Spanish Colonial Architecture PDF

SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE ARCH 139 OBJECTIVE: Establish the importance of revisiting the architecture character of Spanish colonial Architecture in the Philippines See the difference between Spanish Colonial Architecture to that other Architectural style in different...

SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE ARCH 139 OBJECTIVE: Establish the importance of revisiting the architecture character of Spanish colonial Architecture in the Philippines See the difference between Spanish Colonial Architecture to that other Architectural style in different era. BRIEF HISTORY BRIEF HISTORY: The Spaniards Discover the Philippines in search for Spices The Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan headed the first Spanish foray to the Philippines when he made landfall on Cebu in March 1521. In 1543 Ruy Lopez Villalobos renamed the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of King Philip II. BRIEF HISTORY: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi took position of the Philippine Island in 1564. Legazpi founded settlement in Cebu and Panay Introduce Roman Catholicism to Filipinos Legazpi moved Northward to Manila with the goal of conquering the Muslim settlement abandoned by Rajah Sulayman in 1571. BRIEF HISTORY: The Spanish city of Manila was founded in 1571 and declaring it as: Ciudad Insigne y Siempre Leal ( English: "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City").  BRIEF HISTORY: In 1571 the Spaniards establish Manila at what is now Intramuros, as the capital of Spanish East Indies. Trade flourished because of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade Map of old Manila Why Spain Kept the Philippines in the first Place? As some historian have suggested, religious or strategic reasons may have been more important. Some assert that Spain kept the Philippines with the hope of spreading Christianity into China. While others argue that the Philippines’ central location in the Pacific, near the colonies of the other European powers, gave Spain a naval advantage. SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE SPANISH COLONIAL BUILDING TYPE 1. FORTS / WALLED CITY 2. CHURCH 3. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS 4. DOMESTIC INFRASTRUCTURES 5. TOWN REMODELING TOWN REDUCCION The Spanish conquest of the Philippines redesigned the indigenous landscape to adhere to the idealized orthogonal plan outlined by King Philip II’s Ordinances of 1573, Centered on the church plaza. An aspect of this resettlement plan is the concept of Bajo de Campana (under the bell) that implied control through the ringing of the church bell. SPANISH COLONIAL BUILDING TYPE 1. FORTS / WALLED CITY 2. CHURCH 3. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS 4. DOMESTIC INFRASTRUCTURES 5. TOWN REMODELING FORTRESS ARCHITECTURE FORTRESS ARCHITECTURE A defensive wall is fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors Fortress architecture in the Philippines was design according to the principles of the bastion of medieval citadels of Europe EXAMPLE OF FORTIFIED TOWN IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Intramuros, Manila 2. Puerta de San Pedro, Cebu 3. Puerta de Señora del Pilar, Zamboanga 1. INTRAMUROS Literally translate to “within the walls” Was the seat of power during the Spanish occupation Houses important government building Attacks from Chinese and local pirated in Manila prompted the construction of the Citadel INTRAMUROS In 1583, the city was consumed by fire, prompting an official decree requiring all buildings to be built of stone and tile. The city of stone began during the rule of Governor General Santiago de Vera. INTRAMUROS The city was planned and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio Sedeno. The discovery of volcanic tuff or adobe deposits in Guadalupe Makati insure the supply of stone materials. Leonardo Iturriano, a Spanish military engineer specializing in fortifications, headed the project. Chinese and Filipino workers built the walls it is a 60-acre walled city CHARACTERISTICS AND PARTS OF THE INTRAMUROS