Anatomy and Physiology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of anatomy as a science?

  • Focusing on the physiological functions of the body
  • Investigating the chemical processes within cells
  • Studying how organisms interact with their environment
  • Understanding the structure of body parts (correct)

    • Which of the following best defines physiology?

  • The investigation of diseases related to bodily organs
  • The study of the relationship between structure and function
  • The science that studies body functions (correct)
  • The examination of the chemical makeup of tissues

    • Which statement accurately describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

  • Anatomy determines physiology (correct)
  • Physiology determines the structure of body parts
  • Anatomy and physiology are completely unrelated
  • Anatomy only examines the functions of the body

    • What does 'anatomy' derive its name from?

    <p>Greek terms meaning the process of cutting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the levels of organization in biological systems?

    <p>Chemical, cellular, organismal, population, community, ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ system is NOT typically recognized in the study of human anatomy?

    <p>Energetic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'abdominopelvic quadrants' refer to?

    <p>The division of the lower torso into four distinct regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which directional term refers to a position closer to the midline of the body?

    <p>Medial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of gross anatomy?

    <p>Study of body systems as a whole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of anatomy specifically studies tissue?

    <p>Histology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does physiology primarily focus on?

    <p>Normal functioning of living organisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a division of pathological physiology?

    <p>Study of disease effects on organ systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of organization includes groups of similar cells that perform a specific function?

    <p>Tissue level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does developmental anatomy primarily study?

    <p>Embryonic changes before birth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of physiology would examine the workings of the heart?

    <p>Systemic physiology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the macroscopic study of the relationships between body parts?

    <p>Regional anatomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of life studied in anatomy?

    <p>Cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a basic function of organisms?

    <p>Adaptation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position describes the body lying face down?

    <p>Prone position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anatomical terminology, which term refers to a structure that is nearer to the midline of the body?

    <p>Medial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the body includes the chest, abdomen, and pelvis?

    <p>Trunk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which directional term means 'away from the head'?

    <p>Inferior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms represents a structure farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk?

    <p>Distal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the position of the oesophagus in relation to the trachea?

    <p>Posterior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anatomical position, the upper limbs are positioned in which direction?

    <p>To the sides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical position is characterized by the body being upright and facing forward?

    <p>Anatomical position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term would indicate a structure located nearer to the back of the body?

    <p>Posterior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major region of the body is defined as supporting the head and attaching to the trunk?

    <p>Neck (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions?

    <p>Frontal plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides?

    <p>Sagittal plane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body cavity houses the heart and lungs?

    <p>Thoracic cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the visceral and parietal layers of serous membranes?

    <p>Visceral layer covers organs; parietal lines cavities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regions is located in the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Hypogastric region (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'oblique plane' refer to?

    <p>A division at an angle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position is the navel located in relation to the breastbone?

    <p>Inferior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is primarily found in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?

    <p>Spleen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the pleura cover?

    <p>Lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the area of the body encircled by bones and muscles of the pelvis?

    <p>Pelvic cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Divided by the diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body cavity is subdivided into the pericardial and pleural cavities?

    <p>Thoracic cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical term indicates a position towards the head or upper part of the body?

    <p>Superior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Anatomy

    The branch of science that studies the structure of the body.

    Physiology

    The branch of science that studies the functions of the body.

    Subspecialists of Anatomy

    Specialized areas within anatomy that focus on specific body regions or systems.

    Basic Functions of Organisms

    The essential activities that keep an organism alive, including metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.

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    Six Levels of Organization

    The hierarchical levels of organization in the body, from the simplest (chemical level) to the most complex (organismal level): Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal.

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    Organ Systems

    Groups of organs that work together to perform major bodily functions. Examples include the nervous, skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, reproductive, and integumentary systems.

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    Anatomical Position

    A standardized position used to describe anatomical structures. The body is erect, feet together, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

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    Directional Terms

    Terms that describe anatomical locations relative to each other, such as superior (above), inferior (below), anterior (front), posterior (back), medial (towards midline), lateral (away from midline), proximal (closer to origin), distal (further from origin), superficial (close to surface), deep (farther from surface).

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    What is Anatomy?

    The study of the structure of the human body. It deals with the organization of the body, from the smallest cells to the largest systems.

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    What is Physiology?

    The study of the function of the human body, how the different parts work together to maintain life. It is about how structures perform their functions.

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    What is an organ system?

    A group of organs that work together to carry out a specific function in the body.

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    What is the integumentary system?

    The outermost layer of the body, providing protection, temperature regulation, and sensory input.

