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Questions and Answers
What type of houses are examples of ethnic houses from the text?
Which group occupied caves in Angono, Rizal, with ancient petroglyphs?
What type of houses are perched on forked branches of trees to prevent attacks by animals and enemies?
Which group used 'lean-tos' as shelters during hunting or food-gathering journeys?
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What was the purpose of 'lean-tos' which were constructed by ethnic groups?
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What materials were commonly used in the construction of Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?
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Why were Bahay Kubo or Nipa Huts elevated one to five feet from the ground?
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Which region is associated with the tribal groups of Isnag, Kalinga, and Bontoc?
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What influenced the design of Spanish Houses like Bahay-na-Bato (Antillan House)?
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What part of an Antillian House served as a water reservoir?
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Who designed the FEU Main Building?
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Which architect designed the Metropolitan Theater?
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Who was responsible for designing the Ambassador Hotel, the 1st skyscraper with 4 storeys?
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Which building was constructed by Gabriel Formoso?
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Who designed the Art Deco Jai Alai Building which was demolished in 2001?
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Which type of house represented the Americanization of Filipino house in the early 20th century?
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In which type of house were the living quarters typically on the upper floor and the lower floor served as a storage area?
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What was the most common type of house seen in the early 20th century Philippines?
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Which architectural style was a simple, respectable house for those moving up to the middle class?
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Which early 20th-century Philippine architectural style was influenced by American architecture?
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What type of material was typically used in constructing Spanish churches during the Spanish Era?
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Who is known for restoring Quiapo Church?
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Which Spanish church is recognized for being one of the first steel buildings and having steel imported from Belgium by Eiffel?
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In what architectural style was Morong Church in Rizal built under?
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Which church in Panay had the largest bell made from 30 sacks of coins donated by townspeople?
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Who was responsible for the city plan of Manila and Baguio during the Early American Period?
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Which architect was associated with the 1st registered architect in the country?
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Which architect was involved in constructing the Luneta Hotel, the 2nd hotel in Asia?
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Who renovated the Manila Hotel in 1975?
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Which architect was awarded as the 1st National Artist for Architecture during the Commonwealth Period?
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What kind of structures did the ancestors in the Philippines see no need for, despite having ties to nearby countries?
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Which architectural structure showcases Filipino engineering capability and prowess?
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What kind of settlements were developed along key trade centers in the Philippines?
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Which architectural style is a result of natural growth enriched with varied influences in the Philippines?
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During which historical period did Filipino architecture absorb Spanish colonial influences?
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Which type of structures are commonly associated with the pre-colonial influences of neighboring Malay brothers in Filipino architecture?
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What type of structures did the ancestors show engineering capability with in the Philippines?
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Where were settlements developed in the Philippines for purposes of travel, communication, and sanitation?
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What is an example of Filipino architecture that showcases a mixture of various cultural influences?
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Which architectural structure best represents the development of Filipino architecture over different historical periods?
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Which body of water is located to the east of the Philippines?
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What is the largest island group in the Philippines?
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Which volcano in the Philippines is famous for its nearly perfect cone shape?
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What percentage of the Philippines is covered by thick dense forests?
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Which natural material is NOT mentioned as abundant in the Philippines?
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Which island group in the Philippines is considered the center island among Luzon and Mindanao?
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Which trade route is the Philippines strategically positioned on?
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What picturesque object does the Philippines resemble according to the text?
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Who was the 1st registered architect in the country?
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What is the significance of the Philippines in terms of language?
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Which building was the 1st concrete building in Escolta?
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Who was involved in the design of the Army and Navy Club?
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What architectural marvel showcases Filipino engineering capability and prowess?
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Which architect was responsible for the construction of the Luneta Hotel, the 2nd hotel in Asia?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a race that forms part of the mixture in the Philippines?
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Who is recognized as the 3rd National Artist for Architecture?
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Where were settlements developed in the Philippines for purposes of travel, communication, and sanitation?
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Which architectural style is a result of natural growth enriched with varied influences in the Philippines?
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Which architect designed the Metropolitan Theater?
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Which pre-colonial structures did Filipino ancestors NOT see a need for?
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Who was involved in renovating the Manila Hotel in 1975?
