PFC First Set PDF

# Introduction ## Course Aims: - Reflect on, and discuss, the local complexities of access to health care for individuals, families, and communities, as a socially and critically conscious health advocate. - Identify the social determinants of health for individuals, families, and communities. - R...

# Introduction ## Course Aims: - Reflect on, and discuss, the local complexities of access to health care for individuals, families, and communities, as a socially and critically conscious health advocate. - Identify the social determinants of health for individuals, families, and communities. - Reflect on and explain the influence of social determinants of health on individuals, families and communities, including the influence of local health care services to improve health outcomes in the community. - Integrate knowledge from health psychology, health sociology, medical humanities and community health to analyse health related challenges experienced by individuals, families and communities. - Apply the principles of effective communication to explore, support and influence individuals, families, and communities to promote health and wellness. - Explain primary health care through the lens of a Community-Oriented Primary Care (COPC) approach. - Discuss inter-professional practice at a community level and relate the practice to health outcomes. - Cultivate continuous personal development, lifelong learning and professional growth, to mature into a socially and critically conscious, reflective practitioner. ## Course Tasks: - Site visits (4 visits to assigned location) - Health-care provider shadowing (ANY practitioner, must be HPCBA registered) - Long-term patient engagement (use to find) # The Physician As The Healer ## Aims: - Differentiate between disease and illness and the physician's role in both. - Apply the physician's roles within the 5 dimensions of health. - Differentiate between the disempowering authoritarian role of a physician and that of mobilizing the patient's will to live and empowering the patient. - Identify the qualities that every physician requires within the 5 dimensions of health - **Health**- Complete state of physical/mental - **Healing** - Restoration to "normal" state. - **Disease** - Condition of the living body (Diagnoses). - **Illness** - Condition of body and mind (Perception of wellbeing). ## Authoritarian/Traditional Doctor's Role: - Assumption that the doctor knows best. - Acts in patient's best interest, therefore dominates the relationship. ## Patient-Centred Care: - About treating a person receiving healthcare with dignity. - Including them in their health. ## 5 Dimensions Of Health | Dimension | Description | |---|---| | Physical | Absence of disease or illness | | Mental | Cognitive ability, memory impacting their health | | Emotional | Mood and general emotional state | | Spiritual | Provides purpose and meaning in a person's life and health. Sense of overall purpose (pleasure, passions, pride). | | Social | Making and maintains meaningful relationships. | # Health Care Competencies: | Competency | |---|---| | Professional | | Communicator | | Medical Expert | | Scholar | | Health Advocate | | Leader | | Collaborator | # What Is A Physician? - Health facilitator - Assistant to healing - Communication - Listener - Continuous Learning - Empathy - Advocacy - Collaborator - Leadership # Understanding Human Connectedness: | | | |---|---| | **Knowing the Self** | **Seeing the Suffering Other** | | - Recognizing ones emotions and assumptions - Recalling ones own experiences | - Recognizing the individuality of suffering - Understanding spirituality/meaning - Acknowledging the life-altering impact of suffering | | | | |---|---| | **Understanding Human Connectedness:** Our connected humanity reveals the universality of suffering | **Responding to the Suffering Other:** - Practicing Compassionate and Supportive Presence - Sharing presence with the sufferer - Practicing active listening - Listening for meanings - Encouraging the voice of the sufferer - Asking questions - Acknowledging the impacts of suffering | "A good physician treats the disease. A great physician treats the patient with the disease." # Professional Identity Formation - Values And Roles 1: Becoming A Doctor: "From the beginning of time, people have tried to heal one another." ## Aims - The purpose of this session is to demonstrate the professional framework within which roles and identities will develop - Identify the core and enabling competencies that define a healthcare practitioner. - Evaluate the development of your professional identity within the HPCSA/Afrimed/Canmed guidelines framework ## Values: - The beliefs people have especially about what is right/wrong. - The principles that determine how you act. - Indicates how we interact. "If you are more fortunate than others, build a longer table, not a taller fence." ## Professions And The Social Compact: - Profession = work that requires a certain amount of training. - Comes with a degree of respect and responsibility. - With that power comes social compact/expectation (eg. To "do no harm"). ## Privilege And Self-Governance: Faking conscious responsibility for the tasks and interests of the profession, if necessary, act in opposition to the state. This is facilitated by the internalisation of a common attitude and understanding of the role of the profession and what constitutes appropriate behaviour. ## Professional Values: - Compassion: Empathy in Action - Respect: Honouring Patients' Autonomy - Integrity: Honesty and Transparency - Professionalism: Excellence in Practice - Communication: The Key to Effective Care - Teamwork: