Flower Morphology - PDF

FLOWER MORPHOLOGY 11. Gynoecium - Female portion of the plant that Flower rises...

FLOWER MORPHOLOGY 11. Gynoecium - Female portion of the plant that Flower rises above and inside the - Major diagnostic feature of angiosperms is androecium the flower - Unlike a typical vegetative shoot, the flower is determinate Flower Parts 1. Pedicel - Flower stalk 2. Bract - Generally reduced leaf, often borne in the side of pedicel 3. Receptacle In monocots such as this lily (Lilium sp.), flower - Region of flower to which the other parts usually occur in the multiples of three floral parts are attached 4. Perianth - Outermost, non reproductive group of modified leaves of flower 5. Calyx - Collective term for the sepals and is usually located next to the bracts, if the bracts are present 6. Tepal - An undifferentiated part of the perianth or a term to apply if the perianth parts are not differentiated into petal or sepal This is a generalized flower with four primary parts; 7. Sepal sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels - The individual member of the calyx. They form the whorl next to the involucre when present 8. Corolla - Innermost series or whorl of modified leaves in the perianth 9. Petals - Individual units of the corolla, which are typically colored (non green) and function as an attractant for pollination 10. Androecium - All of the male organ of a flower, collectively all the stamens Zairus Mae M. Mendoza BS Biology 1-5 Types of Flowers (according to symmetry) Perfect Also known as bisexual or hermaphrodite. When a flower contains both stamen and pistil Imperfect Also known as unisexual. If either the male or the female is absent Pistillate flowers When only the pistil is present in a flower 1. Symmetrical - The floral organs are the Staminate flowers When only the stamen is same in number present in a flower Actinomorphic There are three or more planes of symmetry Biradial Two (and only two) Symmetry planes of symmetry Zygomorphic There is only one plane of symmetry Types of Flowers (according to insertion of the different floral parts relative to the position of the ovary) Epigynous The sepals, petals, and stamens are seemingly attached on top of an inferior ovary. The floral parts are actually on the upper part of the hypanthium Hypogynous The calyx, petals, and 2. Asymmetrical - Lacks any plane of stamens to the receptacle on symmetry, usually the result of twisting of the base of a superior ovary parts Perigynous The perianth and stamens are Types of Flowers (according to the presence or attached half-wah to the ovary forming a cup-like absence of floral parts) structure called hypanthium, or floral cup or receptacle Complete When all four whorls, the calyx, corolla, gynoecium, and androecium are present Incomplete When one or two of the whorls is/are lacking Zairus Mae M. Mendoza BS Biology 1-5  Variation in the Calyx Claw The narrow base in some sepals and petals Distinct The sepals are separated, not united Nerve These are the veins present in sepals, petals, or bracts Pappus These are bristles or scales in some fruit which represent the persistent calyx Polysepalous or When the sepals are free or Chorisepalous separate Scabrous When sepals are rough to Fusion of Floral Parts touch Adnate or When member of a set are Tubular When the sepals are united Adherent more or less united with those except at the toothed of another set, i.e stamen-petal margins Connate When the same set of organs are fused or united, i.e. petal-petal Distinct or The floral parts are not in any Free way united or fused Imbricate When the sepals or petals overlap each other at their margins Variation in the Corolla Valvate When the sepals or petals touch at their margins Apetalous Without petals; sometimes the petals are reduced into Wanting When a part is lacking or inconspicuous scales absent Bilabiate When the united corolla becomes two-lipped at the rim Campanulate When the united corolla assumes the shape of a bell Funnel-shaped When the corolla tube or Funnelform gradually expands upward like that of a funnel Gamopetalous When the sepals are united or Sympetalous at their margins forming a Zairus Mae M. Mendoza BS Biology 1-5  corolla tube Ligulate or The base of a short tube Strap-shaped opening out into an elongated, flat, strap-like appendages Ligule A flattened part of a ray corolla Variation in the Androecium Lip These are projections into a Androphore The stalk of a group of two-lipped bilabiate corolla stamens of an irregular flower Anemophilous These are wind-pollinated Papilionaceous Irregular flowers of the family plants Fabaceae. The shape resembles that of a butterfly Basifixed Anther attached at its base to apex of the filament Plicate When the petals are folded in longitudinal plaits Connective The parts of the stamen that connects two pollen sacs in Polypetalous or When the petals are distinct the anther Choripetalous or free Diadelphous When the filaments of several Rotate or The petals are wheel-shaped, anthers are united into 2 Stellate the lobes radiate from the clusters base Diandrous Having 2 stamens Salvershape The corolla tube is elongated and the short corolla limb Didynamous When there are 4 stamens, spreads horizontally the 2 pairs are of unequal length Spur A protruding structure of the corolla or calyx Dorsifixed When the filament appear to be attached to the side or Tubular When the corolla tube is back of the anther elongated, the size is almost uniform throughout the tube Entomophilous When the flower is insect-pollinated Urceolate When the corolla is shaped like an urn Epipetalous When the stamens are attached to the petals Exserted When the stamens extended beyond the perianth Extorse When the anther is turned outward. I.e. the anther faces the periphery of the flower Filament The stalk of the anther Zairus Mae M. Mendoza BS Biology 1-5  Included When the stamens are confined inside the corolla Introrse When the stamens are turned inward, e.g. the