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Which architect designed the De La Salle College?
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What was the architectural characteristic associated with Filipino settlements?
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'Bahay Kubo' or 'Nipa Huts' were typically elevated from the ground to:
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What was the purpose of most Spanish churches built during the Spanish Era?
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Which architectural feature characterizes Spanish churches from the Spanish Era?
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Which church in Panay is famous for having the largest bell made from donations by townspeople?
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Who was responsible for restoring the Quiapo Church?
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Which Spanish church is recognized for being one of the first steel buildings with steel imported from Belgium?
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Which church in Batangas is considered the biggest church?
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Who designed the Manila Cathedral?
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Which Spanish church was restored by Fr. Vicente Ingles and Jose Maria Zaragosa?
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What is the primary material used in the construction of Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?
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What is the purpose of the elevated foundation of Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?
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Which architectural feature of Spanish Houses like Bahay-na-Bato showcases grandeur and solidity?
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What is the purpose of the 'silong' in Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?
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Which part of an Antillian House served as a food storage area?
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What architectural feature in Spanish Houses like Bahay-na-Bato allows space to flow from one room to the next?
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Which region is associated with tribal groups like Isnag, Kalinga, and Bontoc in terms of architecture?
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When did Ferdinand Magellan land in the Philippines?
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What was the period of brief occupation by British forces in the Philippines?
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Which group converted some parts of the Philippines to Islam in 1300 AD?
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Who systematically and efficiently Christianized most parts of the Philippines during Spanish rule?
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Which country economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of the world during Spanish rule?
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During which period did islands in the Philippines become part of America?
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When was Democracy introduced in the Philippines during American rule?
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Which type of tree can withstand weather and dampness based on the text?
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What is the main religion in the Philippines according to the text?
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Which architectural material is commonly used for lowland paneling and furniture?
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From which country did the Philippines adopt Christianity mainly?
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Which religion did the Malays bring to the Philippines according to the text?
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Which architectural material is associated with being able to withstand typhoons and tropical storms based on the text?
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Which Filipino cultural trait is mentioned in the text as being 'Mababaet, Mapagkawanggawa, at Makatao'?
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Which country is described as the Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia?
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What architectural feature showcases Filipino engineering capability and prowess according to the text?
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Which country is the 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world, according to the text?
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Which races are mentioned in the text as part of the mixture in the Philippines?
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Where were settlements developed in the Philippines for purposes of travel, communication, and sanitation?
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What influenced the architecture in the Philippines according to the text?
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What is the current architectural landscape in the Philippines primarily a result of?
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What is the main purpose of tree houses built by certain Filipino ethnic groups?
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Which Filipino ethnic group occupied caves in Angono, Rizal, known for ancient petroglyphs?
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What is the primary material used to construct lean-tos (pinanahang) by Negritos of Zambales and Agtas of Palanan, Isabela?
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What was the primary function of 'lean-tos' (pinanahang) built by the mamanua of northeastern Mindanao?
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What distinguishes cave dwellings in Tabon Cave, Palawan as compared to those occupied by the Tau’t Batu people in Palawan?
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What was the general function of tree houses among various Filipino ethnic groups like the Tinguian and Manobo?
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Why were tree houses traditionally constructed up to 60 feet above the ground by certain Filipino ethnic groups?
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Who designed the Legislative Building, the first building closely associated with the National Museum?
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Which architect was responsible for the construction of the 1st concrete building in Escolta, the Masonic Temple?
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Who is credited with designing the Intendencia Building adjacent to the Manila Cathedral during the American period?
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Which architect was associated with the construction of the Army and Navy Club, a rest and recreation facility for American soldiers?
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Who is known for designing the Rizal Monument, a notable obelisk in the Philippines?
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Which architect played a significant role in the construction of the 2nd hotel in Asia, the Luneta Hotel?
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Who designed the 1st registered architect in the Philippines during the American Period?
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Which architect was involved in constructing the Philippine General Hospital during the American Period?
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Who is known for designing De La Salle College, contributing to educational architecture in the Philippines?
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Study Notes
Overview of Architectural History in the Philippines
- The Philippines is an archipelago of 7100 islands with a mix of Malay, Chinese, Spanish, and American influences.