Collaborating for Patient Care Doctors' Values: The Heart of Healthcare By embracing these values, doctors provide high-quality, patient-centred care that honours the trust placed in them. # HPCSA Core Competencies: | Competency | |---|---| | Professional | | Communicator | | Healthcare Practitioner | | Scholar | | Health Advocate | | Leader & Manager | | Collaborator | ## I - Role Of The Healthcare Practitioner: As healthcare practitioners, healthcare professionals integrate all of the graduate attribute roles, applying profession-specific knowledge, clinical skills and professional attitudes in their provision of patient/client-centred care. The healthcare practitioner is the central role in the framework of graduate attributes. ## Points Of Rference For Understanding Role: - Batho Pele Principles - HPCSA guidelines. - CANMEDS - Constitution - Bill of Rights - Patient Rights Charter - Pfulandlela Pledge(Written by Wits HS faculty - WHO Consider how these guidelines and others determine/can be used to develop our personal and professional identity # Self-Reflection Mandate: Self-awareness gives you the capacity to learn from your mistakes as well as your successes. - Self-reflection and awareness. - Self-care - We cannot help others if we are not whole people ourselves. # Ethics Of Care: The purpose of this session is to critique the importance of the culture of a caring environment' with colleagues and peers and by extension an atmosphere of care for persons and families in the community. ## Aims: - Apply the knowledge of resolving ethical dilemmas through case study scenarios. - Clarify the application of virtue ethics and care ethics in medical practice using case scenarios. ## Ethics At Large: "There are many ethical/social theories" - Traditional ethical theories - Utilitarianism and deontology dominate - Society - See as made up of autonomous, rational individuals. - Rules, duties, justice, rights, impartiality, universality, utility, preference satisfaction. →Principalism - Developed as reaction to "There are 4 main principals doctors must maintain:" ## Autonomy: The patient/client - Autonomy is Latin for "self-rule" - Imposes an obligation to respect the autonomy of other persons - to respect the decisions made by other people concerning their own lives. - Autonomous consent rests on the principle of human dignity ### Negative Duty: - We may not interfere with the decisions of competent adults & - We have a positive duty to empower others for whom we're responsible. ### Corollary Principles: - We need to be honest in our dealings with others & - We have an obligation to keep promises. ## Beneficence: Health Professional - Has an obligation to bring about good in all our actions. ### Corollary Principle: - We must take positive steps to prevent harm. However, this corollary principle may place us in direct conflict with respecting the autonomy of other persons. ## Non-Maleficence: Health Professional - Have an obligation to act in such a way that we do not harm others/ commit a harmful act: "First, do no harm." - An obligation not to inflict harm intentionally. ### Corollary Principles: - Where harm cannot be avoided, we are obligated to minimize the harm we do. - Don't increase the risk of harm to others. - It is wrong to waste resources that could be used for good. - Combined beneficence and nonmaleficence as a single principle: Each action must produce more good than harm. ## Justice: Health Professional - We have an obligation to provide others with whatever they are owed or deserve. - We have an obligation to treat all people equally, fairly, and impartially. ### Corollary Principle: - Impose no unfair burdens. - Combining beneficence and justice: We are obligated to work for the benefit of those who are vulnerable or unfairly treated. ## Principalism: - Autonomy - Beneficence - Justice - General principles across the theories ## Normative Ethics: - Utilitarianism - Deontology - Virtue ethics - What we ought to do. # Care Ethics: Carol Gilligan - 1960s feminist perspective. - Widely applied in healthcare: nursing, health care, education, international relations, law, and politics. - Normative - Virtue Ethics - The person in traditional ethical theories – independent, isolated, rational, and self-interested. - Care = Understanding of the individual as an interdependent, relational being. - Importance of human relationships and emotion-based virtues such as benevolence, mercy, care, friendship, reconciliation, and sensitivity. ## Premises: - A human being is essentially dependent on others - Interdependency of human existence - Children dependent upon parents/ elderly dependent on children or carers/disabled persons rely on others - Human beings go through periods of dependency according to his or her age, physical or mental condition - Human life presupposes and is possible only by the care and support humans offer each other. ## Relationships, Person And Society: - A person is interdependent, integral (emotion, reason, and will), and relational. - Traditional gender underpinning. - The concept of the liberal individual is an abstract, illusory concept. - Western culture: the justice view of morality was traditionally cultivated and shared by men. ## Does Care = "Girly"?: - Women have traditionally been taught a different kind of moral outlook that emphasizes solidarity, community, and caring about one's special relationships. - Morality as care ignored or trivialized because women were traditionally in positions of limited power and influence - Justice view: focuses on doing the right thing even if it requires personal cost or sacrificing the interest of those to whom one is close. - Care view: We can/ should put the interests of those who are close to us above the interests of complete strangers, and we should cultivate our natural capacity to care for others and ourselves. ## Criticisms: - Care ethics developed as part of the feminist movement, and feminists have criticized care-based ethics for reinforcing traditional stereotypes of a 'good woman'. Is this still relevant? - Care ethics can promote favouritism which violates fairness and impartiality. - Care ethics must address various issues, including how it can integrate traditional ethical values ie justice, etc ## What Should We Care About? - Chosen a caring profession - looking after needs of others. - Individual and their relationships to their families - Their relationships to us and their communities - Each patient has their own "village" /baggage. - Our families and our own relationships - Look after yourself # Virtue Ethics: Is not an either/ or with other theories - Virtue ethics: developed by Aristotle and other ancient Greeks. - Quest to understand and live a life of moral character. - Assumes that we acquire virtue through practice. →PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT? - By practicing being honest, brave, just, generous, and so on, a person develops an honourable and moral character. - According to Aristotle, by honing virtuous habits, people will make the right choice when faced with ethical challenges. # Theory Of Social Justice: Equality, equity, rights, participation. - Social justice = the fairness of a society's wealth and resource distribution, as well as the distribution of privileges and opportunities. - Discrimination based on traits like race or gender goes against the principles of social justice, which include human rights, access, participation, and equity. - John Rawls Justice as fairness ## Ethics Of Care: Ethics of care encompasses the values and characteristics a (health-care) professional is expected to have, develop, and uphold. # Interprofessional Learning And Practice: ## Aims: - Describe the concept of interprofessional (collaborative) learning - Categorize the different professionals and their roles within a community-oriented, primary -care practice - WHO framework for interprofessional practice. ## What Is Interprofessional Practice: - A collaborative practice — working with professionals in your profession, outside your profession, and with your patients. - It involves having an understanding of the roles of different professionals. - We need an understanding of everyone's scope of practice. - We should learn about each other, with each other, and from each other. - Healthcare challenges are overcome by effective teamwork. - There is a correlation between effective teamwork and positive patient outcomes. - We need to manage a patient collaboratively. ## IPP In SA: - Chronic shortage of healthcare workers in our country. - Patients experience long waiting times in queues to collect medication and achieve care. - A delay in referral to the appropriate healthcare professional for triage. - We need a better understanding of where different patients should be referred to. - There is a breakdown of effective communication through the referral process. - There exists poor communication between different healthcare providers. - Lack of collaboration — this is a result of pride, egos, and defensiveness. ## Benefits Of An Interprofessional Team: - Better patient outcome. - Reduced medical errors — you only fill your role — not outside the scope of expertise. - Improves staff relations — less delay to referral process. - Mutual respect for roles and responsibilities. - Improved quality of care. - Enhances job satisfaction. - Improved patient-centeredness. ## In Terms Of Inequality In SA: - An interprofessional team addresses this as you will be able to shift patients to the relevant workers. - We open up opportunities as targeted care can be provided. ## Patient Case Study: - Man who lives alone, smokes and drinks (but not excessively) has a stroke and is brought to the ER. - Who do you (as a PHC) call first? - We should think chronologically — process of referral and levels of care. - Consider receival care (Emergency Department), in the wards, and post-discharge care. - Specialist care and long-term care. - Dental care (dentists, oral hygienist) – smoking, stroke (difficulty feeding), and long-term dental care. - VCT councilor — obtaining HIV status (should be every 3 months). - Social Workers. - Medical aid or financing. - We should consider an internal medicine specialist before being referred to further specialists — we should consider the chief complaints and complications. # Ecology Of Medical Practice And COPC: Community orientated primary care ## Aims: - Describe the concept and context ' medical ecology and its significance in the context of health care delivery. - Explore community mapping techniques. - Identify the various components of medical ecology, including the interaction between humans, pathogens, and the environment. ## Medical-Ecological Approaches To Health: - Medical ecology examines the relationships of health to physical, biological, and social environments such as climatic conditions, plants and animals, and population dynamics - Medical ecology uses evolutionary perspectives to examine the relationship of human' evolved genetic potentials to their health conditions (eg., thrifty genotype, sickle cell anaemia gene's over- dominance in African malaria-endemic area) Darwinion/evolutionary medicine: Overlap of medicine e - evolutionary biology. - Medical ecology can/ should put the interests of those who are close to us above the interests of complete strangers, and we