Architectural History of the Philippines in 1975
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Questions and Answers

What type of houses are examples of ethnic houses from the text?

  • Skyscrapers
  • Mansions
  • Igloos
  • Cave dwellings (correct)

    • Which group occupied caves in Angono, Rizal, with ancient petroglyphs?

  • Romans
  • Tau’t batu people (correct)
  • Vikings
  • Aztecs

    • What type of houses are perched on forked branches of trees to prevent attacks by animals and enemies?

  • Mansions
  • Tree houses (correct)
  • Underwater houses
  • Igloos

    • Which group used 'lean-tos' as shelters during hunting or food-gathering journeys?

    <p>Negritos of Zambales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of 'lean-tos' which were constructed by ethnic groups?

    <p>To withstand storms during hunting or food-gathering journeys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials were commonly used in the construction of Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?

    <p>Wood, rattan, and palm leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were Bahay Kubo or Nipa Huts elevated one to five feet from the ground?

    <p>To protect from moist ground and flood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is associated with the tribal groups of Isnag, Kalinga, and Bontoc?

    <p>Cordillera Region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the design of Spanish Houses like Bahay-na-Bato (Antillan House)?

    <p>Spanish and Baroque influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of an Antillian House served as a water reservoir?

    <p>Aljibe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the FEU Main Building?

    <p>Pablo Antonio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect designed the Metropolitan Theater?

    <p>Juan Arellano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was responsible for designing the Ambassador Hotel, the 1st skyscraper with 4 storeys?

    <p>Fernando Ocampo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which building was constructed by Gabriel Formoso?

    <p>The Central Bank of the Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the Art Deco Jai Alai Building which was demolished in 2001?

    <p>Carlos Santos Viola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of house represented the Americanization of Filipino house in the early 20th century?

    <p>Bungalow House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of house were the living quarters typically on the upper floor and the lower floor served as a storage area?

    <p>Two Storey House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the most common type of house seen in the early 20th century Philippines?

    <p>Bungalow House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural style was a simple, respectable house for those moving up to the middle class?

    <p>Bungalow House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early 20th-century Philippine architectural style was influenced by American architecture?

    <p>Two Storey House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of material was typically used in constructing Spanish churches during the Spanish Era?

    <p>Volcanic tuff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for restoring Quiapo Church?

    <p>Jose Maria Zaragosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Spanish church is recognized for being one of the first steel buildings and having steel imported from Belgium by Eiffel?

    <p>San Sebastian Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what architectural style was Morong Church in Rizal built under?

    <p>Spanish Baroque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which church in Panay had the largest bell made from 30 sacks of coins donated by townspeople?

    <p>Panay Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was responsible for the city plan of Manila and Baguio during the Early American Period?

    <p>Daniel Burnham</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was associated with the 1st registered architect in the country?

    <p>Tomas Mapua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was involved in constructing the Luneta Hotel, the 2nd hotel in Asia?

    <p>Carlos Barredo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who renovated the Manila Hotel in 1975?

    <p>Leandro Locsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was awarded as the 1st National Artist for Architecture during the Commonwealth Period?

    <p>Juan Nakpil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of structures did the ancestors in the Philippines see no need for, despite having ties to nearby countries?

    <p>Cave dwellings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural structure showcases Filipino engineering capability and prowess?

    <p>Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of settlements were developed along key trade centers in the Philippines?

    <p>Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut) near streams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural style is a result of natural growth enriched with varied influences in the Philippines?

    <p>Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which historical period did Filipino architecture absorb Spanish colonial influences?

    <p>American Commonwealth period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of structures are commonly associated with the pre-colonial influences of neighboring Malay brothers in Filipino architecture?

    <p>Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structures did the ancestors show engineering capability with in the Philippines?

    <p>Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were settlements developed in the Philippines for purposes of travel, communication, and sanitation?

    <p>Near rivers and streams along key trade centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of Filipino architecture that showcases a mixture of various cultural influences?

    <p>Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural structure best represents the development of Filipino architecture over different historical periods?

    <p>Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body of water is located to the east of the Philippines?

    <p>Pacific Ocean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest island group in the Philippines?

    <p>Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volcano in the Philippines is famous for its nearly perfect cone shape?

    <p>Mayon Volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Philippines is covered by thick dense forests?

    <p>44%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural material is NOT mentioned as abundant in the Philippines?

    <p>Pine trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which island group in the Philippines is considered the center island among Luzon and Mindanao?

    <p>Visayas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trade route is the Philippines strategically positioned on?

    <p>Far East Trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What picturesque object does the Philippines resemble according to the text?

    <p>A broken rosary of islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the 1st registered architect in the country?

    <p>Tomas Mapua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Philippines in terms of language?

    <p>It is the third largest English-speaking country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which building was the 1st concrete building in Escolta?

    <p>Masonic Temple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was involved in the design of the Army and Navy Club?

    <p>Antonio Toledo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural marvel showcases Filipino engineering capability and prowess?

    <p>Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was responsible for the construction of the Luneta Hotel, the 2nd hotel in Asia?

