Philippines Architecture Report PDF

GEOGRAPHY ARCHIPELAGO OF 7100 ISLANDS – MOUNTAINOUS AND FRAGMENTED 3 MAIN ISLAND GROUPS: LUZON, VISAYAS AND MINDANAO SOUTHEAST ASIA, PACIFIC OCEAN - STRATEGIC POSITION - IN THE PATH OF FAR EAST TRADE MAJOR EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC BELT IN THE PATH OF TYPHOONS FROM THE PACIFIC THE PHILIPPINES APPEARS...

GEOGRAPHY ARCHIPELAGO OF 7100 ISLANDS – MOUNTAINOUS AND FRAGMENTED 3 MAIN ISLAND GROUPS: LUZON, VISAYAS AND MINDANAO SOUTHEAST ASIA, PACIFIC OCEAN - STRATEGIC POSITION - IN THE PATH OF FAR EAST TRADE MAJOR EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC BELT IN THE PATH OF TYPHOONS FROM THE PACIFIC THE PHILIPPINES APPEARS LIKE A BROKEN ROSARY OF ISLANDS PHILIPPINES IS A PART OF THE SOUTH EAST ASIAN CONTINENT PHILIPPINES IS NORTH OF BORMEO AND SOUTH OF JAPAN. AT THE EAST IS THE PACIFIC OCEAN AND AT WEST IS THE CHINA SEA. THE TOTAL LAND AREA IS 115,707 SQ MILES THE POSITION OF THE PHILIPPINES MAKES IT THE TRADE CENTRE OF SOUTH EAST ASIA. SINCE THE PHILIPPINES IS MADE UP OF 7,100 ISLANDS THE PHILIPPINES IS DIVIDED INTO THREE MAIN ISLANDS. NAMELY LUZON THE LARGEST, VISAYAS THE CENTRE ISLAND AMONG THE 3.AND MINDANAO THE 2ND LARGEST PHILIPPINES HAS A PRETTY NUMBER OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES, THE MOST FAMOUS IS THE TAAL VOLCANO AND THE MAYON VOLCANO. PHILIPPINES IS IN THE PATH OF TYPHOONS FROM THE PACIFIC GEOLOGICAL THE PHILIPPINES IS RICH IN MANY NATURAL RESOURCES 44% OF THE PHILIPPINES IS COVERED BY THICK DENSE FOREST PHILIPPINES HAS THE LARGEST UNTOUCHED FOREST OR LAND COMPARED TO OTHER ASIAN COUNTRY MATERIALS: -BAMBOO -COCONUT TREES -PALM -COGON GRASS -RATTAN -NIPA AND STILL IS VERY ABUNDANT NOW A DAYS. SINCE PHILIPPINES IS A TROPICAL COUNTRY IT IS EXPECTED TO BE RICH IN TREES, WHICH PRODUCES WOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION. -MOLAVE(STURDIEST), YACAL & GUIJO(CAN WITHSTAND WEATHER AND DAMPNESS.)PINE TREES IN BAGUIO AND BENGUET(PANELINGS)NARRA(LOW LANDS PANELING AND FURNITURE.) MATERIALS: BAMBOO RATTAN NIPA RATTAN YAKAL TREE COGON GRASS GUIJO TREE CLIMATE Dry and wet season Typhoons and tropical storms RELIGION SINCE PHILIPPINES IS THE TRADE CENTRE OF SOUTH EAST ASIA, FILIPINO’S GET TO BE WITH OTHER RACES FROM DIFF. COUNTRIES. THUS BRINGING WITH THEM THEIR RELIGION, SHARING IT WITH THEIR FILIPINA/FILIPINO COUNTER PART. SUCH AS CHINESE WITH THERE HINDUISM, BUDDHISM. JAPANESE WITH THERE SHINTOISM,BUDDHISM AND HINDUISM, MALAYSIA WITH ITS RICH MUSLIM CULTURE. SPANIARDS AND AMERICANS WITH THERE CHRISTIANITY. BACK IN THE DAY PHILIPPINES WAS AN ISLAND OF MUSLIM FILIPINO’S. SINCE THE SPANIARDS TOOK OVER AND EDUCATED US WITH CHRISTIANITY MORE THAN HALF OF THE POPPULATION WAS CONVERTED TO “CHRISTIANO” PHILIPPINES HAS A RICH CULTURE MEANING RICH IN RELIGION. BUT THE PHILIPPINES HAS 3 MAIN RELIGION, 1ST IS THE ROMAN CATHOLICISM/CHRISTIANITY 2ND IS ISLAM 3RD IS PROTESTANTISM, AGLIPAYAN AND IGLESIA NI KRISTO. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FILIPINOS ARE MAINLY “MABABAET, MAPAGKAWANGGAWA,AT MAKATAO” FIRST FILIPINO’S ARE A RACE OF MALAY PEOPLE. BUT SINCE THE PHILIPPINES IS A TRADE CENTRE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, MANY TRADERS HAVE BEEN IN OUR COUNTRY, FALLING INLOVE AND EVENTUALLY GETTING MARRIED. THUS GIVING FILIPINO’S DIFF. DISTINCT FEATURES HISTORY Pre-Colonial: Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years ago, and later, sea-vessels Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters 3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and behavior elaborate animistic religion Indians in 4th and 5th century BC Chinese in 3rd and 4th century AD Arabs - converted some parts to Islam in 1300 AD Trade center of the Orient – Sulu was frequented by ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, Arabia Spanish Rule: 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity Systematically and efficiently Christianized most part of the country Introduced European institution and thought Economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of the world - via the Spanish Galleon Trade Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764); attempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese Spanish colony until 1900's Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt by Aguinaldo American Rule: Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of Spanish war with USA Continued fighting Democracy was introduced - allowed a selfgovernment called the Commonwealth Era Japanese Invasion: December 1941 Established a puppet government Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July 