should cultivate our natural capacity to care for others and ourselves. ## History Of Ecology: - In 1866, Ernst Maeckel, a German blologist, proposed the name ecology for the study of the relationships between organisms and environment, then known as the balance or the economy of nature at that time - Lamarck In France, and Darwin in England, defended distinct mechanisms for biological evolution. Lamarck accepted the Inheritance of body parts alterations in response to both external physical environmental factors and Internal urges to satisfy new needs and demands. - Darwin laid more emphasis an the natural selection of individual variations and, although recognising the influence of physical factor in evolution, defended the notion that morphological, physiological, and behavioural adaptations gave an organism an edge to survive and to leave viable offspring. ## Ecological System Theory: - Theoretical contributions of developmental psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005). He articulated a theory in a series of propositions and hypotheses in his most cited book, The Ecology of Human Development (1979) and further developing it in The Bioecological Model of Human Development. A primary contribution of ecological systems theory was to systemically examine contextual variability in development processes. As the theory evolved, it placed increasing emphasis on the role of the developing person as an active agent in development and on understanding developmental process rather than "social addresses" (e.g. gender, ethnicity)as explanatory mechanisms. # The Continental Axis Theory: Prof, Jared Diamond. Guns, Germs and Steel - East - West axis share similar climatic zones as the latitude remains almost constant - North-South axis confronts with changes in climatic zones (temperature, etc) - Physical barriers (rain forest, swamps, mountain range) prevented the diffusion of domesticable and technology - Geographic areas offered different resources opportunities. This model could also indicate path of disease as well as how common environments/lifestyle served a disease determinant. → ecologically influenced susceptibility etc. ## Suggests That The Orientation Of A Continent's Axis Significantly Influences The Diffusion Of Agriculture, Technology, And Ideas: - The theory distinguishes between continents with primarily east-west axes (like Eurasia) and those with north-south axes (like the Americas and Africa). - Diamond argues that these geographical differences contributed to the varying rates of development in human societies, influencing the distribution of wealth and power throughout history. + DISEASE # Medical Ecology Model: | Factors | Description | |---|---| | Nonhuman Nature (e.g. green space) | Provides ecosystem services | | Ecosystem Services | Whose impacts are affected by the principle of environmental justice | | Environmental Ethics | Fosters integration of eco-health perspectives that maximizes public health benefits | | Public Health Benefits | Leads to equitable distribution of nature-mediated interactions of humans, pathagens and the environment.| # Integrative Concepts Of Health And Disease By Human Ecological Medicine: - George L Engel (1913-1999): bio-psycho social model (1977) that helps understand health and disease in the context of "psychosomatics". - In parallel, "environmental health" came up, emphasizing the health effects of the physico-chemical environment in order to establish a multi-faceted but integrated theoretical view on health and disease, a human-ecological framework is proposed. - Human ecology, with a view to philosophical anthropology, is concerned with the study of the human-environment relationship and can be characterized as "the ecology of the person". It focuses on the central term "relationship" and its variations, and also offers a theoretical orientation to the multiprofessional practice of clinical work. ## Human-Environment Relationship And Its Variants: - Person-environment relations as a structure of single or double give-take relations, or give-give, or take-rake relations, and additional reciprocal rejection relations. - The overall relationship can result in pathogenic imbalances ↳eg. Incan downfall due to swine flu brought by the Spanish. # Community-Orientated Primary Care (COPC) In SA: ## Sedibeng's Logic: | Category | Description | |---|---| | CHD | community health diagnosis | | Biology | Health status | | Access to services | Epi, Morbidity, Mortality | | Determinants | Test, Job description | | Population | CHWS, Census, Aerial estimations | | Consulting units | Equipment & drugs | | HR | Budget & planning | ## COPC'S Qualitative Difference (with the Current System) Includes The Process Of Care: - Access - Process of care - Impact - CHD # Health Analysis By Components: ## Environment: - Natural (Biotic and Abiotic) - Socio-economic (way of life) ## Biology - Demography - Life style - Morbidity - Mortality ## Health Services: - Access and coverage - Infrastructure - Personnel - Referral system ## Environment: Natural - Assessment method: inspection - Secondary source of Info: not avallable - Intersectoral: not achieved - Participation: not achieved - Compacted and eroded soil - Poor forestry resources (low tree density) - Perceived high air pollution - Swamp with high infestation by mosquitoes - Floods during rainy season - Stray pigs feeding and roaming around ## Environment: Socio-Economic - Assessment method: inspection, Interview and CHD questionnalre - Secondary source of Info: not available - Intersectoral: not achieved - Participation: mobilization - Incomplete and poorly maintained roads - RDP houses architectural design