stamens facing the center Monadelphous The stamens are united by their filaments Monandrous Having one stamen Pollinium A mass of waxy pollen grains Sessile When the filament is absent Staminal When the filaments are column or tube united forming a tube Staminode A sterile stamen, producing no functional pollen Syngenesious When the anthers are united and the filaments are free Tetradynamous When there are six stamens, the two are shorter than the four stamens Versatile With anther freely pivoting at the point of attachment with the filament Variation in the Gynoecium Androgynophore Stalk-like structure that bears the gynoecium and androecium; e.g Passiflora Apocarpous One or more separate pistils Carpel A simple pistils Cell or Locule A hollow cavity; it also refers to the chambers in an ovary Zairus Mae M. Mendoza BS Biology 1-5  Compound pistil When 2 or more pistils are Style The stalk of the pistil united Superior ovary When the floral parts are Funiculus The stalk of the ovule attached below the ovary Half superior/ When the floral parts are Syncarpous A compound pistil Half inferior attached midway on the ovary ovary Inferior ovary When all the floral parts are attached above the ovary Micropyle The minute opening in the ovule where the pollen tube enters during fertilization Nucellus A region around the embryo sac, the latter commonly called the sporangium Ovary The expanded basal part of the pistil that contains the ovules Ovule These are rounded structures inside the ovary which becomes the seed after fertilization Placenta A part of the ovary where the ovules are attached Polycarpous Having many carpels Polygynous Having many pistils or styles Sessile When the style is wanting or absent Variation in the Ovule Septum Also known as septa, the Amphitropous or An ovule that is inferior walls separating the Half-inverted half-inverted; when the locules into 2 or developing ovule turn 90° more-loculed ovary on its funiculus Simple pistil A pistil with one-celled Anatropous or Ovule that is inverted, and ovary bearing a single ovule Inverted has turned 180° during its or row of ovules development so that the Stigma The anterior most part of the micropyle is situated next to pistil that receives the pollen the funiculus Zairus Mae M. Mendoza BS Biology 1-5  Campylotropous When the ovule is curved or Incurved and the micropyle nearly meets the funiculus Orthotropous or An ovule that is straight and straight erect Types of Placentation - Placentation is the arrangement of the ovules in the ovary Axile When the ovules are attached to the center or axis of the ovary, the locules from several to many Basal When the central stalk is absent and the ovules are attached at the basal part or floor of the ovary, the ovary General Types of Inflorescence has one locule or unilocular Determinate An inflorescence in which Free-central When the ovules are inflorescence the oldest flower is found at attached to a central stalk in the terminal part of the main a unilocular ovary axis and the general progression of blooming is Marginal or When the ovules are outward ventral attached at the margins of the ovary Indeterminate An inflorescence in which inflorescence the youngest flower is Parietal When the ovules are terminal on the floral axis attached to the walls of the and the progression of ovary, the locules from few to blooming is inward many Zairus Mae M. Mendoza BS Biology 1-5 Variation in Inflorescence (according to location) Cyme or Cymose Very similar to corymb, but Axillary When the individual flowers the inner flowers open first. are borned at the axil of the A determinate leaves inflorescence Cauline When the flowers are Head, capitate, When the flowers are sessile attached on the stem capitulum or disk and are crowded in a below the leaves globose mass Extra-axillary When the flowers are Panicle or A branched, racemose attached at the internodes Paniculate inflorescence Leaf-opposed When the flowers are Raceme or Similar to a spike, but the opposite a leaf Racemose flowers are pedicelled Radical When the flowers are Spadix An inflorescence consisting attached to the roots by a of a fleshy central column long stalk called the scape bearing numerous stamens above and pistils below. A Terminal When an inflorescence brave subtends the pistil terminates a branch and stamen Fascicle or The flowers are clustered in Spike or Spikelet An unbranched, elongated Fasciculate the axil of leaves. The inflorescence with sessile flowers maybe pedicelled or flowers sessile Thyrse Similar to a panicle but more congested and more Variation in Inflorescence (according to the or less cylindrical arrangement of flowers) Umbel or An inflorescence with Carkin or Ament A short or long, usually Umberliate several pedicelled flower dense, scaly spike. It is attached at the same pendulous and deciduous point on top of the stem Corymb or An indeterminate Corymbose inflorescence where the branches and pedicels all starts from different points and attain the same level Cyathium This is a characteristic of Euphorbia where the inflorescence consists of a cup-like involucre that contains a single pistil and make flowers with a single stamen Zairus Mae M. Mendoza BS Biology 1-5 Floral Diagram - Is a representation of the different floral features of plants as they appear in cross section - The floral diagram begins at the center of the flower - Symbols are used to represent the different floral parts (CA for calyx, CO for corolla, A for androecium, and G for gynoecium) - Numbers of each flower part will follow the respective symbols. The number will be encircled if the parts are united or fused and is left open if otherwise. If the ovary is inferior, underline G, put a line above G if the ovary is superior Internal Morphology - Traditionally, the genus Lilium has been used to represent the typical flowering plant reproductive cycle. The structure are large, and the material is easily obtained Zairus Mae M. Mendoza BS Biology 1-5