Pharmacology Chapter 7 PDF

PHARM 131| PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VII| THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY OF DRUGS CATEGORY DESCRIPTION DRUG EXAMPLES Analgesic − Reduces pain without resulting in loss of...

PHARM 131| PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VII| THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY OF DRUGS CATEGORY DESCRIPTION DRUG EXAMPLES Analgesic − Reduces pain without resulting in loss of consciousness − painkiller medications Anesthetic − Causes lack of feeling or awareness; including (local): lidocaine loss of sensation especially to touch (general): Propofol, Nitrous Oxide, Desflurane, − A local anesthetic causes Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Halothane, − A general anesthetic Methoxyflurane Anorexiant − Suppresses appetite Methamphetamine, Phentermine Antacid − Counteracts or neutralizes acidity, usually of the Aluminum hydroxide, Milk of Magnesia, Sodium stomach bicarbonate, Calcium Carbonate Anthelmintic − Destroys or prevents the development of Albendazole, Ivermectin, Mebendazole, parasitic worms, such as pinworms, Pyrantel pamoate, Triclabendazole, roundworms, tapeworms and whipworms Praziquantel Anti-allergic − Prevents or relieves allergies 1st Gen: Diphenhydramine, Chlorpheniramine 2nd Gen: Cetirizine, Levocetirizine, Loratadine, Others: Montelukast Antianxiety − Prevents or reduces anxiety; also known as Benzodiazepines (-zepam, -zolam): Lorazepam, anxiolytics/ minor tranquilizers Midazolam, Diazepam Barbiturates (-barbital, -bital, -tal): Thiopental, Amobarbital, Phenobarbital Anti-arrhythmic − Prevents, alleviates, or corrects an abnormal Procainamide, Propafenone, Propranolol, cardiac rhythm Amiodarone, Bretylium Antibacterial − Destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Quinolones, their ability to reproduce Fluoroquinolones, Penicillin Antibiotics − Treats bacterial infections Penicillin, Cefalexin, Ciprofloxacin, − The original definition of an antibiotic was a Levofloxacin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, substance produced by one microorganism that Azithromycin, Erythromycin selectively inhibits the growth of another microorganism − Technically, "antibiotic" refers only to antimicrobials derived from bacteria or molds but is often used synonymously with "antibacterial" drugs Anticoagulant − Prevents clot formation or to prevent a clot that Heparin, Warfarin has formed from enlarging Anticonvulsant − Prevents or reduces the severity of epileptic or Carbamazepine, Clonazepam, Gabapentin, other convulsive seizures Lamotrigine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital Antidepressant − Prevents, treats or alleviates depression Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Phenelzine, − ____________: A state of low mood and aversion to Isocarboxazid, Moclobemide, Selegiline activity. Depressed persons may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable or restless. They may lose interest in activities that once were pleasurable. Antidiabetic − Helps a person with diabetes control their level of Insulin, Metformin, Pioglitazone glucose (sugar) in the blood Antidiarrheal − Prevents, stops or controls diarrhea Bismuth subsalicylate, Loperamide Antidote − Counteracts or neutralizes the effects of a poison Activated Charcoal Antiemetic − Prevents or treats nausea and vomiting  For motion sickness: Meclizine  For surgery: Dexamethasone  For cancer and chemo: (-setrons) Ondansetron, Granisetron  For stomach flu: OTC i.e. Sodium citrate/ dextrose/fructose, Bismuth subsalicylate  Other: Metoclopramide Antiflatulent − Reduces intestinal gas Simethicone Antifungal − Destroys or prevents the growth of fungi Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Fluconazole Antigout − Used to avoid severe attacks in the future, and Colchicine preventing long-term joint damage due to gout NSAIDS except Salicylates and Tolmetin formation Glucocorticoids (for symptomatic gout)  PHARM 131| PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY CHAPTER VII Antihypertensive − Reduces high blood pressure − Sympathoplegics − Centrally-acting ("alpha2 agonists): Clonidine, Methyldopa − Peripherally-acting: Reserpine, Guanethedine − Alphal antagonists: (-zosin) Prazosin, Terazosin − Beta blockers: (-olol) Carvedilol, Bisoprolol, Propranolol, − Calcium Channel Blocker - Dihydropyridines: (-dipines) Nifedipine - Non-DHPs: Diltiazem, Verapamil - ARBs: (sartan) Candesartan, Losartan − Angiotensin Modifiers - ACE inhibitors. (-pril) Captopril, Lisinopril - Hydralazine (specially useful for HT crisis − Vasodilators in pregnancy). Minoxidil, Diazoxide - Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: − Diuretics Acetazolamide - Osmotic diuretic: Mannitol - Loop diuretics: Furosemide, Bumetanide, - Potassium-sparing