WALL Continuous stretch of polygonal perimeter walls, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort also Called “Bastions” at every corner of the polygon. CHARACTERISTICS AND PARTS OF THE INTRAMUROS WALL 3 to 10 thick meters wall called “Kurtinas” or Curtain Wall. On top of some of these wall were stone landing called “ Casa Matas” on which artillery weapon where prompt up. CHARACTERISTICS AND PARTS OF THE INTRAMUROS WALL Skirting Kurtinas on both ends where four side bold walls know as “Baluartes” CHARACTERISTICS AND PARTS OF THE INTRAMUROS WALL Resting on the other corners where little turrets is called “Gueritas” where centinal keep watch The moat or “Foso”, a deep and wide filled with water surrounded the whole fortification as a form of defense. Drawbridge were made of heavy wood that was commonly metal plated. Bell Tower served as a look-out  PUERTA DE SAN PEDRO, CEBU Fuerte San Pedro, the fort is described as built of stone mortar with a terreplein where guns are mounted. The fort contains the necessary buildings. The largest of these buildings was the Cuerpo de Guardia where the personnel that manned the fort lived. THE REAL PUERTA DE NUESTRA SENORA DEL PILAR The Real Fuerte de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Zaragoza (Royal Fort of Our Lady of the Pillar of Saragossa), also Fort Pilar, is a 17th-century military defense fortress built by the Spanish Colonial government in Zamboanga City ECCLESIASTICAL EDIFICES CHURCHES Simple, patterned after early Christian types; either rectangular or cruciform with simple naves and aisles Thick walls reinforced with heavy buttresses for earthquakes protection Immense sizes because of colonial policy which dictated that a church should be built for every 5000 baptized Materials used include: hardened lava, volcanic ejecta, sandstone, river boulders, clay, limestone, oyster shells, CHURCHES Cemetery or Funeral chapel was built within the grounds of the church complex. A mortar was used to lay cut stones or bricks, which were then combined with other materials as follows. 1. Lime 8. Sugarcane Extract 2. Crushed Coral 9. Egg white 3. Crushed Shells 4. Crushed Eggshell 5. Molasses 6. Animal Blood 7. Carabao Milk FAMOUS CHURCHES IN THE PHILIPPINES TAYABAS BASILICA (The Minor Basilica of Saint Michael the Archangel) TAYABAS BASILICA The basilica is the largest in the province of Quezon; built in the shape of a key, it has the local moniker "Susì ng Tayabas" ("Key of Tayabas") The church's 103-metre (338-foot) aisle is also one of the longest naves among the country’s Spanish colonial era churches. was established in 1578 by Franciscan priests Juán Portocarrero de Plasencia and Diego de Oropesa de San José, known as the "Apostles of Laguna and Tayabas" Tayabas Church is generally considered to be Baroque architecture The basilica interior is built in the Neo-Classical style TAYABAS BASILICA OLD OTON CHURCH OLD OTON CHURCH The old Oton Church, also known as the Immaculate Conception Church, was a Gothic-Neoclassical Roman Catholic church located in Oton, Iloilo, Philippines. Once one of the largest churches in the country, it was destroyed in an earthquake in 1948. It was notable for its combination of Greek, Byzantine, and Gothic-Classical architectural elements. The church was designed in the shape of a Greek cross, with all four arms of equal length. At the center of the church is a large altar or retablo mayor, a distinctive feature not commonly found in Philippine churches. The church's dome rises to a height of 68.28 meters (224.0 ft).. OLD OTON CHURCH PAOAY CHURCH, Church of San Agustin, Ilocos Norte PAOAY CHURCH, Church of San Agustin, Ilocos Norte Built in 1694 by Antonio Estavillo, completed 1702-1710 Façade: rectangular, with arched doorway, four continuous pilasters alternating with niches The most striking feature of Paoay Church is the 24 huge buttresses of about 1.67 metres (5.5 ft) thick at the sides and back of the church building Baroque Church of the Philippines Adjacent to the façade is a three-storey coral bell tower constructed separately from the church building on the right side resembling