Architectural History of the Philippines in 1975
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Questions and Answers

What type of houses are examples of ethnic houses from the text?

  • Skyscrapers
  • Mansions
  • Igloos
  • Cave dwellings (correct)

    • Which group occupied caves in Angono, Rizal, with ancient petroglyphs?

  • Romans
  • Tau’t batu people (correct)
  • Vikings
  • Aztecs

    • What type of houses are perched on forked branches of trees to prevent attacks by animals and enemies?

  • Mansions
  • Tree houses (correct)
  • Underwater houses
  • Igloos

    • Which group used 'lean-tos' as shelters during hunting or food-gathering journeys?

    <p>Negritos of Zambales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of 'lean-tos' which were constructed by ethnic groups?

    <p>To withstand storms during hunting or food-gathering journeys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials were commonly used in the construction of Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?

    <p>Wood, rattan, and palm leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were Bahay Kubo or Nipa Huts elevated one to five feet from the ground?

    <p>To protect from moist ground and flood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is associated with the tribal groups of Isnag, Kalinga, and Bontoc?

    <p>Cordillera Region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the design of Spanish Houses like Bahay-na-Bato (Antillan House)?

    <p>Spanish and Baroque influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of an Antillian House served as a water reservoir?

    <p>Aljibe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the FEU Main Building?

    <p>Pablo Antonio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect designed the Metropolitan Theater?

    <p>Juan Arellano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was responsible for designing the Ambassador Hotel, the 1st skyscraper with 4 storeys?

    <p>Fernando Ocampo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which building was constructed by Gabriel Formoso?

    <p>The Central Bank of the Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the Art Deco Jai Alai Building which was demolished in 2001?

    <p>Carlos Santos Viola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of house represented the Americanization of Filipino house in the early 20th century?

    <p>Bungalow House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of house were the living quarters typically on the upper floor and the lower floor served as a storage area?

    <p>Two Storey House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the most common type of house seen in the early 20th century Philippines?

    <p>Bungalow House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural style was a simple, respectable house for those moving up to the middle class?

    <p>Bungalow House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early 20th-century Philippine architectural style was influenced by American architecture?

    <p>Two Storey House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of material was typically used in constructing Spanish churches during the Spanish Era?

    <p>Volcanic tuff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for restoring Quiapo Church?

    <p>Jose Maria Zaragosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Spanish church is recognized for being one of the first steel buildings and having steel imported from Belgium by Eiffel?

    <p>San Sebastian Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what architectural style was Morong Church in Rizal built under?

    <p>Spanish Baroque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which church in Panay had the largest bell made from 30 sacks of coins donated by townspeople?

    <p>Panay Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was responsible for the city plan of Manila and Baguio during the Early American Period?

    <p>Daniel Burnham</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was associated with the 1st registered architect in the country?

    <p>Tomas Mapua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was involved in constructing the Luneta Hotel, the 2nd hotel in Asia?

    <p>Carlos Barredo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who renovated the Manila Hotel in 1975?

    <p>Leandro Locsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was awarded as the 1st National Artist for Architecture during the Commonwealth Period?

    <p>Juan Nakpil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of structures did the ancestors in the Philippines see no need for, despite having ties to nearby countries?

    <p>Cave dwellings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural structure showcases Filipino engineering capability and prowess?

    <p>Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of settlements were developed along key trade centers in the Philippines?

    <p>Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut) near streams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural style is a result of natural growth enriched with varied influences in the Philippines?

    <p>Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which historical period did Filipino architecture absorb Spanish colonial influences?

    <p>American Commonwealth period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of structures are commonly associated with the pre-colonial influences of neighboring Malay brothers in Filipino architecture?

    <p>Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structures did the ancestors show engineering capability with in the Philippines?

    <p>Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were settlements developed in the Philippines for purposes of travel, communication, and sanitation?

    <p>Near rivers and streams along key trade centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of Filipino architecture that showcases a mixture of various cultural influences?

