Program is a set of related instructions symbols for it to be processed by a computer. written in the language of the computer and is used Digital data is obtained by counting. to make the computer perform a specific task. b). Analogue (continuous) data: Analogue data is continuous in nature. It must be represented in physical nature in order to be processed by the computer. ­ Analogue data is obtained by measurement. DATA- Is a collection of raw facts, figures or COMPUTER HAVE IN COMMON instructions that do not have much meaning to the user. HARDWARE - is any part of your computer that has a physical structure that you can touch. DATA PROCESSING- It is the process of collecting SOFTWARE - Software is any set of instructions, all items of data together & converting them into sometimes called a program, that tells the hardware information what to do and how to do it. INFORMATION- is the data which has been refined, summarized & manipulated in the way you want it, or into a more meaningful form for decision-making. ­The information must be accurate, timely, complete and relevant. KEY CHARACTERISTIC OF A COMPUTER 4. Automation Tasks that require a workforce can be handled 1. Speed efficiently by computers. Computers can process data at incredible speeds, performing millions of calculations per 5. Versatility second. Computers can multitask seamlessly, allowing users to engage in various activities. 2. Diligence Their ability to work continuously ensures that 6. Memory they maintain high performance and reliability Computers have extensive memory capabilities, allowing over extended periods, making them ideal for them to store vast amounts of data.. Computers utilize repetitive tasks. both primary memory (for immediate access) and secondary storage (like hard drives and USB drives) to 3. Reliability manage data efficiently. Computers are designed to produce consistent results; if the input data remains unchanged, the 7. Accuracy output will always be the same. When executing operations, the possibility of errors is minimal, with mistakes typically arising only from incorrect data input by users. COMPUTER SOFTWARE- is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides EVOLUTION OF he instruction for telling the computer what to do and how to do it. Any set of instructions that guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish the COMPUTERS task. The history of computers spans centuries, beginning with early mechanical devices and evolving into the SYSTEM SOFTWARE- System software is a type sophisticated digital machines we use today. Here's of computer program designed to run a an overview of key developments in the history of computer's hardware and application programs. computers: Thinking of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications. EARLY MECHANICAL DEVICES (BEFORE 1800s) EARLY MECHANICAL CALCULATORS (1600s– APPLICATION SOFTWARE- is a type of 1800s) computer program that performs a specific The Analytical Engine (1830s) personal, educational, and business function. Electromechanical Computers (1930s–1940s) EARLY MECHANICAL DEVICES (BEFORE 1800s) Abacus (ca. 2700–2300 BCE) An abacus is an ancient tool used in mathematics. It is used for counting and performing mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The abacus is traditionally made with a frame that holds wires or rods on which movable beads are placed. The beads stand for digits and they are moved as calculations are performed. The abacus has been used for counting and calculating for thousands of years. There is some https://images.app.goo.gl/KZpFF7FZyZAFPuNC6 speculation as to exactly who first developed the abacus. Arguments can be made for China, Babylon, Greece, and several other countries as the birthplace of the abacus. EARLY MECHANICAL DEVICES (BEFORE 1800s) The Antikythera Mechanism (also known as the Antikythera Device), dated to the late 2nd century/early 1st century BCE (roughly 205-60 BCE) is understood as the world's first analog computer, created to accurately calculate the position of the sun, moon, and planets. https://images.app.goo.gl/6w1qsHnsMjUrnoeZ9 EARLY MECHANICAL DEVICES (BEFORE 1800s) Napier's Bones (1617): Napier's bones are manual calculation tools invented by Scottish mathematician John Napier for multiplication and division. These rectangular rods, typically made of bone, wood or ivory, contain inscribed numbers facilitating calculations. https://images.app.goo.gl/Twa8PtzQZGSgJhLX6  EARLY MECHANICAL CALCULATORS (1600s–1800s) Pascaline (1642): Blaise Pascal Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner Jacquard Loom (1804): Joseph designed this mechanical (1673): Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Marie Jacquard developed a calculator to perform addition improved on earlier designs, loom controlled by punched and subtraction. adding multiplication and cards, a key influence on later division capabilities. computer programming concepts. Pascaline (1642): Blaise Pascal designed this https://favpng.com/png_view/mathematics- mechanical calculator to perform addition stepped-reckoner-leibniz-wheel-mechanical- and subtraction. calculator-inventor-mathematician- https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org. png/iJC94A5A. uk/objects-and-stories/jacquard-loom.  