a pagoda. PAOAY CHURCH, Church of San Agustin, Ilocos Norte SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH, Manila Oldest church in the Philippines; built 1587-1607 by Juan Macias according to the plans approved by the Royal Audencia de Mexico and by a Royal Cedula 1854 : Don Luciano Oliver (Municipal Architect of Manila) directed the renovation of the façade by adding to the height of the towers; these towers were damaged in the 1863 earthquake and were never rebuilt SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH, Manila Plaza adorned with Foo dogs represents colonial urban planning High Renaissance : superpositioned Tuscan orders at first level, Corinthian capitals at second level; circular windows at plain pediment; heavily carved, two- paneled main door with images of St. Augustine and St. Monica amidst Philippine flora SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH, Manila Nave is flanked by 12 collateral chapels each housing a Baroque or NeoClassic retablo Baroque elements include trompe l’oeil : sculpture by Italian artists Cesare Dibella and Giovanni Alberoni on the ceiling and pilasters Cloisters built around an atrium with a garden planted by Augustinian botaninst Manuel Blanco SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH, Manila TUMAUNI CHURCH, Isabela TUMAUNI CHURCH, Isabela Begun 1783-1788 by Dominican Domingo Forto and town mayor Pablo Sason; 1803-1808 – circular belltower was completed Pampango artisans carved the hardwood molds for the clay insets that decorate the church TUMAUNI CHURCH, Isabela Ultra-baroque : unique for its extensive use of baked clay both for wall finishes and ornamentation Ornamental details : serpentine reliefs, spiral curves, flowers, foliage, sunfaces, cherubs and saints. Circular belltower with white limestone finish, decorated with bright red clay rosettes and festoons. SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH (Manila) A church built for all times after previous churches were damaged by earthquakes in 1863 and 1880 Designed in the Gothic style (without flying buttresses) by Genaro Palacios in Revivalist architecture Made entirely of steel; plans were sent to Belgium where the parts were made in sections then transported to Manila Two openwork towers and steel vaulting. From its floor, the basilica's nave rises 12 meters (39 ft) to the dome and 32 meters (105 ft) to the tip of the twin spires SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH (Manila) The faux finished interior of the church incorporates groined vaults in the Gothic architecture style permitting very ample illumination from lateral windows. The steel columns, walls and ceiling were painted by Lorenzo Rocha, Isabelo Tampingco and Félix Martínez to give the appearance of marble and jasper SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH (Manila) ANGAT CHURCH, Bulacan  ANGAT CHURCH, Bulacan The Santa Monica Parish Church, commonly known as Angat Church, is a Roman Catholic church in Angat, Bulacan, Philippines Begun in 1756-1773 by Augustinian Gregorio Giner; completed in 1802 by Fray Joaquin Calvo Plain three-storey belltower with balustered top  ANGAT CHURCH, Bulacan Baroque style : coupled Corinthian and Doric columns divide façade into levels or segments, statues ringed with wreath-like ornaments flank niches, windows with bas- relief “curtains” This could be verified with the existence of 18 adobe posts, along with eight windows. TAAL CHURCH, Batangas The Minor Basilica and Parish of Saint Martin of Tours  TAAL CHURCH, Batangas 1858 : Fray Marcos Anton, with the help of the architect Don Luciano Oliver, started construction; the church was completed in 1878 Built on top of a hill and may be reached through flagstone steps, unobstructed by other buildings Façade : arched windows alternate with Ionic columns at first level, Corinthian at upper level; projected cornices and mouldings; three pediments  TAAL CHURCH, Batangas The basilica is built on the neo-classical architecture style on a Latin cross (cruciform) layout The basilica is 88.6 meters (291 ft) long and 48 meters (157 ft) wide, making it the largest