PHA611 Laboratory 1st Semester 2024-2025 PDF

PHA611 LABORATORY 1F-PH ‘28 | 1st Semester | 3rd Shifting |A.Y. 2024-2025 Exercise 11: Flowers ➔ Ovary - A swollen basal part of a ➔ Provides natural medicine for pistil which carries the...

PHA611 LABORATORY 1F-PH ‘28 | 1st Semester | 3rd Shifting |A.Y. 2024-2025 Exercise 11: Flowers ➔ Ovary - A swollen basal part of a ➔ Provides natural medicine for pistil which carries the ovule or egg; humans and some animals where fertilized eggs develop ➔ It is an aid in plant reproduction by ◆ Carpel - Female reproductive enticing outside pollinators part of a flower; Flowers “Gymnoecium”. Collectively ➔ Modified twigs adopted primarily for known as PISTIL reproduction, which ultimately forms Carpel fruits and seeds ➔ Monocarpous - If a gynoecium has a ➔ Extension of the shoot made for single carpel reproduction ➔ Apocarpous - Has multiple, distinct ➔ Flowers are attractive and appears in (free, unfused) carpel different colors and shapes to attract ➔ Syncarpous - Has multiple fusedo pollinators who help in pollen transfer (connate) into a single structure Stamen - male reproductive part of the flower, collective name is Androecium ➔ Anther - Where pollens are formed ➔ Filaments - A stalk holding the pollen at its tip ➔ Stamen - Male reproductive part of a Pistil - female reproductive part flower, “Androecium” ➔ Stigma - Slightly enlarge tip of the style on which pollen is deposited at Flower Envelope / Perianth pollination. It holds and traps the Petals (Corolla) - non reproductive part of pollen. It will receive the pollen and the flower. begin the process of fertilization. ➔ Innermost whorl surrounding the ➔ Style - A long and thin filament that flowers reproductive parts serve as passageway for pollen ➔ Usually brightly coloured to attract grains to move from stigma to the pollination/ pollinators ovary. ➔ Protective floral member, protects the Androecium and Gynoecium. Sepal (Calyx) LECTURE # | PHA 611 LAB – 1FPH ➔ Usually a green leaf-like structure ◆ Florivorous - insencts that eats that forms the outermost floral whorl flowers. ➔ It protects the inner part of the flower before it opens Floral Stalk Receptacle (Torus) ➔ Thickened part of a stem from which the flower grows Parts Present ➔ An area where a flower binds itself ➔ Complete - Flowers are said to be into a stalk. complete when the four main are ➔ The receptacle often becomes part present of the fruit produced by the flower ➔ Incomplete - Flowers are incomplete after fertilization. when one or more of the main parts Peduncle are not present ➔ A stalk supporting the flower, when it elevates itselff to attract pollinators. Sexuality Perfect Variable Features and Structure of Flowers ➔ With both stamen and carpel Color ➔ Bisexual or Hermaphroditic ➔ Brightly Colored - Day Blooming Flowers Imperfect ➔ White, Cream, Flesh - Night Blooming ➔ Only either stamen or carpel Flowers ➔ Unisexual ◆ Monoecious - Both male and female flowers are found on the same plant - Ex: corn and cucumber ◆ Dioecious - Imperfect flowers are borne on separate plants Odor - Ex: soybean, asparagus, ➔ composed of all the volatile organic kiwi. compounds emitted by the floral t ◆ Polygamous - Perfect and issue such as floral petals. imperfect flowers are found in ➔ Primary fucntion if to scare off a single plant herbivores or florivorous insects. - Ex: musa (banana) LECTURE # | PHA 611 LAB – 1FPH Sexuality Fusion of Flowers Connation – When like parts are fused or united Nature of Flower ➔ Regular - When the members of each set of organs are of the same size and shape ➔ Irregular - When some members of one or more set of organs are different in size or shape or both\ Adnation – When unlike parts are fused Number of Flower Parts ➔ Monocot - Flower parts are in 3’s or multiple of 3’s ➔ Dicot - Flower parts are in 4’s or 5’s or multiple of 4 or 5 Benguel Lily – Monocot Rosal - Dicot LECTURE # | PHA 611 LAB – 