    <p>Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural structure best represents the development of Filipino architecture over different historical periods?

    <p>Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body of water is located to the east of the Philippines?

    <p>Pacific Ocean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest island group in the Philippines?

    <p>Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volcano in the Philippines is famous for its nearly perfect cone shape?

    <p>Mayon Volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Philippines is covered by thick dense forests?

    <p>44%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural material is NOT mentioned as abundant in the Philippines?

    <p>Pine trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which island group in the Philippines is considered the center island among Luzon and Mindanao?

    <p>Visayas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trade route is the Philippines strategically positioned on?

    <p>Far East Trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What picturesque object does the Philippines resemble according to the text?

    <p>A broken rosary of islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the 1st registered architect in the country?

    <p>Tomas Mapua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Philippines in terms of language?

    <p>It is the third largest English-speaking country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which building was the 1st concrete building in Escolta?

    <p>Masonic Temple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was involved in the design of the Army and Navy Club?

    <p>Antonio Toledo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural marvel showcases Filipino engineering capability and prowess?

    <p>Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was responsible for the construction of the Luneta Hotel, the 2nd hotel in Asia?

    <p>Roque Rueno</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a race that forms part of the mixture in the Philippines?

    <p>Japanese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized as the 3rd National Artist for Architecture?

    <p>Leandro Locsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were settlements developed in the Philippines for purposes of travel, communication, and sanitation?

    <p>Along key trade centers near the sea-shore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural style is a result of natural growth enriched with varied influences in the Philippines?

    <p>Filipino Architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect designed the Metropolitan Theater?

    <p>Carlos Barredo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pre-colonial structures did Filipino ancestors NOT see a need for?

    <p>Megalithic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was involved in renovating the Manila Hotel in 1975?

    <p>Leandro Locsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect designed the De La Salle College?

    <p>William Parsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the architectural characteristic associated with Filipino settlements?

    <p>Near rivers and streams for travel and sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Bahay Kubo' or 'Nipa Huts' were typically elevated from the ground to:

    <p>Avoid floods and improve ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of most Spanish churches built during the Spanish Era?

    <p>To provide a religious center for towns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural feature characterizes Spanish churches from the Spanish Era?

    <p>High, thick walls supported by buttresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which church in Panay is famous for having the largest bell made from donations by townspeople?

    <p>Panay Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was responsible for restoring the Quiapo Church?

    <p>Juan Nakpil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Spanish church is recognized for being one of the first steel buildings with steel imported from Belgium?

    <p>San Sebastian Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which church in Batangas is considered the biggest church?

    <p>Taal Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the Manila Cathedral?

    <p>Bishop Domingo Salazar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Spanish church was restored by Fr. Vicente Ingles and Jose Maria Zaragosa?

    <p>Sto. Domingo Church, QC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material used in the construction of Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?

    <p>Bamboo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the elevated foundation of Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?

    <p>To facilitate air circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural feature of Spanish Houses like Bahay-na-Bato showcases grandeur and solidity?

    <p>Ornamentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'silong' in Bahay Kubo or Nipa Hut?

    <p>Storage for tools and crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of an Antillian House served as a food storage area?

    <p>Dispensa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural feature in Spanish Houses like Bahay-na-Bato allows space to flow from one room to the next?

    <p>Entresuelo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is associated with tribal groups like Isnag, Kalinga, and Bontoc in terms of architecture?

    <p>Cordillera Region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Ferdinand Magellan land in the Philippines?

    <p>1521</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the period of brief occupation by British forces in the Philippines?

    <p>1762-1764</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group converted some parts of the Philippines to Islam in 1300 AD?

    <p>Arabs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who systematically and efficiently Christianized most parts of the Philippines during Spanish rule?

    <p>Miguel Lopez de Legazpi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of the world during Spanish rule?

