PHA115 Anatomy Student Handout 2024-25 PDF

MPharm Programme Anatomy Dr Praveen Bhugra PHA115 Slide 1 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Learning Objectives From this lecture you should be able to: Understand, define regrading anat...

MPharm Programme Anatomy Dr Praveen Bhugra PHA115 Slide 1 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Learning Objectives From this lecture you should be able to: Understand, define regrading anatomy and physiology and describe the different subspecialists of anatomy and physiology  Understand and explain in detail the basic functions of organisms Understand and explain the six levels of organization Understand and explain briefly the 11 organ systems and also explain briefly the major function of each system Slide 2 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Learning Objectives (Cont.) From this lecture you should be able to: Understand and describe the anatomical positions, regional names and the directional terms for human body Understand and explain in detail the major planes and sections of the body Understand and explain the body cavities and their subdivisions Understand and explain the locations of the organs in their specific cavity , abdominopelvic quadrants and region. Slide 3 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Introduction The two branches of sciences – anatomy and physiology - provide the understanding of the body parts and functions Briefly we can define – Anatomy: science that studies structure – Physiology: science that studies body functions Anatomy (structure) determines physiology (functions) Slide 4 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Anatomy Anatomy (ana= up; tomy =process of cutting) Anatomy as a science previously dealt with a single problem – to understand how the body is built. It was the Descriptive Anatomy Slide 5 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Anatomy Human Anatomy studies the shape and structure of the human body, its origin, regularities of development in relation to its function and external environment The main aim of the human anatomy is – the description of the shape of the macro‐microscopic structure, – topography of the organs related to the individual – sexual, constitutional specific features of the human organism Slide 6 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Anatomy Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another – Gross or macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental Slide 7 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Anatomy (Subspecialties) Gross or macroscopic Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin Slide 8 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Anatomy (Subspecialties) Microscopic Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues Developmental Traces structural changes throughout life Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth Slide 9 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Physiology Physiology (physis= nature ; logia =study of) Physiology is the study of the normal function of cell, tissue, organs, systems and organisms Considers the operation of specific organ systems – Renal – kidney function – Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system – Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood vessels Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level Slide 10 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Physiology (Subspecialties) Physiology can be divided into the following specialties: – Cell physiology – study of cell – Special physiology – study of a specific organ – Systemic physiology – study of system – Patho(logical) physiology – study of the effect of disease on cell, tissue, organ and system Slide 11 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Anatomy and Physiology (Subspecialties) Slide 12 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  The basic functions of organisms Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction Slide 13 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Comparative Anatomy All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology Slide 14 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Levels of Organization Chemical: atoms molecules Cellular: cells containing organelles – Basic unit of life Tissue: groups of cells and surrounding material – 4 basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous Organ: group of tissues performing a common function System: group of organs with a common function Organism: contains all systems of an individual Slide 15 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Levels of Organization Slide 16 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Levels of Organization Slide 17 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems 1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Nervous system 5. Endocrine system 6. Cardiovascular system 7. Lymphatic system and immunity components 8. Respiratory system 9. Digestive system 10. Urinary system 11. Reproductive system Slide 18 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 19 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 20 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 21 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 22 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 23 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 24 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 25 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 26 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 27 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 28 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  An Introduction to the Organ Systems Slide 29 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Clinical Connection: Diagnosis of Disease Distinguishing one disorder or disease from another – Signs and symptoms – Medical history Collecting information about event Present illnesses and past medical problems – Physical examination Orderly evaluation of the body and its function Noninvasive techniques and other vital signs (pulse) Slide 30 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Basic Anatomical Terminology Common language referring to body structures and their functions is important in anatomy Anatomists use standard anatomical position and special vocabulary in relating body parts Slide 31 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Body Positions Descriptions of the human body assume a specific stance Anatomical position – Body upright – Standing erect facing the observer – Head and eyes facing forward – Feet are flat on the floor and forward – Upper limbs to the sides – Palms turned forward Slide 32 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Anatomical position Body is upright Terms for a reclining body - Supine position Body is lying face up – Prone position Body is lying face down Slide 33 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy   Several major regions identified Regional Names  Most principal regions – Head  Skull and face – Neck  Supports the head and attaches to trunk – Trunk  Chest, abdomen, and pelvis – Upper limbs  Attaches to trunk (shoulder, armpit and arm) – Lower limbs  Attaches to trunk (buttock, thigh, leg, ankle and foot ) Slide 34 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Directional Terms Describe the position of one body part relative to another – Group in pairs with opposite meaning Anterior (front) and Posterior (back) – Only make sense when used to describe a position of one structure relative to another The oesophagus is posterior to the trachea Knee is superior to the ankle Slide 35 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Directional Terms Slide 36 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Common Directional Terms Anterior – Nearer to the front of the body Posterior – Nearer to the back of the body Superior – Toward the head Inferior – Away from the head Slide 37 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Common Directional Terms Proximal – Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk Distal – Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk Lateral – Farther from the midline Medial – Nearer to the midline Slide 38 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Practice questions 1. The navel is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐to the breastbone 2. The heart is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the breastbone 3. The arms are ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the chest 4. The elbow is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the wrist 5. The skin is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the skeleton 6. The forehead is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the nose 7. The breastbone is‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ to the spine 8. The heart is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐to the arm 9. The armpit is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐between the breastbone and the shoulder 10. The knee is ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐to the thigh 11. The lungs are ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐to the rib cage Slide 39 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Planes and Sections  Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts – Sagittal plane A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides – Midsagittal plane divides body into equal right and left sides – Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sides Slide 40 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Planes and Sections  Frontal or coronal plane – Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions  Transverse plane – Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions – Also called cross‐sectional or horizontal plane Slide 41 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Planes and Sections  Oblique plane – Passes through the body or an organ at an angle  Between transverse and sagittal plane  Between transverse and frontal plane  Sections – Cut of the body made along a plane Slide 42 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Planes and Sections Superior Frontal plane Medial & Lateral oblique Transverse Distal plane Proximal Posterior Inferior Midsagittal Anterior plane Slide 43 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Anatomical Terms Body cavities Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord) Thoracic (chest cavity): pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal (region between lungs) Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm): Abdominal Larger; contains most abdominopelvic organs Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants Pelvic More inferior and smaller Contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs Slide 44 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Anatomical Terms Body cavities Serous membranes are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Functions: protect organs, reduce friction Layers Visceral layer covers organs Parietal layer lines cavity Names: Pleural (covers lungs, lines thorax) Pericardial (covers heart, lines central part of thorax) Peritoneal (covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity) Slide 45 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Body Cavities  Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs – Cranial cavity – Thoracic cavity – Abdominopelvic cavity Slide 46 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal Cranial cavity – Formed by the cranial bones – Protects the brain Vertebral canal – Formed by bones of Vertebral column – Contains the spinal cord Meninges – Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal Slide 47 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Thoracic Cavity  Also called the chest cavity  Formed by – Ribs – Muscles of the chest – Sternum (breastbone) – Vertebral column (thoracic portion) Slide 48 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Thoracic Cavity  Within the thoracic cavity – Pericardial cavity  Fluid‐filled space that surround the heart – Pleural cavity  Two fluid‐filled spaces that surround each lung Slide 49 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Abdominopelvic Cavity  Extends from the diaphragm to the groin  Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis  Divided into two portions: – Abdominal cavity  Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines – Pelvic cavity  Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine Slide 50 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes Pleura : the Serousmemb Serous membrane is a thin slippery membrane that covers the viscera Parts of the serous membrane: Parietal layer – Lines the wall of the cavities Visceral layer – Covers the viscera within the cavities Slide 51 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes  Pleura – Serous membrane of the pleural cavities  Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs  Parietal pleura lines the chest wall  Pericardium – Serous membrane of the pleural cavities  Visceral pericardium covers the heart  Parietal pericardium lines the chest wall  Peritoneum – Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity  Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal organs  Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall Slide 52 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Body Cavities and their subdivisions Slide 53 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Body Cavities and their subdivisions Cranial Cranial Dorsal body cavity cavity cavity Ventral body cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Superior Dorsal Thoracic mediastinum body cavity Pleural cavity (contains cavity heart and Pericardial lungs) cavity within Ventral body the mediastinum cavity Vertebral Diaphragm (thoracic and cavity abdominopelvic (contains cavities) spinal Abdominal cavity Abdomino- cord) (contains digestive pelvic viscera) cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Slide 54 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Abdominopelvic Cavity: 4 Quadrants Right upper Left upper quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right lower Left lower quadrant quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ) Slide 55 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Abdominopelvic Cavity: 4 Quadrants Slide 56 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions Liver Diaphragm Right Left Epigastric hypochondriac hypochondriac region Stomach region region Gallbladder Ascending colon of Transverse colon Right Left Umbilical large intestine of large intestine lumbar lumbar region Descending colon region region Small intestine of large intestine Cecum Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac Initial part of (inguinal) (pubic) (inguinal) Appendix sigmoid colon region region region Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Slide 57 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions  Right hypochondriac – right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, the right kidney, and parts of the small intestine  Left hypochondriac – part of the spleen, the left kidney, part of the stomach, the pancreas, and parts of the colon  Epigastric – majority of the stomach, part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of the duodenum, part of the spleen, and the adrenal glands  Hypogastric (pubic) – bladder, part of the sigmoid colon, the anus, and many organs of the reproductive system, such as the uterus and ovaries in females and the prostate in males  Right lumbar – gallbladder, the left kidney, part of the liver, and the ascending colon  Left lumbar – descending colon, the left kidney, and part of the spleen  Right iliac – appendix, cecum, and the right iliac fossa  Left iliac – descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the left iliac fossa  Umbilical – umbilicus (navel), and many parts of the small intestine, such as part of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. It also contains the transverse colon (the section between the ascending and descending colons) and the bottom portions of both the left and right kidney Slide 58 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Other Cavities  Oral (mouth) cavity – Tongue and teeth  Nasal cavity – nose  Orbital cavities – eyeball  Middle ear cavities – Small bones of the middle ear  Synovial cavities – Joints Slide 59 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy  Further Reading Refer to the Following Textbooks Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and illness 13th Edition Gerard J. Tortora and Byran H. Derrickson Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 13th Edition Frederic H. Martini Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 7th Edition Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn Human Anatomy & Physiology 8th Edition VanPutte, Regan and Russo Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition Slide 60 of 60 PHA115 Anatomy