    <p>Roque Rueno</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a race that forms part of the mixture in the Philippines?

    <p>Japanese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized as the 3rd National Artist for Architecture?

    <p>Leandro Locsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were settlements developed in the Philippines for purposes of travel, communication, and sanitation?

    <p>Along key trade centers near the sea-shore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural style is a result of natural growth enriched with varied influences in the Philippines?

    <p>Filipino Architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect designed the Metropolitan Theater?

    <p>Carlos Barredo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pre-colonial structures did Filipino ancestors NOT see a need for?

    <p>Megalithic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was involved in renovating the Manila Hotel in 1975?

    <p>Leandro Locsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect designed the De La Salle College?

    <p>William Parsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the architectural characteristic associated with Filipino settlements?

    <p>Near rivers and streams for travel and sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Bahay Kubo' or 'Nipa Huts' were typically elevated from the ground to:

    <p>Avoid floods and improve ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of most Spanish churches built during the Spanish Era?

    <p>To provide a religious center for towns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural feature characterizes Spanish churches from the Spanish Era?

    <p>High, thick walls supported by buttresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which church in Panay is famous for having the largest bell made from donations by townspeople?

    <p>Panay Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was responsible for restoring the Quiapo Church?

    <p>Juan Nakpil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Spanish church is recognized for being one of the first steel buildings with steel imported from Belgium?

    <p>San Sebastian Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which church in Batangas is considered the biggest church?

    <p>Taal Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the Manila Cathedral?

    <p>Bishop Domingo Salazar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Spanish church was restored by Fr. Vicente Ingles and Jose Maria Zaragosa?

    <p>Sto. Domingo Church, QC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material used in the construction of Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?

    <p>Bamboo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the elevated foundation of Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?

    <p>To facilitate air circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural feature of Spanish Houses like Bahay-na-Bato showcases grandeur and solidity?

    <p>Ornamentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'silong' in Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?

    <p>Storage for tools and crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of an Antillian House served as a food storage area?

    <p>Dispensa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural feature in Spanish Houses like Bahay-na-Bato allows space to flow from one room to the next?

    <p>Entresuelo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is associated with tribal groups like Isnag, Kalinga, and Bontoc in terms of architecture?

    <p>Cordillera Region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Ferdinand Magellan land in the Philippines?

    <p>1521</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the period of brief occupation by British forces in the Philippines?

    <p>1762-1764</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group converted some parts of the Philippines to Islam in 1300 AD?

    <p>Arabs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who systematically and efficiently Christianized most parts of the Philippines during Spanish rule?

    <p>Miguel Lopez de Legazpi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of the world during Spanish rule?

    <p>Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did islands in the Philippines become part of America?

    <p>1900's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was Democracy introduced in the Philippines during American rule?

    <p>Commonwealth Era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tree can withstand weather and dampness based on the text?

    <p>Yakal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main religion in the Philippines according to the text?

    <p>Roman Catholicism/Christianity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural material is commonly used for lowland paneling and furniture?

    <p>Rattan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which country did the Philippines adopt Christianity mainly?

    <p>Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which religion did the Malays bring to the Philippines according to the text?

    <p>Islam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural material is associated with being able to withstand typhoons and tropical storms based on the text?

    <p>Cogon Grass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Filipino cultural trait is mentioned in the text as being 'Mababaet, Mapagkawanggawa, at Makatao'?

    <p>'Maunawain, Maalalahanin, Matapat'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is described as the Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia?

    <p>Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural feature showcases Filipino engineering capability and prowess according to the text?

    <p>Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is the 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world, according to the text?

    <p>Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which races are mentioned in the text as part of the mixture in the Philippines?

    <p>Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were settlements developed in the Philippines for purposes of travel, communication, and sanitation?

    <p>Along key trade centers near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the architecture in the Philippines according to the text?

    <p>A variety of historical periods such as Spanish colonial and American Commonwealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current architectural landscape in the Philippines primarily a result of?

    <p>'Varied influences' from different historical periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of tree houses built by certain Filipino ethnic groups?

    <p>Prevent attacks by animals and human enemies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Filipino ethnic group occupied caves in Angono, Rizal, known for ancient petroglyphs?

    <p>Tau’t batu people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material used to construct lean-tos (pinanahang) by Negritos of Zambales and Agtas of Palanan, Isabela?

    <p>Bamboo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary function of 'lean-tos' (pinanahang) built by the mamanua of northeastern Mindanao?

    <p>Serve as temporary windbreaks or windscreens during hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cave dwellings in Tabon Cave, Palawan as compared to those occupied by the Tau’t Batu people in Palawan?

    <p>Presence of petroglyphs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general function of tree houses among various Filipino ethnic groups like the Tinguian and Manobo?

    <p>Providing safety from wild animals and adversaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were tree houses traditionally constructed up to 60 feet above the ground by certain Filipino ethnic groups?

    <p>To safeguard against animal and human threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the Legislative Building, the first building closely associated with the National Museum?

    <p>Juan Arellano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was responsible for the construction of the 1st concrete building in Escolta, the Masonic Temple?