    <p>Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did islands in the Philippines become part of America?

    <p>1900's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was Democracy introduced in the Philippines during American rule?

    <p>Commonwealth Era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tree can withstand weather and dampness based on the text?

    <p>Yakal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main religion in the Philippines according to the text?

    <p>Roman Catholicism/Christianity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural material is commonly used for lowland paneling and furniture?

    <p>Rattan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which country did the Philippines adopt Christianity mainly?

    <p>Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which religion did the Malays bring to the Philippines according to the text?

    <p>Islam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural material is associated with being able to withstand typhoons and tropical storms based on the text?

    <p>Cogon Grass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Filipino cultural trait is mentioned in the text as being 'Mababaet, Mapagkawanggawa, at Makatao'?

    <p>'Maunawain, Maalalahanin, Matapat'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is described as the Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia?

    <p>Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural feature showcases Filipino engineering capability and prowess according to the text?

    <p>Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is the 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world, according to the text?

    <p>Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which races are mentioned in the text as part of the mixture in the Philippines?

    <p>Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were settlements developed in the Philippines for purposes of travel, communication, and sanitation?

    <p>Along key trade centers near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the architecture in the Philippines according to the text?

    <p>A variety of historical periods such as Spanish colonial and American Commonwealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current architectural landscape in the Philippines primarily a result of?

    <p>'Varied influences' from different historical periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of tree houses built by certain Filipino ethnic groups?

    <p>Prevent attacks by animals and human enemies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Filipino ethnic group occupied caves in Angono, Rizal, known for ancient petroglyphs?

    <p>Tau’t batu people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material used to construct lean-tos (pinanahang) by Negritos of Zambales and Agtas of Palanan, Isabela?

    <p>Bamboo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary function of 'lean-tos' (pinanahang) built by the mamanua of northeastern Mindanao?

    <p>Serve as temporary windbreaks or windscreens during hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cave dwellings in Tabon Cave, Palawan as compared to those occupied by the Tau’t Batu people in Palawan?

    <p>Presence of petroglyphs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general function of tree houses among various Filipino ethnic groups like the Tinguian and Manobo?

    <p>Providing safety from wild animals and adversaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were tree houses traditionally constructed up to 60 feet above the ground by certain Filipino ethnic groups?

    <p>To safeguard against animal and human threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the Legislative Building, the first building closely associated with the National Museum?

    <p>Juan Arellano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was responsible for the construction of the 1st concrete building in Escolta, the Masonic Temple?

    <p>Alejandro Legardo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with designing the Intendencia Building adjacent to the Manila Cathedral during the American period?

    <p>Antonio Toledo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was associated with the construction of the Army and Navy Club, a rest and recreation facility for American soldiers?

    <p>William Parsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for designing the Rizal Monument, a notable obelisk in the Philippines?

    <p>William Parsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect played a significant role in the construction of the 2nd hotel in Asia, the Luneta Hotel?

    <p>Carlos Barredo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the 1st registered architect in the Philippines during the American Period?

    <p>Tomas Mapua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect was involved in constructing the Philippine General Hospital during the American Period?

    <p>William Parsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for designing De La Salle College, contributing to educational architecture in the Philippines?

    <p>Tomas Mapua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Architectural History in the Philippines

    • The Philippines is an archipelago of 7100 islands with a mix of Malay, Chinese, Spanish, and American influences.
    • The country has a rich cultural heritage, with a blend of pre-colonial, Spanish colonial, American Commonwealth, and modern contemporary architectural styles.

