Philosophy Reviewer (1st Sem Finals) PDF

THE HUMAN PERSON AND FREEDOM THREE VIEWS ON THE ISSUES BETWEEN FREE WILL AND Universalism - choosing to NECESSITY: minimize casualties over 1. Determinism maximizing them. states that eve...

THE HUMAN PERSON AND FREEDOM THREE VIEWS ON THE ISSUES BETWEEN FREE WILL AND Universalism - choosing to NECESSITY: minimize casualties over 1. Determinism maximizing them. states that every event Freedom - external;makuha sa happens because of previous kapaligiran events and circumstances. Free will - Without these previous events internal;pansarili;kagustuhan and circumstances, the event would not have taken place or MEANINGS OF FREEDOM: the choice would not have been Political Freedom - kalayaan made. bumoto Determinist believes that there Economic Freedom - kalayaan is no such thing as freedom of pumili ng trabaho choice. Social Freedom - kalayaan Pre-determined na;naka kumausap, makipag-interact program na Emotional Freedom - kailangan 2. Libertarianism ipakita ang nararamdaman the view opposite to the Spiritual Freedom - right to Determinists’. Believes in and choose kung ano ang affirms free will. sasambahin Maintains that some human actions are performed by Real Freedom - has to do with human beings without any prior freedom of choice or freedom of the sufficient condition as the will. cause of these actions. Gusto mo, interest mo, OBJECTIONS TO THE FREEDOM OF desire mo; without CHOICE: influence by other people Religious Objection - restricted Libertarians - may free by what the church says will; walang kaugnayan Psychological Objection - mga nangyari dati sa scared of punishments magiging decisions mo Biological Objection - may 3. Compatibilism chemical sa utak na nag-uutos Also called soft determinism kung ano emotion natin There is no consistency or contradiction between free will Problem of Freedom and Necessity - and determinism there is conflict between our feeling Believes that it is possible for of freedom and the many reasons human beings to be free agents (religious, psychological, biological) and responsible for their that seem to suggest that our actions actions even though these are not free. actions are determined by previous events  May mag iinfluence pero 3. Freedom as the creative may free will ka rin passion for the possible. pumili ng gusto mo - Nagiging individualistic in the way nakakaisip Authentic Freedom sila ng mga goals - asks questions regarding the nature of freedom. It enhances THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS the human being and enriches - In our quest for freedom, there the human spirit. is always a gap between the - It is not the opposite of ideal and the real. There are discipline. Freedom and both forces within and outside discipline can coexist of us that hinder us from being - Without discipline, there cannot free and becoming our best. be genuine freedom - These sins are called deadly Kadikit and word na discipline because they can lead to other sins called ‘cardinal sins’. Freedom in Community - human life is Pag ginawa mo, you might end a shared life. It is a life in communion up sa inferno/purgatory; hindi and communication with others. In man as in deadly pero pag order to know anything, including ginawa, marerealize mo sa dulo ourselves, we need others. (may yung effect non restrictions (batas)) DOROTHY SAYERS TWO LIST OF FREEDOM IN COMMUNITY IS SEVEN DEADLY SINS: THREATENED FROM TWO SIDES: Hot-blooded sins - kasalanan Globalization - exploitation; na obvious na ginagawa ng may profit mga tao. Makikita agad sa Individualism - nagiging appearance. (Gluttony, Wrath, negative pagiging Lust) individualistic; feeling mo Cold-blooded sins - nangyayari superior ka na lang sa isip ng mga tao; pag Individualistic - iniisip ang ni-commit, pwede mag connect sarili, di iniisip ang iba at maging hot-blooded sins. (Pride, Greed, Envy, Sloth) JURGEN MOLTMANN THREE DIMENSION OF HUMAN FREEDOM: ❖ Wrath 1. Freedom as domination. - Refers to uncontrolled, intense, - Kala ng tao sila ang boss and vengeful anger. It is sin as 2. Freedom as a free community. a sinful state of being because - Since individualistic sila, it involves harboring and acting naiisip nila na may iba upon destructive and harmful pang individualistic. emotions, often leading to Pwede silang mag meet negative consequences for or mag unite oneself and others.  