Physical-Science-Materials-and-Macromolecules.pptx

MATERIALS AND MACROMOLECULES  Materials and Their Functions We use different kinds of materials in our day-to-day living. Right now, when you open your eyes and check your phone, you are already enjoying the benefit of these materials. These are not limited to electronic devices and household...

MATERIALS AND MACROMOLECULES  Materials and Their Functions We use different kinds of materials in our day-to-day living. Right now, when you open your eyes and check your phone, you are already enjoying the benefit of these materials. These are not limited to electronic devices and household gadgets. These materials can come in the form of medicine, sports equipment, and construction materials. Medical Implants and Prosthesis Through the years, the field of medicine has greatly progressed, enhancing the quality of the lives of patients. One of the practices that has undergone great development is the use of medical implants and prosthetics. These are materials that use different devices or tissues to be placed inside the body or on the surface of the skin. The most common implants are prosthetics, which intend to replace a missing or removed body part of Medical Implants and Prosthesis Other available implants aim to deliver medication, monitor body functions, or provide support to the different parts of the body. Some implants can be placed in the body permanently or can be removed once it has served its purpose. Some medical implants are used to improve someone else’s physical attributes instead of a medical need. Sports Equipment Sports has been the most systematic physical activity that humans have been doing. As the science of sports improves, the science of sports equipment also progressed. Over the past 100 years, the usual raw materials such as wood, twine, and gut have been replaced withy the use of high-technology metals, polymers, ceramics, and composite materials through the knowledge of materials science, engineering, physics, physiology, Electronic Devices Electronic devices have been among the greatest contributions in the development of material science and engineering. Their development has allowed the processing and transmission of information through different forms and in harnessing renewable energy. Various raw materials are used in manufacturing electronic devices, which include metals, nonmetals, polymers, minerals, and ceramics. Construction Supplies for Buildings and Furniture Infrastructure is important to society. Until now, there has been various kinds of infrastructure in different parts of the world that, even though they were built several years ago, are still standing and preserved. The research and development of construction supplies and furniture is still ongoing for continuous improvement of infrastructure. Construction Supplies for Buildings and Furniture Researchers have tried to focus on construction supplies that are environment-friendly, durable, and at the same time, cost-effective and efficient. Nowadays, materials for construction supplies and furniture incorporate natural and bio-based raw materials without compromising quality. Household Gadgets One of the places where material innovation has progressed greatly is the household. There are several tasks that can be done in one household, such as cleaning, washing, and cooking, and these tasks can sometimes be exhausting to accomplish. Therefore, the development and innovation of household equipment are in line with the changing needs of the people. Household Gadgets Some innovations are machines that can clean by themselves without human to navigate or manipulate it. These kinds of equipment can kill bacteria and germs through UV light exposure. These technologies allow ease of work and saving time, therefore elevating the quality of life. Biomolecules and Their Functions Nutrition also comes into play when we talk about materials that we need. Our bodies need specific substances or nutrients to allow the cells in our body to perform their functions. These nutrients that we need to intake is known as biomolecules. Biomolecules are an organic molecule that includes carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids. The four elements of biomolecules are oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. CARBOHYDRATES Energy is important to organisms because it allows them to function and do their tasks and routines. Consuming food allows us to take important nutrients that our bodies need to obtain energy. The main immediate source of enegy for humans comes from the biomolecule called carbohydrates, commonly known as sugars. CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are made up up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are also the most abundant organic compounds and act as storehouses of chemical energy not only for humans but also for plants and animals, and even microorganisms. There are different classifications of carbohydrates: 1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Oligosaccharides, and 4. Polysaccharides. CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharide is the simplest unit of carbohydrates as it contains only single sugar molecule. One example is glucose. Disaccharide consists of two sugar units, such as lactose and sucrose. Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates with at least three to 10 sugar molecule units. Polysaccharides such as glycogen, cellulose, and starch, can have 11 up to millions of sugar units. CARBOHYDRATES The body cannot absorb big molecules of carbohydrates; therefore, they should be broken down to the simplest form, which is glucose. This glucose will be the raw material for glycolysis, the body’s mechanism of producing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Plants also produce glucose for their energy through photosynthesis. LIPIDS Lipids or Fats can also be an efficient source of energy. These are very essential biomolecules as they are the building blocks of cellular membrane. They provide body insulation, protection, cellular communication, and energy storage. Lipids are nonpolar molecules because they are primarily made up of fatty acids made up of hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) atoms. Proteins Among the biomolecules, proteins are the least likely source of energy of the body, unless the body lacks carbohydrates or lipids. Proteins are made up of amino acids and play many important roles in the body other than being source of energy. They are used for the structure of the body, transport of important molecules, catalysts of biological reactions and regulation of gene expression. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are vital constituents of organisms because they are the carriers of genetic and hereditary material. They carry the main information of the cells and direct protein synthesis for the expression of genes. Nucleic acids are found in the cells, they have an acidic nature, and they are made up of nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Nucleic Acids There are two types of nucleic acids. One is DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA consists of a pentose sugar called deoxyribose and has two linear strands that run opposite each other. These two linear strands have a double helix structure of a long chain of unbranched polymers composed of four types of bases – adenine(A) pair with thymine(T) and cytosine(C) pair with guanine(G). DNA is found in the nucleus in the cell and stores and transfers genetic information. Nucleic Acids The other type of nucleic acid is RNA or Ribonucleic acid. It also has a pentose sugar called ribose, and it is single stranded unlike DNA. The unbranched long chain of an RNA molecule is composed of four types of bases: adenine(A) pair with uracil(U) and cytosine(C) pair with guanine(G). RNA can be found in all parts of the cell, and its main function is the synthesis of protein for gene expression.