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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of anatomy as a science?
What is the primary focus of anatomy as a science?
Which of the following best defines physiology?
Which of the following best defines physiology?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
What does 'anatomy' derive its name from?
What does 'anatomy' derive its name from?
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What are the levels of organization in biological systems?
What are the levels of organization in biological systems?
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Which organ system is NOT typically recognized in the study of human anatomy?
Which organ system is NOT typically recognized in the study of human anatomy?
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What does the term 'abdominopelvic quadrants' refer to?
What does the term 'abdominopelvic quadrants' refer to?
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Which directional term refers to a position closer to the midline of the body?
Which directional term refers to a position closer to the midline of the body?
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What is the focus of gross anatomy?
What is the focus of gross anatomy?
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Which subfield of anatomy specifically studies tissue?
Which subfield of anatomy specifically studies tissue?
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What aspect does physiology primarily focus on?
What aspect does physiology primarily focus on?
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Which of the following is a division of pathological physiology?
Which of the following is a division of pathological physiology?
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Which level of organization includes groups of similar cells that perform a specific function?
Which level of organization includes groups of similar cells that perform a specific function?
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What does developmental anatomy primarily study?
What does developmental anatomy primarily study?
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Which type of physiology would examine the workings of the heart?
Which type of physiology would examine the workings of the heart?
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Which term best describes the macroscopic study of the relationships between body parts?
Which term best describes the macroscopic study of the relationships between body parts?
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What is the basic unit of life studied in anatomy?
What is the basic unit of life studied in anatomy?
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Which of the following is NOT a basic function of organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a basic function of organisms?
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What position describes the body lying face down?
What position describes the body lying face down?
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In anatomical terminology, which term refers to a structure that is nearer to the midline of the body?
In anatomical terminology, which term refers to a structure that is nearer to the midline of the body?
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Which region of the body includes the chest, abdomen, and pelvis?
Which region of the body includes the chest, abdomen, and pelvis?
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Which directional term means 'away from the head'?
Which directional term means 'away from the head'?
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Which of the following terms represents a structure farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk?
Which of the following terms represents a structure farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk?
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What term describes the position of the oesophagus in relation to the trachea?
What term describes the position of the oesophagus in relation to the trachea?
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In anatomical position, the upper limbs are positioned in which direction?
In anatomical position, the upper limbs are positioned in which direction?
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Which anatomical position is characterized by the body being upright and facing forward?
Which anatomical position is characterized by the body being upright and facing forward?
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Which term would indicate a structure located nearer to the back of the body?
Which term would indicate a structure located nearer to the back of the body?
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Which major region of the body is defined as supporting the head and attaching to the trunk?
Which major region of the body is defined as supporting the head and attaching to the trunk?
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Which plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions?
Which plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions?
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What term describes a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides?
What term describes a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides?
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Which body cavity houses the heart and lungs?
Which body cavity houses the heart and lungs?
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What is the difference between the visceral and parietal layers of serous membranes?
What is the difference between the visceral and parietal layers of serous membranes?
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Which of the following regions is located in the abdominal cavity?
Which of the following regions is located in the abdominal cavity?
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What does the term 'oblique plane' refer to?
What does the term 'oblique plane' refer to?
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What position is the navel located in relation to the breastbone?
What position is the navel located in relation to the breastbone?
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Which of the following organs is primarily found in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?
Which of the following organs is primarily found in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?
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What structure does the pleura cover?
What structure does the pleura cover?
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Which term describes the area of the body encircled by bones and muscles of the pelvis?
Which term describes the area of the body encircled by bones and muscles of the pelvis?
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Which of the following best describes the thoracic cavity?
Which of the following best describes the thoracic cavity?
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Which body cavity is subdivided into the pericardial and pleural cavities?
Which body cavity is subdivided into the pericardial and pleural cavities?
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What anatomical term indicates a position towards the head or upper part of the body?
What anatomical term indicates a position towards the head or upper part of the body?
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Study Notes
MPharm Programme - Anatomy (PHA115)
- Course presented by Dr Praveen Bhugra
- Course code: PHA115
- University of Sunderland
Learning Objectives
- Understand, define and describe anatomy and physiology
- Identify different subspecialists of anatomy and physiology.
- Explain basic functions of organisms in detail.
- Understand and explain the six levels of organization.
- Briefly describe the 11 organ systems and their major functions.
- Explain anatomical positions, regional names and directional terms for the human body.
- Define major planes and sections of the body.
- Locate organs in specific cavities, quadrants, and regions of the body.
Introduction
- Anatomy and physiology are two branches of science.
- Both aid in understanding body parts and functions.
- Anatomy focuses on structure.
- Physiology focuses on body functions.
- Structure (anatomy) determines function (physiology).
Anatomy
- Anatomy (ana = up; tomy =process of cutting) is the process of cutting up to study body parts.
- Previously, anatomy focused on Descriptive Anatomy - understanding how the body's structure came to be.
- Human Anatomy studies shape, structure, origin, development in relation to function and external environment.
- Human anatomy aims to describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure, topography of organs and their relation to the individual (including sexual, constitutional aspects).