Di mo nacocontrol emotion mo ❖ Pride pag galit ka. Pag galit ka, galit - Excessive belief in one’s ka. Hindi as in deadly pero baka abilities or qualities; it is often makasakit ka. considered the root of all other ❖ Gluttony sins - Defined as eating too much, but Root of all other sins; mataas the thinkers and ethicists who na kasi tingin mo sa sarili mo christened gluttony as a deadly ❖ Greed sin had a deeper definition. - Excessive desire for material They defined gluttony as not wealth or possessions. just eating too much. They felt Gahaman; papasok yung that the essential sin of gluttony pagho-hoard was making the belly into a Gusto mo lahat nasa iyo God. ❖ Envy - As the saying goes, some - Jealousy or resentment towards people eat to live while others others’ success or possessions. live to eat. Inggit; akala masaya for iba Kain nang kain; feeling nila pero pakitang tao lang tiyan nila ay isang diyos Nauuwi sa pagkagalit; di (sinusunod lagi wants ng tiyan nagagalit sa gawa ng tao, sa nila) tao na mismo May mga tao na kumakain para ❖ Sloth mabuhay sila pero may mga - Laziness, avoidance of work or tao na nabubuhay lang sila duty. para kumain (una, for survival. Laziness (nararamdaman dahil Pangalawa, naging lifestyle na) sa pagod), pwede maipasa sa Being picky eater. Pag aaksaya iba yung work, di ka na ng pagkain. It is sin because of productive over consumption Procrastination; mema na lang ❖ Lust nagagawa mo - It treats the opposite sex as an object, not as a person. - Love says only one person will Heavenly virtues Deadly sins do; lust says any person will do. Charity Greed - Love says there is one particular person i need and Chastity Lust with whom i would like to spend Diligence Sloth the rest of my life; lust is Humility Pride concerned only with temporary sexual satisfactions Kindness Envy Nagiging kayo lang dahil sa Patience Wrath kapakanan ng pansarili nila Tempera Gluttony Pang-madalian lang nce HEAVENLY VIRTUES DIVIDED INTO A philosophical concept that TWO: explores the mutual recognition Cardinal Virtues of one another as a person 1. Prudence It has to do with knowing and ➔ before we do something, we relating to others need to think things over: what May palitan ng thoughts and we are dong and why are we feelings doing it. Interaction between 2 people ➔ Mga ginagawa mo ay may Pakikipag-kapwa tao reflection; malinaw sa iyong May dalawang tao na nag kung bakit mo ito ginagawa uusap at alam nila kung saan 2. Temperance sila nanggagaling since ➔ knowing when to say no. parehas silang tao 3. Justice ➔ Being honest, true, and fair CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN ➔ Keep promises RELATIONS: 4. Fortitude Empathy - putting yourself on ➔ Courage under fire other people’s shoes ➔ Lakas ng loob; kahit lahat Sympathy - naaawa ka lang against sayo, kung alam mo sa Availability - kapag may tao na sarili mo na tama ka, nag oopen sayo, ipakita na mailalaban mo pa siya available to listen; concerned Theological Virtues ka; willingness Faith Ethics of care - obligation na Hope mag alaga ng iba; unawain ang Charity bawat isa THE HUMAN PERSON AND SUBJECT VS. OBJECT INTERSUBJECTIVITY The human person is not an object. She only appears to be Inter - between two people one because of her body. Her Intra - sarili body is what makes her a thing Subject - pinag uusapan ; mga like other things. tao Human person are expected to treat others as fellow “subjects”, INTERSUBJECTIVITY and not as objects in service of Coined by the philosopher other subjects Edmund Husserl is most simply Object - people are treated like stated as the interchange of a material (ex: waiter or thoughts and feelings, both kasambahay) conscious and unconscious, Subject - iniintindi natin ang iba between two person or “subjects” as facilitated by empathy. THE FOURFOLD ALIENATION I - self Alienation - out of this world, Thou - you strange, alone sa sarili niyang It - object mundo; disconnect self from the perspective The I-Thou (subject) 1. Theological Alienation (upward) ➔ World of encounters, - we’ve come to a point where relationship with other persons we question everything. ➔ Genuine sharing of one another; Nawawala yung no objectification pananampalataya ng isang tao ➔ The I(self) treats the other as (questions belief); disconnect distinctly other (a “Thou”), as yourself from God another person who is different 2. Psychological Alienation from itself (inward) - kalaban natin ang ➔ Genuine form of interaction (a sarili natin (we fight our own dialogue) thoughts); disconnect self from Ikaw at ibang tao relationship our