diuretics: Eplerenone, - Thiazide diuretics - Ist line agents in Hydrochlorothizaide, Chlorthiazide, Metolazone Antihypoglycemic − Elevates or increases blood glucose levels Dextrose 50%, Epinephrine, Glucagon, Anti-inflammatory − Relieves swelling, pain, and other symptoms of - Aspirin, Indomethacin, Diclofenac, Mefenamic inflammation Acid, Ibuprofen, Naproxen − Cardinal signs of inflammation: rubor(redness), - Celecoxib, Etoricoxib calor (increased heat), dolor (pain), tumor (swelling), functio laesa (loss of function) Antilipidemic − Reduces the level of lipids in the serum − HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: (-statin) Atorvastatin, Simvastatin − Fibrates: Clofibrate, Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil − Sterol absorption inhibitors: Ezetimibe Antimalarial − A drug directed against malaria. chloroquine Antimanic − Prevents and treats manic episodes Lithium carbonate (1st line management for mania), Valproic acid Antimigraine − Prevents or reduces the severity of migraine Sumatriptan, Rizatriptan Antineoplastic − Prevents the growth and spread of neoplasms or Methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, malignant cells Vinblastine, Vincristine, Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Etoposide, Bleomycin Antiparasitic − Destroys the growth and reproduction of human Metronidazole, Albendazole, Ivermectin, or animal parasites Mebendazole Anti-parkinson’s − Reduces the symptoms of Parkinson’s Dse Ideal triple therapy: − Parkinson's disease (PD): A neurodegenerative Levodopa + Carbidopa + Entacapone disorder that affects movement Bromocriptine, Cabergolide − Manifestation hallmarks include: TRAPS - Selegiline, Rosegiline, Amantadine (which is Tremors, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability also an antiviral) and Shuffling gait **take note that drugs CANNOT cure the disease itself rather they work to increase dopamine levels or suppress acetylcholine levels (they work to correct the imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine to mask the signs and symptoms) Antiplatelet − medications that prevent platelets from sticking Aspirin , Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel together and forming blood clots Ticagrelor − common treatment for people at risk of heart Cilostazol attack or stroke Tirofiban Antiprotozoa − Destroys protozoa, or disrupts their growth or Metronidazole, Ivermectin and Atovaquone reproduction Antipsychotic − Used in the treatment of psychosis. Neuroleptics (major tranquilizers) Psychosis Chlorpromazine, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, − It refers to a thought disorder in which reality Clozapine, Olanzapine, Risperidone, Quetiapine testing is grossly impaired. Antipyretic − Reduces or prevents fever Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Ibuprofen and − Do not take more than 8 tablets per day Naproxen (both have antipyretic effects)  PHARM 131| PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY CHAPTER VII Antirheumatic − Used to treat rheumatoid arthritis DMARDS (disease modifying anti-rheumatic Rheumatoid arthritis drugs) − form of arthritis that has devastating effects on Methotrexate - 1st line treatment for rheumatoid joints arthritis Antiseborrheic − Applied to the skin to control seborrhea or Selenium sulfide − seborrheic dermatitis Antispasmodic − are used to treat contraction and relaxation of the Belladonna, Chlordiazepoxide, Dicyclomine, muscles. HNBB: Hyoscine-N Butylbromide Anti-TB − Used to treat tuberculosis Anti-TB drugs are classified into two: First line − Tuberculosis − high antitubercular efficacy as well as low − most important communicable disease toxicity (R.I.P.E.S) − serious illness that mainly affects the lungs Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Streptomycin Second line − low antitubercular efficacy and high toxicity − Cycloserine, Kanamycin, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin Antitussive − Relieves or prevents cough Codeine, Butamirate, Dextromethorphan − Should not be used with a productive cough Antivirals − Kills a virus; Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, − suppresses its ability to replicate; or inhibits its Acyclovir capability to multiply and reproduce Astringents − cleansing the skin and removing any excess Tretinoin, Natural astringents include alum, oiliness acacia, witch hazel, bayberry − Also causes contraction of tissues, arrest of ** apple cider vinegar can also be used as well secretion, or control of bleeding as rose water astringent Bronchodilator − Relaxes contractions of the smooth muscle of Beta 2 agonists: (-terol) the bronchioles to improve ventilation to the Albuterol, Terbutaline, Metaproterenol, lungs Salmeterol, Famoterol, Theophylline − Prescribed to improve aeration in