1945 Independence in 1946 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION Building Capability: Even with ties to nearby countries, our ancestors saw no need for large megalithic structures, etc Nevertheless showed engineering capability and prowess with the Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon Settlements big villages along key trade centers near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams – for purposes of travel, communication and sanitation Filipino Architecture: Architecture in the Philippines today is the result of a natural growth enriched with the absorption of varied influences. It developed from the pre-colonial influences of our neighboring Malay brothers, continuing on to the Spanish colonial period, the American Commonwealth period, and the modern contemporary times. Tropical architecture Light Open and transparent Banaue RiceTerraces ( Hagdanhagdang Palayan) EXAMPLES OF ETHNIC HOUSES CAVE DWELLINGS TREE HOUSES LEAN - TOS EXAMPLES CAVE DWELLINGS earliest human habitation Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000 years Tau’t batu people occupying the southern part of palawan caves in Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs Tabon Cave, Palawan Tau’t batu people petroglyphs TREE HOUSES perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet above the ground prevented attack by animals and human enemies by the Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao Moros of Lake Lanao TREE HOUSES Tinguian tree house Manobo Tree house TREE HOUSES Kalinga tree house of banaue EXAMPLES LEAN-TOS (PINANAHANG) winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at building served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering journey made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to withstand a storm Negritos of Zambales Agtas of Palanan, Isabela Dait-dait is the simple windscreen used by the mamanua of northeastern mindanao when hunting. Dait - dait Lean - to BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT “balai” and spanish “cubo” or cube – cube-shaped house, from its boxy appearance primitive style of dwelling probably started around 200 BC, with the coming of iron tools well- adapted to tropical climate of wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon and nipa Elevated one to five feet from the ground - silong protection from the moist ground and flood protection from vermin and other animals enclosed area as sleeping quarters silong used for storage for tools and crops, an animal enclosures, or burial ground usually with steep thatch roof varies across regional and ethnic lines Cordillera Region ISNEG KANKANAI KALINGA BONTOC IFUGAO Mindanao & Sulu Region BADJAO MARANAO SAMAL YAKAN Panay Region Other Regions Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO (ANTILLAN HOUSE) Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house Steep, hip roof Post and lintel construction Elevated living quarters Economy of materials Space flowing from one room to next Light and airy structure Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence: grandeur and solidity Ornamentation Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses Vigan Cebu Batangas Ground floor plan Second floor plan PARTS OF AN ANTILLIAN HOUSE (BAHAY NA BATO) Zaguan – ground floor, for caruaje, carroza, anda, cuadra & bodega Volada – overhang Entresuelo – mezzanine floor, for oficina & a cuarto Patio – courtyard Caida – room after stairs Sala – living room Comedor – dining room Cocina – kitchen Dispensa – food storage Comun o Latrina – food storage Baño o Paliguan – toilet Azotea – terrace/deck beside patio Aljibe – cistern/water reservoir Cuarto – room Alcoba – alcove Capilla – chapel Medya Agua – canopy Atip – bubong, 30deg60deg pitch Balcon – balconahe/balcony Dormitoryo – for ihos (boys) & ihas (girls) Ventana – window, 3m-4.5m height from Finish Floor Line to Finish Ceiling Line Parts of a Ventana: Calado - transoms, located at the uppermost part Persiana - wood jalousie, openable (sliding) part located at the mid portion Ventana - capiz shells window, openable (sliding) part located at the mid portion Ventanilla - usually with wooden barandillas with openable (sliding) wood pieces located at the bottom portion. Used by children in viewing “prusisyon” & other road events. Forts A strong and fortified place that is also a permanent army post during the Spanish Era Plazas A public square in a city or town An open area usually located near urban buildings and walkways Fort Santiago Plaza Miranda SPANISH CHURCHES It was built at the center of the town by the town plaza. It was