1FPH ◆ Sepals, petals, and stamens are fused at the base to form a cup shaped structure called “hypanthium” Hypanthium - inserted below the ovary. Symmetry Ex: cherry and prunes. Actinomorphic ◆ Ovary is still superior ➔ Radial symmetry ➔ Epigynous flower ➔ Flowers can be divided into 2 equal ◆ Sepals, petals, and stamens halves along any plane arise from the top of the ovary, or hypanthium inserted above the ovary ◆ The ovary of this flower is inferior ◆ Ex: dafodil Zygomorhpic ➔ Bilateral symmetry ➔ Divided into 2 equal halves only by a medial cut throught the central axis Placentation ➔ Axile ◆ The placentea develops from Ovary Position the central axis which ➔ Hypogynous flower corresponds to the confluent ◆ Sepals, petals, and stamen, are margins of carpels attached to a receptacle ➔ Parietal below the ovary ◆ The placenta is formed by the ◆ The ovary is said to be swelling up of cohering “Superior” margins and on the latter ◆ Ex; tomato and tulip developed the ovules in rows. ➔ Basal ➔ Perigynous flower LECTURE # | PHA 611 LAB – 1FPH ◆ One or more ovules are florets attached on the bottom of the ovary. ➔ Free-central ◆ The placenta developed on the center of the ovary as a prolongation of the floral axis, the ovules are attached on this axis ➔ Marginal ◆ Raceme - The elongated axis ◆ The ovules develop in rows is unbranched, the flowers are near the margin on the provided with stalks or pedicle placenta, formed along the of equal length venral suture? ➔ Apical ◆ One or more ovules are attached at the top of the ovary. Inflorescence ◆ Panicle - The elongated axis ➔ Flower cluster are branched. Flowers are ➔ May differ in the number of flowers pedicellate, opening all at the borne, the s equence of flower maturation , the length of flower stalk, the number and arrangement of the f loral branches or peduncle ◆ Spike - An inflorescence has an elongated axis with sessile LECTURE # | PHA 611 LAB – 1FPH same time axis ◆ Cyme - This inflorescence is similar to a corymb except that the inner pedicelled flowers open first ◆ Corymb - It has a more or less flat convex top because of the pedicel bearing the outer, older flowers are longer than the younger flowers are at the center ◆ Spadix - A fleshy spike (spadix) bearing both female and male flowers, surrounded by a petaloid bract called spathe ◆ Umbel - The axis is short so that all the pedicellate flowers radiate from the apex of the ◆ Catkin/ Ament - This inflorescence is a special type of spike which is hanging or LECTURE # | PHA 611 LAB – 1FPH drooping. The flowers are usually unisexual ◆ Fascicle - The pedicelled or sessile flowers are crowded at one side of the stem Head/ ◆ Capitate - It is similar to umbel but the flowers are sessile. Usually the flowers are of two kinds: Disk at the centre and Ray flower at the margin LECTURE # | PHA 611 LAB – 1FPH Exercise 13: Seed and Seed Dispersal Seed ➔ Mature Ovule ➔ Consist of the following Seed Dispersal ➔ Embryo - Tiny plant that the seed ➔ Avoid competition with parents and contains sibling ➔ Endosperm - Coenzyme & cellular ➔ Colonize new habitat tissue, ➔ Avoid pathogens and predators ➔ Nourishes the development of zygote ➔ Minimize in-breeding ➔ Cotyledon - Seed Leaf ➔ Radicle - Primordial root ➔ Epicotyl - Primordial stem ◆ Insect - Insect much less ➔ Hypocotyl - Root/Shoot junction important for dispersal than pollination but ants often involved in dispersal ◆ Animal - Much more important for dispersal than pollination ◆ Wind - Important in both pollination and dispersal ◆ Water - Minor importance in pollination, somewhat greater in dispersal ◆ Self - dispersal LECTURE # | PHA 611 LAB – 1FPH Agents of Seed Dispersal ➔ Animal - Zoochory ◆ Attached to Animal - Epizoochory ◆ Eaten by Animal - Endozoochory ◆ Birds - Omithochory ◆ Mammals - Mammaliochory ◆ Bats - Chiropterochory ◆ Ants - Myrmecochory ➔ Wind - Anemochory ➔ Water - Hydrochory ➔ Dispersal by the plant itself - Autochory