asthma, Antimuscarinic − bronchiectasis, bronchitis, and emphysema Ipratropium, Tiotropium, Glycopyronium Cathartic - Empties the bowels Bulk Cathartic Psyllium, Methylcellulose - Stimulates bowel evacuation by increasing fecal volume. They absorb water and expand within the intestinal lumen → this stimulates peristalsis Lubricant Cathartic Mineral oil, - Softens the feces and reduces friction between them and the intestinal wall Saline Cathartic MOM, Magnesium citrate, Lactulose - Increases fluidity of intestinal contents by retention of water by osmotic forces and indirectly increases motor activity Stimulant Cathartic Mg sulfate, Bisacodyl - Directly increases motor activity of the intestinal tract. CNS Stimulant − Used to reduce tiredness and increase alertness, Amphetamine, Methylphenidate competitiveness and aggression Contraceptive − Typically contains estrogen or progesterone that Ethinyl Estradiol, Norgestrel inhibits ovulation Decongestant − Breaks up congestion or blockage of the Phenylpropanolamine, Phenylephrine − nasal passages and sinuses, by reducing swelling  PHARM 131| PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY CHAPTER VII Diuretic − Helps reduce the amount of water in the body by Furosemide, Acetazolamide, Spironolactone, increasing the production of urine Amiloride, Thiazides − Used to treat the buildup of excess fluid in the body that occurs with some medical conditions such as congestive heart failure, liver disease, and kidney disease Electrolyte − for dehydration ORS (Oral rehydration solutions), Supplement Electrolytes LRS (Lactated Ringer’s solution) − Critical to the proper distribution of water, muscle contraction and expansion, transmission of nerve impulses, delivery of oxygen to body tissues, heart rate and rhythm, acid-base balance, and other important functions or conditions Expectorant − a type of cough medicine used to help clear eg. Guaifenesin mucus (phlegm) from your airway Gastroprokinetic − Also known as gastrokinetic, or prokinetic eg. Domperidone, Metoclopramide, Cisapride − Enhances gastrointestinal motility by increasing the frequency of contractions in the small intestine or making them stronger, but without disrupting their rhythm Hemostatic − contains bovine plasma clotting factor eg. SeraSeal® − Arrests the flow of blood within the vessels − Used to arrest hemorrhage Hypnotic − Induces or tends to induce sleep eg. Lorazepam, Diazepam, Zolpidem − Produces drowsiness Immunosuppressant − Suppresses or prevents the immune response Mycophenolate mofetil − Used to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ − to treat autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn's disease. Some treatments for cancer act as immunosuppressants Keratolytic − a peeling agent. Salicylic acid, Selenium sulfide Laxative − A mild cathartic Senna, Lactulose − treat constipation by softening hard stools or stimulating your bowels to get moving so you can poop Mucolytic − Loosens and releases mucus; capable of Acetylcysteine, Ambroxol, Bromhexine, dissolving, digesting, or liquefying mucus Carbocisteine Miotic − Causes miosis or constriction of the pupil Carbachol, Pilocarpine, Acetylcholine Mydriatic − Causes mydriasis or induces dilation of pupil Atropine sulfate, Tropicamide Pediculicide − Destroys lice Permethrin Rubefacient − Agents that induce only hyperemia Camphor, Salicylates, Menthol − Produces blood circulation to the injured area and is accompanied by a feeling of comfort, warmth, sometimes itching − nilalagay pag nakagat ng lamok Scabicidal − Used to treat scabies Crotamiton, Permethrin Scabies - itchy, highly contagious skin condition caused by an infestation by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei Sedative − Calms a patient down, easing agitation and Clonazepam, Amobarbital, Alprazolam, permitting sleep Butobarbital, Chloral hydrate Skeletal Muscle − Reduces the contractility of muscle fibers Rocuronium, Baclofen, Dantrolene, Relaxant − Relieves the pain and discomfort from muscle Methocarbamol cramps and spasticity. Tocolytic − Inhibits labor, slows down or halts the Isoxsuprine HCl, Magnesium Sulfate, contractions of the uterus Indomethacin Vaccine − A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, Dengue vaccine, Hep-B vaccine, Flu vaccine, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the Pneumonia Vaccine pathogen's structure  PHARM 131| PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY CHAPTER VII − Stimulates antibody production against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection Vasodilator − Causes widening of blood vessels resulting from Terazosin, Nitroglycerin, Alprostadil, relaxation of the muscular wall of the vessels Minoxidil Vitamin − Any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal growth and activity of the body and − obtained naturally