Anatomy (Subspecialties) - Gross or macroscopic
- Regional: studies structures within a specific region of the body (e.g., abdomen, leg)
- Systemic: studies gross anatomy of the body's systems (e.g., nervous, respiratory)
- Surface: studies internal structures in relation to the skin.
Anatomy (Subspecialties) - Microscopic
- Cytology: study of the cell
- Histology: study of tissues
Anatomy (Subspecialties) - Developmental
- Traces structural changes throughout life
- Embryology: studies developmental changes before birth.
Physiology
- Physiology (physis = nature; logia = study of) studies the normal function of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
- Physiology considers the operations of specific organ systems.
- Examples of specific systems include renal (kidney), neurophysiology (nervous system), and cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels) systems
- Physiology often focuses on functions at the cellular or molecular level.
Physiology (Subspecialties)
- Cell physiology: study of cells
- Special physiology: study of a specific organ
- Systemic physiology: study of a system
- Pathological physiology: study of the effect of disease on cells, tissues, organs, and systems
Anatomy and Physiology (Subspecialties) - Summary
- Lists further subspecialties within a table format
Basic Functions of Organisms
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
Comparative Anatomy
- All vertebrates share a basic organizational pattern, especially evident during embryology.
Levels of Organization
- Chemical: atoms → molecules
- Cellular: cells containing organelles
- Tissue: groups of cells and surrounding material
- Four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
- Organ: group of tissues performing a function
- System: group of organs with a common function
- Organism: contains all systems of an individual.
Levels of Organization (Diagrammed)
- Illustrative diagrams showing the progression of structural levels.
Organ Systems
- Lists of 11 organ systems, including their functions.
Integumentary System
- Skin and associated structures (hair, nails, glands).
- Functions: regulates body temperature, protects the body, eliminates wastes, and produces vitamin D; detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
Skeletal System
- Bones and joints, associated cartilages.
- Functions: supports and protects the body, provides attachment points to muscles, assists with movement, stores blood cells, and minerals and lipids.
Muscular System
- Skeletal muscles.
- Functions: brings about body movement and maintains posture; and generates heat.
Nervous System
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs.
- Function: regulates body activities by detecting changes, interpreting the changes, and responding through muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
Endocrine System
- Glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators (hormones).
- Functions: regulates body activities through hormones.
Cardiovascular System
- Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
- Function: heart pumps blood; blood transports oxygen and nutrients to cells; removes wastes; regulates body fluids, temperature, and acidity.
Lymphatic System and Immunity
- Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry immune responses.
- Functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites for maturation and proliferation of B and T cells, protecting against disease-causing microbes.
Respiratory System
- Lungs and air passageways (pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes).
- Function: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; regulates body fluid acidity; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
Digestive System
- Digestive tract organs (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus); accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas).
- Function: physically and chemically breaks down food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid waste.
Urinary System
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- Function: produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains mineral balance, helps regulate red blood cell production
Reproductive System
- Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina in females, and epididymis, vas deferens, penis in males); mammary glands.
- Function: gonads produce gametes that unite, releasing hormones that regulate reproduction and processes associated with organs. Mammary glands produce milk.
Clinical Connection: Diagnosis of Disease
- Distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
- Signs and symptoms
- Medical history—collecting info about the event, present illnesses, and past medical problems.
- Physical examination
- Orderly evaluation of the body and its function
- Noninvasive techniques and vital signs (pulse)
Basic Anatomical Terminology
- Common language about body structures and functions is vital in anatomy.
- Anatomists use standard anatomical position and specialized vocabulary to relate body parts.
Body Positions
- Anatomical position: body upright, standing erect, facing the observer, head and eyes forward, feet flat on the floor, upper limbs to the sides, palms forward.
- Supine: lying face up
- Prone: lying face down
Regional Names
- Describes regions of the body (head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs).
Directional Terms
- Describes positions of one body part relative to another (e.g., superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, intermediate, ipsilateral, contralateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep)
Planes and Sections
- Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts.
- Sagittal plane: divides body into right and left.
- Midsagittal: equal halves.
- Parasagittal: unequal halves
- Coronal (frontal) plane: divides body into anterior and posterior.
- Transverse plane: divides body into superior and inferior.
- Oblique plane: passes through body/organ at an angle.
- Sagittal plane: divides body into right and left.
Body Cavities
- Spaces within the body that protect, separate, and support internal organs.
- Cranial cavity (brain)
- Vertebral canal (spinal cord)
- Thoracic cavity (lungs, heart, esophagus)
- Abdominopelvic cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, and organs of reproduction)
- Abdominal cavity
- Pelvic cavity
- Serous membranes (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)
- Discusses the locations, layers, and functions of each.
Abdominopelvic Cavity: 4 and 9 Regions
- 4 Quadrants(RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ)
- 9 Regions, including descriptive names for each.
- Description of organ location within each quadrant.
Other Cavities
- Oral cavity
- Nasal cavity
- Orbital cavity
- Middle ear cavities
- Synovial cavities
Further Reading/Refer to Textbooks
- Lists various anatomy and physiology textbooks including authors and editions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. This quiz covers definitions, relationships, and key concepts within these essential biological sciences. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in the human body.