    Early Architectural Developments

    • Earliest human habitation: Tabon Cave, Palawan (30,000 years ago)
    • Ethnic houses:
      • Cave dwellings (Tau't batu people)
      • Tree houses (Kalinga, Manobo, and Mandaya tribes)
      • Lean-tos (Negritos of Zambales and Agtas of Palanan, Isabela)

    Spanish Colonial Period

    • Introduction of Bahay Kubo (cube-shaped house)
    • Evolution of Bahay na Bato (Antillan House)
      • Characteristics: steep, hip roof; post and lintel construction; elevated living quarters; economy of materials; Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influences
      • Examples: Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses

    American Commonwealth Period

    • Introduction of modern architectural styles
    • Notable architects:
      • Daniel Burnham (city plan of Manila and Baguio)
      • William Parsons
      • Juan Arellano
      • Tomas Mapua (1st registered architect in the country)
      • Alejandro Legardo
      • Antonio Toledo
      • Carlos Barredo

    Commonwealth Period

    • Notable architects:
      • Juan Nakpil (1st National Artist for Arch)
      • Pablo Antonio (2nd National Artist for Arch)
      • Enrique Bautista
      • Gonzalo Barreto
      • Andres Luna y San Pedro
      • Fernando Ocampo
      • Leandro Locsin (3rd National Artist for Arch)

    Filipino Architecture

    • Characterized by tropical architecture: light, open, and transparent
    • Influences from pre-colonial, Spanish colonial, American Commonwealth, and modern contemporary styles
    • Settlements: big villages along key trade centers near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams

    Materials Used in Building Construction

    • Molave (sturdiest)
    • Yakal (can withstand weather and dampness)
    • Pine trees (in Baguio and Benguet)
    • Narra (low lands paneling and furniture)

    Climate and Natural Resources

    • Dry and wet season
    • Typhoons and tropical storms
    • Abundant natural resources: bamboo, rattan, nipa, cogon grass, and guijo tree### Pre-Colonial Period
    • Immigration to the Philippines occurred via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years ago and later through sea-vessels.
    • Immigrants of Malay origin arrived around 3000 BC, followed by an advanced agricultural race from Indonesia.
    • The tribal system of barangays had laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and behavior.
    • An elaborate animistic religion was practiced during this period.

    Indian and Chinese Influence

    • Indians visited the Philippines in the 4th and 5th century BC.
    • Chinese traders arrived in the 3rd and 4th century AD.
    • The Philippines was a trade center of the Orient, with ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, and Arabia frequenting the area, particularly Sulu.

    Spanish Rule

    • Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines in 1521.
    • Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity to the country in 1564.
    • The Spanish introduced European institutions and thought, and economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of the world through the Spanish Galleon Trade.
    • The Philippines was a Spanish colony until the 1900s.

    Nationalist Movement and American Rule

    • A nationalist movement emerged, led by Jose Rizal, but an unsuccessful revolt by Aguinaldo followed.
    • The Philippines was sold or ceded to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American war.
    • Democracy was introduced, and a self-government called the Commonwealth Era was established.

    Japanese Invasion and Liberation

    • The Japanese invaded the Philippines in December 1941 and established a puppet government.
    • The country was liberated by General MacArthur.

    Early American Period and Architecture

    • Daniel Burnham designed the city plan of Manila and Baguio.
    • Notable architects of this period include William Parsons, Juan Arellano, Tomas Mapua, Alejandro Legardo, Antonio Toledo, and Carlos Barredo.
    • Significant buildings constructed during this period include the Masonic Temple, Escolta, the Philippine Normal School, the University of the Philippines, and the National Museum.

    Commonwealth Period and Architecture

    • Notable architects of this period include Juan Nakpil, Pablo Antonio, Enrique Bautista, Gonzalo Barreto, Andres Luna y San Pedro, and Fernando Ocampo.
    • Leandro Locsin, the 3rd National Artist for Architecture, was active during this period.
    • Significant buildings constructed during this period include the UST Main Building and the Post Office Building.

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    Philippines Architecture Report PDF

    Description

    Explore the notable architects and architectural developments in the Philippines during the early American period in 1975. Learn about key figures like Daniel Burnham, William Parsons, and Juan Arellano, as well as significant structures such as the Masonic Temple and the National Museum.

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