    <p>Alejandro Legardo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with designing the Intendencia Building adjacent to the Manila Cathedral during the American period?

    <p>Antonio Toledo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was associated with the construction of the Army and Navy Club, a rest and recreation facility for American soldiers?

    <p>William Parsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for designing the Rizal Monument, a notable obelisk in the Philippines?

    <p>William Parsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect played a significant role in the construction of the 2nd hotel in Asia, the Luneta Hotel?

    <p>Carlos Barredo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the 1st registered architect in the Philippines during the American Period?

    <p>Tomas Mapua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was involved in constructing the Philippine General Hospital during the American Period?

    <p>William Parsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for designing De La Salle College, contributing to educational architecture in the Philippines?

    <p>Tomas Mapua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Architectural History in the Philippines

    • The Philippines is an archipelago of 7100 islands with a mix of Malay, Chinese, Spanish, and American influences.
    • The country has a rich cultural heritage, with a blend of pre-colonial, Spanish colonial, American Commonwealth, and modern contemporary architectural styles.

    Early Architectural Developments

    • Earliest human habitation: Tabon Cave, Palawan (30,000 years ago)
    • Ethnic houses:
      • Cave dwellings (Tau't batu people)
      • Tree houses (Kalinga, Manobo, and Mandaya tribes)
      • Lean-tos (Negritos of Zambales and Agtas of Palanan, Isabela)

    Spanish Colonial Period

    • Introduction of Bahay Kubo (cube-shaped house)
    • Evolution of Bahay na Bato (Antillan House)
      • Characteristics: steep, hip roof; post and lintel construction; elevated living quarters; economy of materials; Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influences
      • Examples: Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses

    American Commonwealth Period

    • Introduction of modern architectural styles
    • Notable architects:
      • Daniel Burnham (city plan of Manila and Baguio)
      • William Parsons
      • Juan Arellano
      • Tomas Mapua (1st registered architect in the country)
      • Alejandro Legardo
      • Antonio Toledo
      • Carlos Barredo

    Commonwealth Period

    • Notable architects:
      • Juan Nakpil (1st National Artist for Arch)
      • Pablo Antonio (2nd National Artist for Arch)
      • Enrique Bautista
      • Gonzalo Barreto
      • Andres Luna y San Pedro
      • Fernando Ocampo
      • Leandro Locsin (3rd National Artist for Arch)

    Filipino Architecture

    • Characterized by tropical architecture: light, open, and transparent
    • Influences from pre-colonial, Spanish colonial, American Commonwealth, and modern contemporary styles
    • Settlements: big villages along key trade centers near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams

    Materials Used in Building Construction

    • Molave (sturdiest)
    • Yakal (can withstand weather and dampness)
    • Pine trees (in Baguio and Benguet)
    • Narra (low lands paneling and furniture)

    Climate and Natural Resources

    • Dry and wet season
    • Typhoons and tropical storms
    • Abundant natural resources: bamboo, rattan, nipa, cogon grass, and guijo tree### Pre-Colonial Period
    • Immigration to the Philippines occurred via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years ago and later through sea-vessels.
    • Immigrants of Malay origin arrived around 3000 BC, followed by an advanced agricultural race from Indonesia.
    • The tribal system of barangays had laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and behavior.
    • An elaborate animistic religion was practiced during this period.

    Indian and Chinese Influence

    • Indians visited the Philippines in the 4th and 5th century BC.
    • Chinese traders arrived in the 3rd and 4th century AD.
    • The Philippines was a trade center of the Orient, with ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, and Arabia frequenting the area, particularly Sulu.

    Spanish Rule

    • Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines in 1521.
    • Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity to the country in 1564.
    • The Spanish introduced European institutions and thought, and economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of the world through the Spanish Galleon Trade.
    • The Philippines was a Spanish colony until the 1900s.

    Nationalist Movement and American Rule

    • A nationalist movement emerged, led by Jose Rizal, but an unsuccessful revolt by Aguinaldo followed.
    • The Philippines was sold or ceded to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American war.
    • Democracy was introduced, and a self-government called the Commonwealth Era was established.

    Japanese Invasion and Liberation

    • The Japanese invaded the Philippines in December 1941 and established a puppet government.
    • The country was liberated by General MacArthur.

    Early American Period and Architecture

    • Daniel Burnham designed the city plan of Manila and Baguio.
    • Notable architects of this period include William Parsons, Juan Arellano, Tomas Mapua, Alejandro Legardo, Antonio Toledo, and Carlos Barredo.
    • Significant buildings constructed during this period include the Masonic Temple, Escolta, the Philippine Normal School, the University of the Philippines, and the National Museum.

    Commonwealth Period and Architecture

    • Notable architects of this period include Juan Nakpil, Pablo Antonio, Enrique Bautista, Gonzalo Barreto, Andres Luna y San Pedro, and Fernando Ocampo.
    • Leandro Locsin, the 3rd National Artist for Architecture, was active during this period.
    • Significant buildings constructed during this period include the UST Main Building and the Post Office Building.

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