in the Philippines and Asia The baptistery made with tiles imported from Europe TAAL CHURCH, Batangas DARAGA CHURCH. Albay DARAGA CHURCH. Albay Our Lady of the Gate Parish Church, also known as Nuestra Señora de la Porteria Parish Church Established by people who fled the eruption of Mt. Mayon form Cagsawa The Franciscan wanted a church with the best features of Romanesque and Gothic, but it was executed by the carvers in Baroque DARAGA CHURCH. Albay Façade : a whole tablet without columns and cornices, only symmetrically positioned fenestrations, apertures and niches; whorls, twisted columns, foliage, medallions, statues and reliefs The octagonal belltower, located on the left side of the church, has carved images of the twelve apostles distributed in the base's six faces. The tower has four levels, each tapered upwards and topped with a dome and cross. DARAGA CHURCH. Albay BASILICA DEL SANTO NIÑO, Cebu BASILICA DEL SANTO NIÑO, Cebu Built by Fray Juan de Albarran about 459 years ago, on the site where a soldier found an image of the Sto. Nino in a settlement that the Spanish soldiers have burned down The Convent was founded in 1565, making it the first to be built in the country Constructed with stones from Panay and Capiz BASILICA DEL SANTO NIÑO, Cebu Façade : blending of Moorish, Romanesque and NeoClassical elements; trefoils on the doorways; two levels divided into three segments and topped by pediment; retablo at the center Belltower has four-sided balustraded dome Interior : pierced screen with floral motifs, pineapple decors at the choirloft, corn cobs at the capital BASILICA DEL SANTO NIÑO, Cebu VIGAN CATHEDRAL, Ilocos Sur VIGAN CATHEDRAL, Ilocos Sur The Metropolitan Cathedral and Parish of the Conversion of Saint Paul, commonly known as Vigan Cathedral Finished in 1800 Located within the grid iron planned streets of a colonial town Baroque elements include protruding columns and solid frames; three arched doorways leading to three naves at the first level, guarded by ionic pillars with Chinese fu dogs VIGAN CATHEDRAL, Ilocos Sur The church is predominantly in Earthquake Baroque style with large buttresses on its side Urn-like finial at pediment VIGAN CATHEDRAL, Ilocos Sur SANTA MARIA CHURCH , Ilocos Sur SANTA MARIA CHURCH , Ilocos Sur Constructed late 18th century, 85 steps leading to the church was built by Augustinian Benigno Fernandez Massive brick church perched on a hill The church measures about 99 meters (325 ft) long and 22.7 meters (74 ft) wide SANTA MARIA CHURCH , Ilocos Sur Façade has circular buttresses, three openings and a blind niche, semi-circular pediment The pagoda -like bell tower The octagonal four-story tower was built wide, with each level narrowing till it reaches the top, typical of earthquake baroque church towers SANTA MARIA CHURCH , Ilocos Sur BARASOAIN CHURCH, Bulacan BARASOAIN CHURCH, Bulacan 1871-1878 : stone church was constructed to replace wooden structure; 1880 – earthquake ruined the church 1885 : Augustinian Juan Giron commissioned a builder named Magpayo to rebuild the church Variation on the circle motif BARASOAIN CHURCH, Bulacan Flutings on pilasters with ends blunted into semicircles detract from the Neoclassical Belltower has a cubic base, three layes accented by blind and open windows, top has crenellations and six-sided cone BARASOAIN CHURCH, Bulacan MIAGAO CHURCH, Iloilo MIAGAO CHURCH, Iloilo Present church was built 1786-1797 under the supervision of fray Francisco Gonzales Maximo; a storey was added to the left belfry in 1830 Also served as fortress against Muslim pirates, simple and massive structure mixed with ornate details local botanical motifs at façade reliefs reminiscent of cookie cutouts (de gajeta), used to describe 16th century Mexican architectural reliefs MIAGAO CHURCH, Iloilo MIAGAO CHURCH, Iloilo MIAGAO CHURCH, Iloilo IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, MANILA CATHEDRAL IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, MANILA CATHEDRAL The Manila Cathedral was built in the Latin cross (cruciform) layout. Neo-Romanesque architecture style The cathedral was originally constructed in 1571 as