self We connect ourself sa ibang 3. Sociological Alienation tao (outward) - we isolate from the Tinuturing ang bawat isa na group we have normal na tao, hindi bagay 4. Ecological Alienation (downward) - disconnect from The I-It (object) environment; anthropocentric; ➔ World of sensation, where there di mo na natutulungan yung are objects environment ➔ Persons do not experience an authentic encounter with each THE FOURFOLD HEALING other We need healing in these areas ➔ Self (I) treats the other as an to recover our true humanity object (an “It”) to be and identity experienced and used There is a sense of ➔ Monologue, a relationship with incompleteness when we are one’s own self without relationships and alienated in the four areas, for INTERSUBJECTIVE WITH THE POOR ‘no man is an island’ Hindi pinipili ang tinutulungan, kahit sino tutulungan (good MARTIN BUBER samaritan) ➔ A Jewish philosopher who introduced the “I-Thou” and HENRI NOUWEN: LEARNING FROM “I-It” relationships to embody THE DISABLED his philosophy of ➔ A Dutch priest and writer of intersubjectivity more than 50 books who had ➔ He taught that there can be two touched countless lives. He was ways of relating to people also a professor at Yale and  harvard. He ended up in a OPEN AND CLOSED SOCIETIES BY community for the disabled in KARL POPPER Canada. There, he learned from Open Societies the disabled. ➔ Require only minimal condition ➔ Na-encounter niya si Adam na of conditions to maintain nagkaka-seizure, tinulungan membership in society. There niya. Doon siya nagkaroon ng could be implied duties and realization sa kalagayan ng iba responsibilities. ➔ Gusto niya maging ➔ Madali makapasok; there is compassionate ang mga tao, diversity; may kanya kanyang gamitin ang puso gustong gawin-there will be roles; membership (paano nakaka acquire) THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY ➔ Book title: “The Open Societies and Its Enemies” by Karl JURGEN HABERMAS Popper (about to sa ➔ Proposed 2 types of relationship pangbabash sa closed society) Closed Societies Personal Relationship ➔ Many rigorous conditions for ➔ Pinapakinggan natin ang membership in society. In short others; nagbibigay advice; treat terms closed society requires others as someone na nandyan conformity sa atin; cooperation over ➔ Stagnant; kung sino taong competition nandun, yun lang yun (ex: caste ➔ Interactions are mutual regard system) strict; hindi of each other tumatanggap ng ibang tao Transactional Relationship ➔ May palitan; may bibigay ka, UNIFORM AND PLURALISTIC may babalik sayo; you take for SOCIETIES granted other people Uniformity ➔ Interactions are based on a ➔ Those who argue for uniformity regard as means emphasize cultural cohesion and social homogeneity. They WHAT IS SOCIETY? are afraid of diversity and as a Came from a Latin word Socius result, are against popularity means companion or friend ➔ Kung ano na nakasanayan nila, Society is an organized group yun na yun held together by common ties Plurality of membership in a shared ➔ Are more or less open societies. geographical area Pluralistic societies are not just Individual human beings are tolerant; they embrace and not self-sufficient; no one celebrate other kinds of people. working alone can acquire all of They celebrate diversity the genuine necessities of life  ➔ Iba iba; open society; kahit ano kahit hindi mo pa inaassess (eg. ka, tanggap ka; culture/society xenophobia) Critical acceptance - most comprehensive; embracing thoughtfully SOCIETY AND CULTURE Critical rejection - pwedeng Culture is what differentiates wag mo na gawin kasi alam one group or society from the mong harmful next; different societies have different cultures KNOWING OTHER CULTURE A culture represents the beliefs THROUGH OTHER CULTURES and practices of a group, while Dungeon Model (Paul Clasper) society represents the people ➔ Nandun lang siya, di siya who share those beliefs and lumalabas sa comfort zone; practices hindi niya alam kung ano nasa Culture and society are labas interconnected; di pwede ➔ Frog-in-the-well syndrome mawala yung isa, vice versa Round Table Model (Paul Bawat society may Clasper) pinapractice na culture ➔ All cultures are equal. People Culture is learned are not just tolerant of other Culture is the way of living of a cultures but show a general person appreciation of other cultures. No one culture intimidates, SOCIOLOGY: manipulates, or dominates Ethnocentrism - your culture is other culture superior ➔ Ineencourage ang lahat na Xenocentrism - your culture is pakinggan, magsalita, makinig inferior (mas mababa) sa cultures Xenophobia - fear of what is foreign; ayaw tumanggap ng THE “PASSING OVER” AND “COMING ibang kultura BACK” Cultural Relativism - iniintindi Paul Clasper (from whom we yung ibang culture borrowed the metaphor of the “Dungeon” and the “Round KNOWING OTHER CULTURES Table”) talked about the Uncritical acceptance - “passing over and the “coming embracing without questioning; back” hindi mo alam if nakakasira ba It means that growth is both yun, basta tinanggap mo lang risky and rewarding. It’s either siya we move forward or fall back. Uncritical rejection - dismissing Growth requires stepping out of without understanding; reject our comfort zone, which can make us feel unease, but it also  brings fresh and deeper ➔ Mula kapanganakan hanggang perspectives and pagkamatay ay may kasama understanding. By embracing Kinship (pagkakamag-anak) new experiences, we return with ➔ In filipino social relations, a more improved and enriched mag-anak (family) and view of life, ready for further pagkakamag-anak (kinship) are growth. key factors or concepts showing the social character of THE FILIPINO SOCIETY filipinos Filipinos are social beings. This ➔ Pagkakamag-anak - affinal can be seen even in our kinship (marriage) language Child (anak) For Filipinos, a son or daughter ➔ Children play a key factor in is simply called anak. On the social relations. This factor talks other hand, siblings have a about how filipinos treat their ranking or seniority. children shows a lot about In tagalog, we have terms that filipino culture and traits are derived from chinese such as: SIX PERSPECTIVE OF HOW Kuya - eldest brother CHILDREN ARE VIEWED BY DR. Diko - second eldest brother NARRY SANTOS: Sangko - third eldest brother A child is a source of joy Ate - eldest sister The child is god’s gift Ditse - second eldest sister Children are evidence of love Sanse - third eldest sister The gender of the children must be evenly distributed THREE THINGS TO KNOW: Children are investments 1. A hierarchic view of society in Children are necessary to which authority based on maintain family lineage seniority plays an important THREE AREAS THAT SHAPE OUR role SOCIAL CONTEXT: 2. Social difference is not so much 1. Pag-aaruga (personalized care) stressed as ranking by seniority 2. Pananagutan (obligation) - 3. The “we” of interpersonal harapin ang responsibilities collective relationship is more 3. Pagkamatapat (loyalty) - important than the “I” loyalty is connected to obligation Companionship (kasama) ➔ Characterizes the Filipinos’ Ka - belongingness social orientation. From birth to death, Filipinos are with or THREE WAYS TO EXPRESS surrounded by others. Even PAKIKIPAGKAPWA: during a wake, the dead are not left alone.  1. Pakikisama - to accompany or transactional ang relationship get along with somebody with others 2. Pakikitungo - the ability to ➔ Fragmented - adjust, be humble, and deal sira/nagkakahiwalay with others with courtesy and ➔ He believes that the weakness appropriateness of modern societies is that 3. Pakikiramay - to sympathize, to people are fragmented share in another’s sorrow, or to feel compassion HUXLEY AND ORWELL’S VISION George Orwell’s book, “1984” THE HUMAN PERSON AS A PARADOX about oppression; what we fear ➔ We human beings are a will ruin us paradox, a riddle to ourselves In 1932, Aldous Huxley wrote ➔ Alam natin sa sarili natin is “Brave New World”. About ito nagcocontradict sa nangyayari sa kung ano gusto gawin ng sa atin tao, ayun nasusunod; what we ➔ Di natin naiintindihan yung love will ruin us sarili natin In the book, “Amusing “Man is mid-way between the Ourselves to Death”, brutes and the angels” by Neilpostman summarized and Blaise Pascal differentiated the two visions, ➔ Brutes - wild animals (use their stating: instincts) ➔ Angels - spiritual aspirations Orwell feared Huxley feared Because the human person is a those who that there was paradox, the human person would ban no reason to must deal with both: the books ban a book for there would be potential in a person, and also no one who how he or she can go wrong. It wanted to read must look into dignity and one depravity of the human person Orwell feared Huxley feared ➔ Dignity - respect for ourselves those who those who ➔ Depravity - pagkagusto na deprived us of would give us gumawa ng kamalian information so much that we would be reduced to MODERNITY