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    What is the skeletal system?

    Provides support, structure, and protection for the body. Bones, cartilage, and ligaments make up this system.

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    What is the muscular system?

    Enables movement, provides posture, and generates heat. Muscles, tendons, and ligaments are key components.

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    What is the nervous system?

    The body's control center, responsible for coordinating actions and transmitting information.

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    What is the endocrine system?

    A group of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate various bodily functions.

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    What is the cardiovascular system?

    Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

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    What is the lymphatic system?

    Maintains fluid balance, transports fats, and fights infections. Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and white blood cells are involved.

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    Human Anatomy

    The study of the human body's structure, including its shape, internal organization, and relationship to function.

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    Gross Anatomy

    The study of the structure of the body using visible features.

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    Microscopic Anatomy

    The study of the body's structures using a microscope.

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    Developmental Anatomy

    The study of structural changes occurring throughout a lifetime.

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    Regional Anatomy

    The study of the body's structure by dividing it into specific regions.

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    Systemic Anatomy

    The study of the body's structure by examining specific organ systems, like the digestive, circulatory, or nervous system.

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    Surface Anatomy

    The study of internal structures relating to the skin's surface.

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    Cytology

    The study of cells, the fundamental units of life.

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    Histology

    The study of tissues, groups of cells and their surrounding material.

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    Sagittal Plane

    A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides.

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    Midsagittal Plane

    A sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left sides.

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    Parasagittal Plane

    A sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal right and left sides.

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    Frontal Plane

    A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

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    Transverse Plane

    A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

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    Oblique Plane

    A plane that passes through the body or an organ at an angle.

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    Section

    A cut made along a plane to visualize structures within the body.

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    Abdominal Cavity

    The largest body cavity, located below the diaphragm, containing major digestive organs.

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    Pelvic Cavity

    The inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, containing the bladder, reproductive organs, and part of the large intestine.

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    Serous Membrane

    A membrane that lines body cavities and covers organs, reducing friction.

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    Pleura

    The serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity.

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    Pericardium

    The serous membrane that covers the heart and lines the pericardial cavity.

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    Peritoneum

    The serous membrane that covers abdominal organs and lines the abdominal cavity.

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    Body Cavities

    Spaces within the body that protect, separate, and support internal organs.

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    Cranial Cavity

    The space formed by the cranial bones, protecting the brain.

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    Study Notes

    MPharm Programme - Anatomy (PHA115)

    • Course presented by Dr Praveen Bhugra
    • Course code: PHA115
    • University of Sunderland

    Learning Objectives

    • Understand, define and describe anatomy and physiology
    • Identify different subspecialists of anatomy and physiology.
    • Explain basic functions of organisms in detail.
    • Understand and explain the six levels of organization.
    • Briefly describe the 11 organ systems and their major functions.
    • Explain anatomical positions, regional names and directional terms for the human body.
    • Define major planes and sections of the body.
    • Locate organs in specific cavities, quadrants, and regions of the body.

    Introduction

    • Anatomy and physiology are two branches of science.
    • Both aid in understanding body parts and functions.
    • Anatomy focuses on structure.
    • Physiology focuses on body functions.
    • Structure (anatomy) determines function (physiology).

    Anatomy

    • Anatomy (ana = up; tomy =process of cutting) is the process of cutting up to study body parts.
    • Previously, anatomy focused on Descriptive Anatomy - understanding how the body's structure came to be.
    • Human Anatomy studies shape, structure, origin, development in relation to function and external environment.
    • Human anatomy aims to describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure, topography of organs and their relation to the individual (including sexual, constitutional aspects).

    Anatomy (Subspecialties) - Gross or macroscopic

    • Regional: studies structures within a specific region of the body (e.g., abdomen, leg)
    • Systemic: studies gross anatomy of the body's systems (e.g., nervous, respiratory)
    • Surface: studies internal structures in relation to the skin.

    Anatomy (Subspecialties) - Microscopic

    • Cytology: study of the cell
    • Histology: study of tissues

    Anatomy (Subspecialties) - Developmental

    • Traces structural changes throughout life
    • Embryology: studies developmental changes before birth.

    Physiology

    • Physiology (physis = nature; logia = study of) studies the normal function of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
    • Physiology considers the operations of specific organ systems.
    • Examples of specific systems include renal (kidney), neurophysiology (nervous system), and cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels) systems
    • Physiology often focuses on functions at the cellular or molecular level.