a parish church under the Archdiocese of Mexico until it became a separate diocese on February 6, 1579 The cathedral has been damaged and destroyed by several earthquakes and the Second World War; the eighth and current cathedral building was completed in 1958 IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, MANILA CATHEDRAL Eight bronze panels sculpted by Alessandro Monteleone and Francesco Nagni dominate the central northwest doors of the cathedral. Each panel is 1.8 meters (5 ft 11 in) wide and 4.24 meters (13.9 ft) tall, depicting bas-reliefs of the important events in the cathedral's history IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, MANILA CATHEDRAL IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, MANILA CATHEDRAL IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, MANILA CATHEDRAL BAHAY NA BATO  BAHAY NA BATO The báhay na bató (Filipino for "stone house"), also known in Visayan languages as baláy na bató or balay nga bato, is a type of building originating during the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. It is an updated version of the traditional bahay kubo of the Christianized lowlanders, known for its use of masonry in its construction, using stone and brick materials and later synthetic concrete, rather than just full organic materials of the former style  BAHAY NA BATO Adapted to the tropical climate, stormy season, and earthquake-prone environment of the whole archipelago of the Philippines. Arquitectura mestiza Capiz windows Some have galvanized roofs, some have tiled roofs, and some have nipa or cogon roofs Ground-level walls may be made of bricks, adobe, coral, or wood; modern structures typically use concrete THE RIZAL SHRINE , CALAMBA  BAHAY NA BATO Most buildings in Manila and Central Luzon were of adobe, a volcanic tuff quarried from the hills. In Vigan, the capital of Ilocos Sur, many homeowners built both stories in brick, which was available in large quantities. With the massive walls, the volada (an overhanging balcony) disappeared in many residences, and the kitchen became an extension in stone, with vents piercing the walls to let out smoke Calabarzon has some of the most thoroughly preserved heritage houses, built mostly using adobe stones.Towns along the coasts of Luzon, especially in Batangas, used INSIDE THE OLD WALLED CITY roughly hewn blocks of coral and adobe stone.  BAHAY NA BATO The bahay na bato in Bulacan and many in Central Luzon are famous for their carvings. The most notable ones are in the Malolos, in its heritage core, where ancestral houses are located. Since adobe lends itself to sculpture, houses in Bulacan had façades decorated with carved flowers, leaves, and religious symbols Many constructions in the Bicol peninsula took advantage of the abundant volcanic stone from nearby volcanoes. One characteristic of houses in Bicol is that ground-floor overhangs are common, considering the region's rainy climate. Decorations tend to be minimal for these houses. Larger towns in Bicol boast many INSIDE THE OLD WALLED CITY bahay na bato homes BAHAY NA BATO Most bahay na bato in Visayas uses coral stone material though many are still adobe and bricks Aside from bahay na bato Visayan noble settlements are also dominated by mansion-type payag (bahay kubo), which forms like a bahay na bato but uses wooden wall instead of stone walls covering the bottom floor CORAL STONES TYPICAL TO VISAYA BAHAY NA BATO RAKUH, BATANES  PART OF A BAHAY NA BATO 1. Arko – Arch 5. Baño – Bathroom 2. Azotea – Open-air balcony beside the 6. Barandillas – railing or balustrade kitchen that housed a cistern (aljibe) (usually wooden) and the bathroom, and was usually a 7. Caida – Landing on the upper work area entrance hall; foyer of the second 3. Balconaje, Balcon – Balcony floor; also called "antesala“ 4. Banggera – A wooden dish rack that 8. Capiz windows – Typically sliding extends outside the kitchen window. windows made with capiz shells cut After the dishes are washed, they are into squares placed here to be air-dried. The 9. Clerestory – Any high windows above inverted cups are placed on the ends of eye level to bring outside light, fresh the wooden sticks and the plates are air, or both into the inner space placed in between or above the slats. 