AND FRAGMENTATION passivity and Vaclav Havel egoism ➔ Czech philosopher, poet, and Orwell feared Huxley feared statesman that the truth the truth would ➔ Observed that the main feature would be be drowned in of our modern life is a “loss of concealed the sea of from us irrelevance coordinates” ➔ Loss of coordinates - sarili na Orwell feared Huxley feared lang natin, nagiging we would we would  become a become a Blaise Pascal captive culture trivial culture ➔ Human person is a paradox ➔ Book: Pensées THE SUMMUM BONUM ➔ Alam natin na hindi na ➔ It is the question of the ultimate maeescape ang death god and purpose of our ➔ We have the self-awareness existence; why we are here, ➔ Di dapat katakutan ang mundo where we are going, and what ➔ We started dying the day we is the ultimate meaning and are born destiny of life ➔ Seeks to find out not just what Leo Tolstoy we do, but also why we do what ➔ Book: Anna Karenina - about we do evolvement of character, unable to transform DIVERGENT AND CONVERGENT ➔ Karenin, he husband is jealous PROBLEMS of anna. He feels that one ➔ G.N.M. Tyrell came up with the should not suspect wife but now terms divergent and convergent is jealous of his wife to show the difference between ➔ Uncontrollable life the two kinds of problems ➔ Being fully aware of life as it is Convergent problems - those ➔ Face the reality of death that can be solved by logical ➔ Death is an enchasing part of reasoning alone (lahat ng life problem, may iisang ➔ Book: The Death of Ivan Ilyich - solution/answer lang; objective about experience of shattering ang solution) in previous experience but Divergent problems - have to faced it and had a spiritual do with life. They cannot be redemption solved in the usual sense; the ➔ Death is what separates us can only be lived (many from reality solutions or no solutions) ➔ Kahit namatay or buhay tayo ay may kasama tayo DEATH ➔ Death is a calamity to those left John Donne behind ➔ Book: Meditation 17 (1623) - this ➔ “Stand face to face with life is about ‘no man is an island’ and death” ➔ Kahit sino ang mamatay ay affected tayo dahil pare-pareho William Shakespeare tayong human ➔ Books: Hamlet and Macbeth ➔ Pag namatayan ang ibang tao, ➔ Characters of Hamlet: Horatio, ay namatayan din tayo Claudius, Hamlet ➔ Never send to know for whom ➔ Brother of hamlet - pinakasal sa the church bell tolls; it tolls for iba thee ➔ Vengeance ➔ To be or not to be (about ➔ Di madadala ang kayamanan suicide) after life ➔ Vengeance ng tatay niya is yung reason kung bat buhay pa Fyodor Dostoevsky si hamlet ➔ He’s born in November 11, 1921 ➔ Kapag nasasaktan yung mga ➔ Engineer and russian novelist loved ones mo, parang ➔ His favorite work is Crime and nasasaktan ka rin Punishment ➔ Moral lesson: suicide is not a ➔ Fyodor’s novels: solution Demons (1872) - About sa political and moral nihilism ng Psalmists and Other Poets from Russia, Si Pyotr ay nais niyang Bible magtangka ng rebouslyon tas ➔ From bible meron siyang makakatapat na ➔ Focuses on theological and si Nikolai sa larangan ng ecological view (human life and moralidad. Then magkakaroon environment is correlated) ng manipulation na ➔ Focuses on god and believe in magdudulot ng horrific acts. faith Crime and Punishment (1866) - ➔ God is eternal and unchanging May pinatay siyang isang ➔ Life is short - di nagfofocus sa matandang babae na death, nagfofocus sa living madaming pera at ninakaw ➔ We need god’s help to live well niya ito para daw makapag ➔ Psalm 90 - prayer of moses aral siya pero hindi naman ➔ Moses - “the man of god” niya ito nagamit at sa ➔ Genesis 3:17-19 “earth is now sobrang guilt niya na pinatay cursed because of yung matandang babae ay disobedience” sinurrender nita yung sarili ➔ Job 14:1-2,7-12 “human differs niya sa police. from tree, tree has a potential The Idiot (1896) - Isang to sprout again and grow kind-hearted man na si Prince branches, while human life is Lev Mynshkin na bumalik sa temporary and eventually ends russia galing sewitzerland dahil nagpagamot siya ng James Shirley ➔ English poet kanyang epilepsy, Napasok ➔ He was a part of group writers din siya Love Triangle kung ➔ Poem about life, death, and saan yung isang girl ay human nature merong obssessed na suitor ➔ Poem: The Glories of our Blood then pinatay niya yung girl and State - social status does kaya sobrang nasaktan si not matter in death Prince Lev at bumalik siya sa ➔ You have same fate with others Switzerland para sa kanyang kuya na din.