Pharmacology Past Paper PDF 2024

SCHOOL: IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT: HEALTH SCIENCES UNIT TITLE: PHARMACOLOGY LECTURER: MR. BRIAN SUBMISSION: 28/11/2024 GROUP MEMBERS: 1.DIPHAS CLINGYLYNE DPTT/S-2410/IC/23 2.MOREEN NJALA DPTT/S-2441/IC/23 3. VALENTINE NATANYA DPTT/S-2546/IC/23....

SCHOOL: IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT: HEALTH SCIENCES UNIT TITLE: PHARMACOLOGY LECTURER: MR. BRIAN SUBMISSION: 28/11/2024 GROUP MEMBERS: 1.DIPHAS CLINGYLYNE DPTT/S-2410/IC/23 2.MOREEN NJALA DPTT/S-2441/IC/23 3. VALENTINE NATANYA DPTT/S-2546/IC/23. 4. RUTH BENSON DPTT/S-2591/IC/23 5.BEATRICE WAIRIMU DPTT/S-4623/IC/24 Before undergoing surgery, patients are often administered preoperative medications to prepare their bodies and ensure a smooth surgical experience. These medications can be used to reduce anxiety, prevent infection, and promote relaxation. Here are some common types of preoperative drugs: 1. Preoperative Anesthesia This is the most critical preoperative medication, which induces a state of unconsciousness or relaxation during surgery. There are three main types of anesthesia: General Anesthesia: Induces a state of unconsciousness and insensitivity to pain. It is commonly used for major surgeries. Regional Anesthesia: Numbs a specific area of the body. Examples include spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, and nerve blocks. Local Anesthesia: Numbs a small area of the body, typically used for minor procedures. 2. Sedatives These medications help relax the patient and reduce anxiety before surgery. Examples include benzodiazepines like diazepam (valium) and midazolam. 3. Antibiotics To prevent infection, patients may be given antibiotics before surgery, especially if the surgery involves the gastrointestinal tract or if there is a risk of infection. Examples include Cefazolin. 4. Anticholinergics These drugs reduce saliva production and can help prevent complications during surgery. They are often used in combination with atropine or Glycopyrrolate. 5. H2 Blockers and Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) These medications reduce stomach acid production and are used to prevent aspiration during surgery. Examples include Omeprazole. 6. Beta-Blockers These drugs reduce heart rate and blood pressure, which can help protect the heart during surgery. Examples include Propranolol. 7. Muscle relaxants: These medications help relax muscles and can be used to facilitate certain types of surgery, such as orthopedic procedures. 8. Pain relief: Patients may receive pain relief medications before surgery to manage any discomfort during and after the procedure.  DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPIODS AND ANALGESIA ASPECT OPIOIDS ANALGESIA Definition Are a class of drugs for pain A state or condition of pain relief that include both natural relief.This category includes and synthetic substances various types of drugs, including derived from the opium poppy opioids and non opioids or produced laboratories. Common examples include morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and fentanyl. Scope Limited to opioid drugs Broader; includes multiple methods and drug classes. Mechanism of action Act primarily on the central Varies based on the approach nervous system (CNS) by used for example; binding to specific Non-opiod analgesics like receptors(mu, kappa,and delta NSAIDS work by inhibiting the opioid receptors) in the brain production of cyclooxygenase and spinal cord. This binding enzymes, which play a crucial alters the perception of pain role in the production of and emotional response to pain, inflammatory mediators. This leading to analgesia and often reduce inflammation, swelling euphoria. and pain. Acetaminophen works primarily in the CNS and is thought to reduce pain perception but does not have significant anti- inflammatory properties. Uses Commonly prescribed for Can be used for various types of moderate to severe pain pain, including mild to management, especially post- moderate pain(non-opioids) operative pain, cancer-related and severe pain(opioids). Non- pain, or chronic pain conditions. opioids analgesia are often the first line of treatment for conditions like headaches, arthritis, and minor injuries. Side effects They include drowsiness, Non-opioids analgesia can lead constipation, nausea, to gastrointestinal issues, liver respiratory depression, and risk damage and cardiovascular of addiction or dependence. problems. Long-term use can lead to tolerance and physical dependence. DESCRIBE THE HIERARCHY OF PAIN AND DRUGS USED IN EACH It’s often guided by the WHO pain relief ladder, which was originally developed for cancer pain but is now widely used for managing acute and chronic pain. a. Mild pain(1-3 out of 10) Pharmacologic Interventions: Non-Opioid Analgesics: o Acetaminophen (Paracetamol):Often used for it’s analgesic and antipyretic properties. o Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Includes ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin, which help reduce pain and inflammation. Adjuvant Medications: o Topical NSAIDs: Such as Diclofenac gel for localized pain. o Corticosteroids: When inflammation is a significant component. Purpose: Reducing inflammation. Altering pain signaling without side effect. b. Moderate Pain (4-6 out of 10) Pharmacologic Interventions: Weak Opioids: o Codeine: Can be used in combination with acetaminophen or NSAIDs. o Tramadol: A centrally acting analgesic that also has some opioid – like effects. Adjuvant Medications: o Antidepressants: Such as amitriptyline or duloxetine, which can be effective for neuropathic pain. o Anticonvulsants: Gabapentin or pregabalin for neuropathic pain. c. Severe Pain (7-10 out of 10) Pharmacologic Interventions: Strong Opioids: o Morphine: A cornerstone in severe pain management. o Hydromorphone ( Dilaudid): More potent than morphine, typically used when higher pain relief is needed. o Oxycodone: Another strong opioid, available in combination with acetay as well. o Fentanyl: Available as a patch, lozenge,or injectable form for chronic pain patients or acute severe pain. Adjuvant Medications: o Bisphosphonates or Denosumab: Used for bone pain, especially in metastatic cancer. o Steroids: Such as dexamethasone for severe pain related to inflammation or malignancy. Purpose: Strong Opioids are reserved for severe pain when step 1 and step 2 drugs are ineffective. d. Special Considerations: Neuropathic Pain: For patients experiencing neuropathic pain, adjuvant therapy with specific medications is often employed regardless of the pain level.This may include: o Antidepressants: Tricyclics or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors(SNRIs). o Anticonvulsants: Gabapentin, pregabalin, or carbamazepine.  Pain Management: Patients with chronic pain may require a multi- modal approach that includes behavioral therapies, physical therapy, and sometimes interventionists approaches like nerve blocks or spinal cord stimulation, in addition to medications.