10. Cocina – Kitchen, which was On the far left is a tapayan/banga, an typically built separately from the earthenware jar that keeps water cool house  PART OF A BAHAY NA BATO 11. Comedor – Dining room 19. Escalera – Stairway 12. Comun – Toilet; also called "latrina“ 20. Estante – Dining room cabinet 13. Cuartos – Rooms where chinaware and silverware 14. Dapugan – A platform in the kitchen are displayed where the kalan or clay stove is placed 21. Kama – Four-poster bed 15. Despacho – Office; also "oficina“ 22. Oratorio – Prayer room with an 16. Dispensa – Pantry altar of Christ, the Virgin Mary, 17. Dos aguas – Gable or high-pitched roof and the saints 18. Entresuelo – Mezzanine; literally meaning 23. Sala mayor – Main living room, a "between floors", this is the area where place for late-afternoon parties clients, tenants or estate managers (if the called tertulias and dances called owner was a rich landowner) wait before "bailes“ being admitted to the oficina (office) 24. Sala menor – Secondary living room PART OF A BAHAY NA BATO SALA STAIR KAMA ARRABALES ARRABALES By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Manila's urban expansion spilled over the walls into the various Arrabales of Binondo, San Nicolas, Santa Ana, San Miguel, Ermita, Paco, and Malate. Railway construction began in 1882. (Manila to Dagupan) Accesoria or apartment dwelling respond to the need of migrant laborers for cheap housing in commercial and industrial areas. CIVIC ARCHITECTURE CIVIC ARCHITECTURE Civic Architecture such as Palasyo Real, Ayuntamiento and the Aduana epitomize the Spanish Administrative institution. A cross the Ayuntamiento was the residence of the highest official of the land, The Palacio del Governador General. Renaissance architecture inspired the Ayuntamiento and Palacio, both of which had spacious inner courtyards. CIVIC ARCHITECTURE Smaller versions of Ayuntamientos, known as "Munisipyo" or Casa Munisipal or Casa real, were built throughout the country. Usually located opposite the church. 1863 earthquake Prompting the royal residence to transfer to Malacañang Palace, formerly a vacation house of the Governor along the Pasig River. MALACAÑANG PALACE, 1898 FAROLAS  FAROLAS Farola: Colonial Lighthouses of the Philippines The Philippines, being an archipelago is dotted with lighthouses. Built early during the Spanish colonization of the islands, these monuments to safety line the country’s most important commercial sea routes. The Spanish Colonial Government built over 50 lighthouses throughout the archipelago. Polygon or cylinder in Plan THE OLDEST FAROLA, PASIG RIVER PARIAN PARIAN Commercial building during Spanish era varies from small sidewalk stalls to huge factories Binondo was the oldest China Town in the World Silk market establish in 1758 Found in Cebu, Vegan and Malolos & Binondo BINONDO, MANILA PARIAN The La Insular Cigar & Cigarette Factory was a famous landmark in Binondo before the war. The factory together with Hotel Oriente and other building in its surrounding was ravaged by fire during the liberation of Manila in 1944. Retail Institution (Sari-sari Store & Carenderia) LA INSULAR CIGAR & CIGARETTE FACTORY TEATROS  TEATROS The Colonial amusement and public diversion were few and often dominated by Theater, Cockfighting and Horse racing. Teatros was a structure design specifically to theatrical dance and music performances. Open air theater concept The Zorrilla Theatre or Teatro Zorrilla, also known as the Duláang Zorrilla sa Maynila ("Zorrilla Theater in Manila") in Tagalog, was a prominent theater in the Philippines Circular in Plan THEATER ZORRILLA, 1893 SABUNGAN SABUNGAN In the Philippines, cockfighting which is also known as sabong, was first witnessed during Magellan’s voyage of discovery of the country in 1521. It is considered to be a popular pastime in the country as it has been existing for more than a hundred years. Filipinos from all social classes partake on this gambling sport which has been integrated into the Filipino culture.