    Physiology (Subspecialties)

    • Cell physiology: study of cells
    • Special physiology: study of a specific organ
    • Systemic physiology: study of a system
    • Pathological physiology: study of the effect of disease on cells, tissues, organs, and systems

    Anatomy and Physiology (Subspecialties) - Summary

    • Lists further subspecialties within a table format

    Basic Functions of Organisms

    • Metabolism
    • Responsiveness
    • Movement
    • Growth
    • Differentiation
    • Reproduction

    Comparative Anatomy

    • All vertebrates share a basic organizational pattern, especially evident during embryology.

    Levels of Organization

    • Chemical: atoms → molecules
    • Cellular: cells containing organelles
    • Tissue: groups of cells and surrounding material
      • Four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
    • Organ: group of tissues performing a function
    • System: group of organs with a common function
    • Organism: contains all systems of an individual.

    Levels of Organization (Diagrammed)

    • Illustrative diagrams showing the progression of structural levels.

    Organ Systems

    • Lists of 11 organ systems, including their functions.

    Integumentary System

    • Skin and associated structures (hair, nails, glands).
    • Functions: regulates body temperature, protects the body, eliminates wastes, and produces vitamin D; detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

    Skeletal System

    • Bones and joints, associated cartilages.
    • Functions: supports and protects the body, provides attachment points to muscles, assists with movement, stores blood cells, and minerals and lipids.

    Muscular System

    • Skeletal muscles.
    • Functions: brings about body movement and maintains posture; and generates heat.

    Nervous System

    • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs.
    • Function: regulates body activities by detecting changes, interpreting the changes, and responding through muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

    Endocrine System

    • Glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators (hormones).
    • Functions: regulates body activities through hormones.

    Cardiovascular System

    • Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
    • Function: heart pumps blood; blood transports oxygen and nutrients to cells; removes wastes; regulates body fluids, temperature, and acidity.

    Lymphatic System and Immunity

    • Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry immune responses.
    • Functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites for maturation and proliferation of B and T cells, protecting against disease-causing microbes.

    Respiratory System

    • Lungs and air passageways (pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes).
    • Function: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; regulates body fluid acidity; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

    Digestive System

    • Digestive tract organs (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus); accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas).
    • Function: physically and chemically breaks down food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid waste.

    Urinary System

    • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
    • Function: produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains mineral balance, helps regulate red blood cell production

    Reproductive System

    • Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina in females, and epididymis, vas deferens, penis in males); mammary glands.
    • Function: gonads produce gametes that unite, releasing hormones that regulate reproduction and processes associated with organs. Mammary glands produce milk.

    Clinical Connection: Diagnosis of Disease

    • Distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
    • Signs and symptoms
    • Medical history—collecting info about the event, present illnesses, and past medical problems.
    • Physical examination
    • Orderly evaluation of the body and its function
    • Noninvasive techniques and vital signs (pulse)

    Basic Anatomical Terminology

    • Common language about body structures and functions is vital in anatomy.
    • Anatomists use standard anatomical position and specialized vocabulary to relate body parts.

    Body Positions

    • Anatomical position: body upright, standing erect, facing the observer, head and eyes forward, feet flat on the floor, upper limbs to the sides, palms forward.
    • Supine: lying face up
    • Prone: lying face down

    Regional Names

    • Describes regions of the body (head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs).

    Directional Terms

    • Describes positions of one body part relative to another (e.g., superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, intermediate, ipsilateral, contralateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep)

    Planes and Sections

    • Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts.
      • Sagittal plane: divides body into right and left.
        • Midsagittal: equal halves.
        • Parasagittal: unequal halves
      • Coronal (frontal) plane: divides body into anterior and posterior.
      • Transverse plane: divides body into superior and inferior.
      • Oblique plane: passes through body/organ at an angle.

    Body Cavities

    • Spaces within the body that protect, separate, and support internal organs.
      • Cranial cavity (brain)
      • Vertebral canal (spinal cord)
      • Thoracic cavity (lungs, heart, esophagus)
      • Abdominopelvic cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, and organs of reproduction)
        • Abdominal cavity
        • Pelvic cavity
      • Serous membranes (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)
    • Discusses the locations, layers, and functions of each.

    Abdominopelvic Cavity: 4 and 9 Regions

    • 4 Quadrants(RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ)
    • 9 Regions, including descriptive names for each.
    • Description of organ location within each quadrant.

    Other Cavities

    • Oral cavity
    • Nasal cavity
    • Orbital cavity
    • Middle ear cavities
    • Synovial cavities

    Further Reading/Refer to Textbooks

    • Lists various anatomy and physiology textbooks including authors and editions.

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