علم النفس - دراسة الجهاز العصبي والدماغ PDF

Phycology study **Frontal lobe** - Controls voluntary movement, language, problem solving, planning, and judgment e.x.t - This is the biggest lobe and is located in the front of the brain [Broca's area] - A region in the frontal lobe of the dormant hemisphere, usually the left of...

Phycology study **Frontal lobe** - Controls voluntary movement, language, problem solving, planning, and judgment e.x.t - This is the biggest lobe and is located in the front of the brain [Broca's area] - A region in the frontal lobe of the dormant hemisphere, usually the left of the brain, with function linked to speech production [Primary motor cortex] - Located at the back of the frontal lobe - Sends signals to the muscles to move **Parietal lobe** - Allows a person to perceive their own body and perceive where things are located in their imitate environment - Located in the middle of the brain [Primary sensory cortex] - Detects sensory information from the body regarding to temperature, perception, touch, texture, and pain - Located at the front of the parietal lobe **Occipital lobe** - Controls visual processing - Located at the back of the brain (eyes at the back of your head) [Primary visual cortex] - Processes visual information received from the eyes - Detects basic features such as shape, colour, and motion - Located near the back of the occipital lobe **Temporal lobe** - Processes auditory information, memory, language comprehension, emotion and facial recognition - Located near the back of the brain were the tempol's and ears are located. [Wernicke's area] - responsible for language comprehension and understanding spoken and written words - Helps process and interoperate meaning full speech and communication - Located in the left temporal lobe near the patricidal lobe **Cerebellum** - Responsible for balance and non-voluntary actions (berating, blood pressure, heart rate e.x.t) - Located at the back of the brain under the occipital lobe (hangs down) [Primary auditory cortex] - Process sound information, including pitch, volume, and rhythm - Interprets auditory signals for speech, music, and environmental sounds **Left hemisphere** the left hemisphere of the brain receives information controls language, word processing, sentence construction, logic, numbers, science, analytical thinking, and responding. The left side is more logic and smart thinking. The left side controls the right side of the body. **Right hemisphere** The right side of the brain controls creativity, imagination, holistic thinking, rhythm, feeling, visualisation, tune of music, daydreaming e.x.t. The right side of the brain controls more creative less logical thinking. The right side controls the left side of the body. **Corpus Callosum** Thick bands of nerve fibbers that join the left and the right hemispheres together, allowing them to communicate. **Broca's Aphasia** The partial loss of the ability to produce language. Not being able to speak properly. **Wernicke's Aphasia** A language disorder that make it hard to understand words and communicate. **Brain scans** - imaging techniques which help scientists, researchers and physicians see tissue and areas of the brain and gather data on health [still scans] - takes pictures of the regions of brain, CT scans and MRIs [Dynamic scans] - creates a moving image of the brain where actively can be traced, PET, fMRI **Difference between scans** - Often judged on their temporal, spatial resolution - [Resection-] refers to the quality of the image - [Temporal-] (time) how quickly the soon con take images - [Spatial-] how detailed the anatomical features appear - also judged on possible side affects (insaneness, radioactivity) **EEG -- electroencephalogram** [Advantages ] - non invasive - Practically useful, distinguish between levels of Sleep brain, damage, Alzheimer's, epilepsy - High temporal (time) resolution compared to fMRI - capable of detecting changes in activity on a millisecond [Disadvantages] - Poor Spatial (where) recognition - most sensitive to activity in Superficial Layers - measures only the sun of activities of the billions on neurons **(CT) CAT--- computer-adaptive test** - produced by x-ray rotation, creating cross-Section pictures of the brain - CAT scans can aid in the detection of tumours, strokes and other injuries **fMRIs -- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging** - are dynamic pictures of the brain. Moving coloured pictures of different parts of the brain can be obtained - shows metabolic activity second by second without injected tracers - the technique uses paramagnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenate haemoglobin to see images of changing bloat flow in the brain associate with neural activity - can show brain strictures and processes associated with perception, thought, action [Advantages] - high resolution - sensitive to changes in blood flow (can detects small changes) - no exposure to radioactivity [Disadvantages] - can\'t identify specific receptors of transmitters associated with some neurotransmitters **Experimental studies of cognitive actives using fMRI** - understanding normal brain functions - relate specific areas of the brain with cognitive tasks like language, reading memory - apply knowledge to understand differences in functioning e.g. reading ability, mathematic ability **Phineas Gage- the accident** - Gage was packing explosives in a hole with an iron rod, while doing this the power detonated causing the rod to launch into his face - the iron rod (43 inches long,1.24 inches thick) penetrated his cheek, traveling behind the left eye and entered through his left side brain exited his skull, landing 80 feet away. - after the accident Gage fell on his back due to force and had brief convulsion of the arms and legs - within a few minutes however Gage was able to get himself up, speak and walk with small assistance to a nearby cart and travel to town to the Docters **Gage- the aftermath** - Gage recovered physically from the accident within a month. BUT his personally was altered - before he was a well-respected small business owner and respected the people around him; he was very energetic: and persistent in executing plans. - after the accident he become very rude, disrespectful to colleagues and wouldn\'t accept advice **Gage- what cause the change** - without modern technologies to examine gage at the time many has studied his brain in recent years to determine what part was damage - most agree the damaged caused by the rod involved both left and right prefrontal cortices - the left and right cortices are responsible for emotional processing and rational decision making; therefore, it can be assumed that he had detect these areas **Gage- the influence** - Cages case is important to the field of neuroscience. - the reported changes post accident prove that specific areas of the brain are responsible for different functions - this case gave the information to prove that the frontal cortex is responsible for language, decision making, intelligence and reasoning - Gages case became one of the first pieces of evidence suggesting that the frontal lobe was directly involved in personality **Lateralization** - refers to the fact that two halves of the human brain are not exactly alike, each hemisphere has functional specializations - being left or right brained doesn\'t affect left and right-handed as that is a preference **Split Brain research** - research done by Michael Gazzaniga and Roger Wolcott Sperry provided even greater understanding of functional laterality - Split patients are patients that undergo a surgery that severs the corpus callosum (corpus callosotomy) cutting the communication between hemispheres. this treatment was predominantly used for epilepsy. - when the connections are cut the two halves have a reduced capacity do communicate with each other - led to weird behaviour that allowed Sperry to study contributions of each hemisphere to various cognitive perceptible findings - one of the main findings was that the right hemisphere was capable Of basic language processing, often has no grammatical abilities - Tests on corpus callosotomy patients reveal that they struggle to communicate, identifying words or images on the right but not on the left. **Henery Mosaison (HM) -- split brain patient** - HM was a patient that was a patient of the split-brain experimental surgery to help with his sever epilepsy - The hope was the surgery would control his severe epilepsy, and it did seem to help - The surgery also had unexpected side affects leaving HM not able to create certain kinds of new memories - He was still able to apply procedural memories (tying his shoes e.x.t) - But he was no longer able to form new semantic or declarative memories (names, major events) **London cab drivers - Eleanor Magurie** - this was a study to find out how London cab drivers memories the streets - for cab drivers to earn their licence they have to complete training Called 'The knowledge' memorising 25000 streets within a 10 am radios from the train and touns attractions and hot spots - this study compared inspiring cab drives/ cab drivers to people of similar intellect and age - at the end of the study, she found out that those who pasted 'The knowledge' had langer hippocampi that had grown from when the case originally started