The Analytical Engine (1830s) Charles Babbage often called the "father of the computer," Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, a general-purpose mechanical computer, though it was never fully built during his lifetime. It featured an arithmetic logic unit, control flow through conditional branching, and memory – key concepts of modern computers. Ada Lovelace- A mathematician who worked with Babbage, she is credited with writing the first algorithm intended for a machine, making her the first computer programmer. https://cronatec.ch/how-did-the-analytical-engine-work/  ELECTROMECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1930s–1940s) Z3 (1941): Konrad Zuse, a German engineer, developed the Z3, the first programmable digital computer. It used electromechanical relays. https://images.app.goo.gl/nNToPbnsbV834EDG8 ELECTROMECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1930s–1940s) Harvard Mark I (1944): An electromechanical computer developed by IBM and Harvard University, used in World War II for ballistics calculations. https://images.app.goo.gl/veNpJRREs5eAJDZV6  ELECTROMECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1930s–1940s) Colossus (1943–1945): The first programmable, digital electronic computer, developed by the British to break German ciphers during WWII. https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/jacquard-loom. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER The period of first generation : 1942- 1954 Vacuum tube based. https://images.app.goo.gl/k8Vje7dGGTP5Z8Cs6 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER https://images.app.goo.gl/k8Vje7dGGTP5Z8Cs6 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER https://images.app.goo.gl/k8Vje7dGGTP5Z8Cs6 https://images.app.goo.gl/k8Vje7dGGTP5Z8Cs6 https://images.app.goo.gl/k8Vje7dGGTP5Z8Cs6 https://images.app.goo.gl/k8Vje7dGGTP5Z8Cs6 https://images.app.goo.gl/k8Vje7dGGTP5Z8Cs6 https://images.app.goo.gl/k8Vje7dGGTP5Z8Cs6 Third Generation (1960s–1970s) – Integrated Circuits (ICs) Integrated circuits, invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, further miniaturized computers by integrating multiple transistors on a single chip. https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/jacquard-loom. Fourth Generation (1970s–Present) – Microprocessors. The invention of the microprocessor (a CPU on a single chip) by Intel in 1971 revolutionized computing. The Intel 4004 was the first such chip, and it paved the way for personal computers. https://images.app.goo.gl/Ph533W2gGNFwt3S39 Fifth Generation and Beyond (2000s–Present) – AI and Quantum Computing Artificial Intelligence (AI): Modern computers increasingly incorporate AI, enabling machines to perform tasks that require human-like intelligence. AI is used in everything from search engines to autonomous vehicles. https://images.app.goo.gl/GqNdBhZtcCFnh8xw9 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS The computer systems can be classified on the following basis: 1. On the basis of size. 2. On the basis of functionality. 3. On the basis of data handling. CLASSIFICATION OF Mainframe computers : These are commonly called as big iron, they are usually used by big organisations for bulk data processing such as COMPUTERS statistics, census data processing, transaction The computer systems can be classified processing and are widely used as the servers on the following basis: as these systems has a higher processing capability as compared to the other classes of computers 1. On the basis of size. Mini Computer -In the 60s to describe the smaller computers that became possible with Super computers : The super computers are the use of transistors and core memory the most high performing system. A technologies, minimal instructions sets and less supercomputer is a computer with a high level expensive peripherals. of performance compared to a general-purpose Micro computers : A microcomputer is a small, computer. The actual Performance of a relatively inexpensive computer with a supercomputer is measured in FLOPS instead of microprocessor as its CPU. It includes a MIPS. All of the world’s fastest 500 microprocessor, memory, and minimal I/O supercomputers run Linux-based operating circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit systems. board. CLASSIFICATION OF Information Appliances : They are the portable devices which are designed to perform a limited set COMPUTERS of tasks like basic calculations, playing multimedia, The computer systems can be classified browsing internet etc. They are generally referred as on the following basis: the mobile devices. They have very limited memory and flexibility and generally run on “as-is” basis. Embedded computers : They are the computing 1. On the basis of size. devices which are used in other machines to serve 2. On the basis of functionality. limited set of requirements. They follow instructions Servers : Servers are nothing but dedicated from the non-volatile memory and they are not computers which are set-up to offer some required to execute reboot or reset. The processing services to the clients. They are named units used in such device work to those basic depending on the type of service they offered. requirements only and are different from the ones Eg: security server, database server. that are used in personal computers- better known Workstation : Those are the computers as workstations. designed to primarily to be used by single user at a time. They run multi-user operating systems. They are the ones which we use for our day to day personal / commercial work. CLASSIFICATION OF Digital : A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities COMPUTERS represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of “0” and “1”, “Computer The computer systems can be classified on capable of solving problems by processing the following basis: information expressed in discrete form. from manipulation of the combinations of the binary 1. On the basis of size. digits, it can perform mathematical calculations, organize and analyze data, 2. On the basis of functionality. control industrial and other processes, and 3. On the basis of data handling. simulate dynamic systems such as global Analog : An analog computer is a form of computer weather patterns. that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical, mechanical, or Hybrid : A computer that processes both hydraulic quantities to model the problem being analog and digital data, Hybrid computer is a solved. Any thing that is variable with respect to time digital computer that accepts analog signals, and continuous can be claimed as analog just like an converts them to digital and processes them in analog clock measures time by means of the distance digital form. traveled for the spokes of the clock around the circular dial. BASIC ORGANIZATION OF COMPUTERS Main Components Central Processing Unit (CPU): Executes instructions, performs calculations and controls operations. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations. Memory: Stores data and program instructions (Primary and Secondary Memory) Input/Output (I/O) Devices: Enables user interaction and data exchange. https://images.app.goo.gl/VA3GcT9nAS6qD7oV8 INPUT DEVICES, CPU & OUTPUT DEVICES. Input devices can be defined as hardware components that Microphone- to pick up sound that convert allow users to feed data or instructions into a the audio sound waves into electrical signals. computer system. They translate human actions or physical conditions into signals that a Gamepad- a handheld input device used to computer can understand and process. interact with video games. Keyboard- an input device that allows a Webcam- a hardware camera and input person to enter letters, numbers, and other device that connects to a computer and the symbols (together, called characters) into a Internet and captures either still pictures or computer. It is one of the most used input motion video of a user or other object. devices for computers. Mouse -lets you point to objects on the screen, click on them, and move them. Scanner- captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages and similar sources for computer editing and display. https://www.careerpower.in/school/computer/input-devices-of-computer The CPU (Central Processing Unit)- is the primary component of a computer responsible for executing instructions and processing data. Often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, it handles most of the tasks involved in running programs, performing calculations, and controlling other hardware components. The CPU consists of several key parts: https://images.app.goo.gl/fwpzRBTAxfGD3WuK9 1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 2. Control Unit (CU) 3. Registers The CPU consists of several key parts: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)- is a critical component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations. It performs tasks like addition, subtraction, bitwise operations, and comparisons. Control Unit (CU)- A control unit, or CU, is circuitry within a computer's processor that directs operations. It instructs the memory, logic unit, and both output and input devices of the computer on how to respond to the program's instructions. Registers- A register is basically a storage space for units of memory that are used to transfer data for immediate use by the CPU (Central Processing Unit) for data processing. Also known as memory registers, they can actually form part of the computer processor as a processor register. OUTPUT DEVICES Output devices of a computer are hardware components that display, print, or produce results of processed data from the computer in a human- readable or perceivable format. Here are some common output devices: 1. Monitor (Display Screen) - an electronic output device used to display information being entered and processed on a computer. The primary use of a monitor is to display images, text, video, and graphics information generated by the computer via a computer's video card. https://images.app.goo.gl/g4K3tEtxUSxxbddw9 OUTPUT DEVICES Output devices of a computer are hardware components that display, print, or produce results of processed data from the computer in a human- readable or perceivable format. Here are some common output devices: 1. Monitor (Display Screen) 2. Printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the information to paper https://images.app.goo.gl/89WrA6YXKLiDqXQK6 OUTPUT DEVICES Output devices of a computer are hardware components that display, print, or produce results of processed data from the computer in a human- readable or perceivable format. Here are some common output devices: 1. Monitor (Display Screen) 2. Printer 3. Speaker/Headphones- enable computers to produce audio output, conveying information, entertainment or communication through sound. https://images.app.goo.gl/zaWme2keSwPScFS88 OUTPUT DEVICES Output devices of a computer are hardware components that display, print, or produce results of processed data from the computer in a human- readable or perceivable format. Here are some common output devices: 1. Monitor (Display Screen) 2. Printer 3. Speaker/Headphones 4.. Projector- Displays visual output on a larger screen or surface, often used for presentations or videos in classrooms or meetings. https://images.app.goo.gl/cuLK6g3xqs6ueXiy5 COMPUTER MEMORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MEMORY AMOUNT OF MEMORY IN COMPUTERS Bit- The smallest amount of memory which represents a 0 or a 1. Byte - A byte, is made of 8 bits and usually stores one character such as a letter or a number or symbol. 1 Byte = 8 bits = 1 letter, number, or a symbol Kilobyte (KB) = 1 Thousand Bytes Megabyte (MB) = 1 Million Bytes Gigabyte (GB) = 1 Billion Bytes Terabyte (TB) = 1 Trillion Bytes Classification of Memory: 1. Primary Memory (Main Memory): RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used to store data actively in use. It’s fast but loses data when the power is off. Cache Memory: Extremely fast memory that stores frequently used data, speeding up the CPU's access to information. 2. Secondary Memory (Auxiliary Storage): Non-volatile memory for long-term data storage. 3 Tertiary and Off-line Storage: Used for backup and archival purposes 4. ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory used to store firmware and essential instructions that are permanently programmed THANK YOU COMPUTER APPLICATION BET-ELEXT-NS-3A-T GROUP 1 BAUTISTA, ALYZA JANE H. GIO, ANGELICA TABBU, IZACH