- The country has a rich cultural heritage, with a blend of pre-colonial, Spanish colonial, American Commonwealth, and modern contemporary architectural styles.
Early Architectural Developments
- Earliest human habitation: Tabon Cave, Palawan (30,000 years ago)
- Ethnic houses:
- Cave dwellings (Tau't batu people)
- Tree houses (Kalinga, Manobo, and Mandaya tribes)
- Lean-tos (Negritos of Zambales and Agtas of Palanan, Isabela)
Spanish Colonial Period
- Introduction of Bahay Kubo (cube-shaped house)
- Evolution of Bahay na Bato (Antillan House)
- Characteristics: steep, hip roof; post and lintel construction; elevated living quarters; economy of materials; Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influences
- Examples: Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses
American Commonwealth Period
- Introduction of modern architectural styles
- Notable architects:
- Daniel Burnham (city plan of Manila and Baguio)
- William Parsons
- Juan Arellano
- Tomas Mapua (1st registered architect in the country)
- Alejandro Legardo
- Antonio Toledo
- Carlos Barredo
Commonwealth Period
- Notable architects:
- Juan Nakpil (1st National Artist for Arch)
- Pablo Antonio (2nd National Artist for Arch)
- Enrique Bautista
- Gonzalo Barreto
- Andres Luna y San Pedro
- Fernando Ocampo
- Leandro Locsin (3rd National Artist for Arch)
Filipino Architecture
- Characterized by tropical architecture: light, open, and transparent
- Influences from pre-colonial, Spanish colonial, American Commonwealth, and modern contemporary styles
- Settlements: big villages along key trade centers near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams
Materials Used in Building Construction
- Molave (sturdiest)
- Yakal (can withstand weather and dampness)
- Pine trees (in Baguio and Benguet)
- Narra (low lands paneling and furniture)
Climate and Natural Resources
- Dry and wet season
- Typhoons and tropical storms
- Abundant natural resources: bamboo, rattan, nipa, cogon grass, and guijo tree### Pre-Colonial Period
- Immigration to the Philippines occurred via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years ago and later through sea-vessels.
- Immigrants of Malay origin arrived around 3000 BC, followed by an advanced agricultural race from Indonesia.
- The tribal system of barangays had laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and behavior.
- An elaborate animistic religion was practiced during this period.
Indian and Chinese Influence
- Indians visited the Philippines in the 4th and 5th century BC.
- Chinese traders arrived in the 3rd and 4th century AD.
- The Philippines was a trade center of the Orient, with ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, and Arabia frequenting the area, particularly Sulu.
Spanish Rule
- Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines in 1521.
- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity to the country in 1564.
- The Spanish introduced European institutions and thought, and economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of the world through the Spanish Galleon Trade.
- The Philippines was a Spanish colony until the 1900s.
Nationalist Movement and American Rule
- A nationalist movement emerged, led by Jose Rizal, but an unsuccessful revolt by Aguinaldo followed.
- The Philippines was sold or ceded to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American war.
- Democracy was introduced, and a self-government called the Commonwealth Era was established.
Japanese Invasion and Liberation
- The Japanese invaded the Philippines in December 1941 and established a puppet government.
- The country was liberated by General MacArthur.
Early American Period and Architecture
- Daniel Burnham designed the city plan of Manila and Baguio.
- Notable architects of this period include William Parsons, Juan Arellano, Tomas Mapua, Alejandro Legardo, Antonio Toledo, and Carlos Barredo.
- Significant buildings constructed during this period include the Masonic Temple, Escolta, the Philippine Normal School, the University of the Philippines, and the National Museum.
Commonwealth Period and Architecture
- Notable architects of this period include Juan Nakpil, Pablo Antonio, Enrique Bautista, Gonzalo Barreto, Andres Luna y San Pedro, and Fernando Ocampo.
- Leandro Locsin, the 3rd National Artist for Architecture, was active during this period.
- Significant buildings constructed during this period include the UST Main Building and the Post Office Building.
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Description
Explore the notable architects and architectural developments in the Philippines during the early American period in 1975. Learn about key figures like Daniel Burnham, William Parsons, and Juan Arellano, as well as significant structures such as the Masonic Temple and the National Museum.