made up of adobe (volcanic tuff) stone, coral stone or brick It is in rectangular form. Its walls are high and thick and are supported by buttresses SPANISH CHURCHES Calasiao, Pangasinan 2nd best bell tower by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte by Fr. Joseph Ruiz sinking belltower Las Pinas Church by Fr. Diego Cera Loboc, Bohol Manila Cathedral by Bishop Domingo Salazar Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Morong Church, Rizal exquisite Spanish Baroque style by Fr. Blas dela Madre Panay Church largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by townspeople Quiapo Church restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa San Agustin Church by Fr. Juan Macias San Sebastian one of first steel buildings steel from Belgium by Eiffel Taal Church, Batangas by Fr. Martin Aguirre biggest church Sta. Ana Church, Manila by Fr. Vicente Ingles restored by Juan Nakpil Sto. Domingo Church, QC by Jose Maria Zaragosa Sto. Nino, Cebu AMERICAN PERIOD House in the early 20th century It was a simple, respectable house for those moving up to the middle class CHALET POSTWAR PERIOD BUNGALOW HOUSE A one-storied house with a low-pitched roof This new status symbol (bungalow) represented the Americanization of the Filipino house Most seen type of house in the country TWO STOREY HOUSE Living quarters occupied both first and second floor In the bahay na bato, the living quarters were on the upper floor and the lower floor was a storage area. Example: Marcos House at Sarrat, IN. UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST San Agustin, Intramuros Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES SCHOOLS Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila 1890 taught maestros de obras Liceo de Manila MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica” MO-A “Maestros de Obra-Academia” Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura Closed after one year Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925) 1st school of Architecture Adamson University 2nd school of architecture UST College of Architecture (1930) 3rd school of architecture ORGANIZATIONS Philippine Architects Society Philippine Institute of Architects League of Philippine Architects Association of Phil. Government Architects In 1975, PIA + LPA + APGA = United Architects of the Philippines EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD Daniel Burnham - city plan of Manila and Baguio William Parsons Juan Arellano Tomas Mapua – 1st registered architect in country Alejandro Legardo Antonio Toledo Carlos Barredo Masonic Temple, Escolta 1st concrete building in Escolta Philippine Normal School Phil. Normal University University of the Philippines Padre Faura National Museum 1st was the Legislative Building Intendencia Building adjacent to Manila Cathedral Luneta Hotel 2nd hotel in Asia French Baroque style Army and Navy Club rest and recreation for American soldiers De La Salle College by Tomas Mapua Rizal Monument obelisk Sta. Isabel College Manila Hotel 1st hotel in Asia, 1st with elevator Originally by William Parsons, renovated by Locsin in 1975 Philippine General Hospital by William Parsons UST Main Building by Roque Rueno Post Office Building COMMONWEALTH PERIOD Juan Nakpil - 1st National Artist for Arch. Pablo Antonio - 2nd National Artist for Arch. Enrique Bautista Gonzalo Barreto Andres Luna y San Pedro Fernando Ocampo Leandro Locsin - 3rd National Artist for Arch. Agriculture & Finance Building Crystal Arcade, Escolta Quezon Institute By Juan Nakpil Lyric Theater, Escolta By Juan Nakpil Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal by Pablo Antonio Jai Alai Building - demolished in 2001 Art Deco, streamline style Ambassador Hotel by Fernando Ocampo, 1st skyscraper (4 storeys) Syquia Apartments, Malate by Pablo Antonio Natividad Building, Escolta by Andres Luna y San Pedro Regina Building, Escolta by Andres Luna y San Pedro FEU Main Building by Pablo Antonio Metropolitan Theater by Juan Arellano College of Engineering and Liberal Arts, UP Diliman by Cesar Concio The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals by Carlos Santos Viola The Meralco Building by Jose Zaragoza Philippine Heart Center by Jorge Ramos The Quiapo Mosque by Jorge Ramos The Quezon Monument by Federico Ilustre The Central Bank of the Philippines by Gabriel Formoso Asian Institute of Management by Gabriel Formoso SM Megamall by Antonio Sindiong Robinson’s Galleria by William Coscolluela by Leandro Locsin: The New Istana, Brunei The Cultural Center of the Philippines The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman The Philippine Stock Exchange