may present a hazard (ventilation, temperature) - Excessive high voltage electricity pylons crossing the area - Insufficient illumination at night - Poorly maintained drainage system (swamp and floods areas) - No garbage disposal system in place resulting in build-up of garbage heaps - No organised intra-community transport system - No recreational and sport facilities. No leisure areas available - Chaotic proliferation of informal dwellings and house enlargement for commercial purposes - Πο organised agricultural, manufacturing or industrial activities In the community - High unemployment and high percentage of population under poverty line - EPDR = 2.3 (10 supporting 23) Frequent dysfunctional family structures - Perceived high Incident of crime (no stats) - Civic society fragmented and dysfunctional - Extremely reticulated and efficient distribution of alcoholic beverages ## Biology: Demography - Assessment method: CHD questionnalre - Secondary source of info: poor design and of poor use - Intersectoral: not achieved – Participation: not achieved - Population pyramid show: (developing country) - High fertility and mortality - Characteristic infectious diseases mortality pattern - Low life expectancy - Possible high migrations rate ## Biology: Life Style "way of life" determinants leave little room for alternative improvement in life style - Perceived very high alcohol consumption - Perceived high tobacco consumption - Perceived high dagga consumption - Limited choices for healthier feeding - Observed prevalent sedentary life amongst adults and specially females - Perceived youth engaging in risky practices (fernales tavern visits and rape) - Perceived high frequency of promiscuous and unprotected sex - Observed hesitation to attending HCT - Observed poor compliance to medical treatments - Perceived poor attention to communal issues - High frequency of un-planned pregnancies # Primary Health Care As An Approach To Care Delivery: ## Aims: - Define Primary Health Care (PHC) as an approach to the delivery of primary care. - Locate the centrality of the PHC approach in delivering care in South Africa. - Discuss PHC as part of the global health agenda, considering the importance of Universal Health Coverage. ## Intro To PHC And The Alma Ata Declaration: - Primary health care is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their Full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination. It forms an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process. (Section VI, Alma Ata Declaration of 1978) ## The Alma Ata Declaration: - The landmark event for primary health care was the International Conference on Primary Health Care that took place at Alma-Ata from September 6 to 12, 1978. - Alma-Ara was the capital of the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan, located in the Asiatic region of the then Soviet Union. - The conference was attended by 3000 delegates from 134 governments and 67 international organizations from all over the world - The conference's main document, the Declaration of Alma-Ata, which was already known by many participants, was approved by acclamation. - The slogan "Health for All by the Year 2000” was coined - Three key ideas permeate the declaration: - “appropriate technology”; - Lopposition to medical elitism; - And the concept of health as a tool for socioeconomic development. - The primary health care approach became the fundamental means for improving health. ## What Is PHC? - PHC is both a philosophy of health care and a model for providing services that support health. - Effective PHC is community-based and promotes healthy lifestyles as a pathway to disease and injury prevention. - PHC Provides continuing care and recognizes the importance of the broad determinants of health. - It is an approach to the delivery of health care to ensure people enjoy the highest attainable level of health. - It recognises that health is a human right and takes seriously the principles of equity and social justice ## How Should PHC Be Delivered?: - PHC should include: - First Contact Care - Essential services - Disease prevention and health promotion - Accessible care - Affordable care - Acceptable care - Comprehensive care - Continuous care - Co-ordinated care - A community-centered approach to care - Relevant stakeholders ## Therefore, Pre Needs To Provide: - Health promotion services - Preventive services - Curative services - Rehabilitative services ## How Can PHC Be Achieved?: - The ultimate goal of primary health care is better health for all. - The WHO has identified five key elements to achieving that goal: - Reducing exclusion and social disparities in health (universal coverage reforms) - health services around people's needs and expectations (service reforms) - Integrating health into all sectors (public policy reforms) - Pursuing collaborative models of policy dialogue (leadership reforms) - Increasing stakeholder participation. ## Sustainable Developement Goals: - Goal 3 speaks directly to health - All of these goals can be used to achieve PHC. - All speak to the determinants of health. # COPC Tools: Community-Oriented Primary Care (COPC) integrates principles of public health and primary care to improve health outcomes at the community level. A core aspect of COPC involves the use of specific tools to systematically assess, analyze, and address health issues. ## Introduction: ### Situational Analysis → Understand the problem - Situational analysis is a comprehensive process that assesses the current health status of a community, identifies existing resources and gaps, and determines the factors influencing health outcomes. This tool involves collecting quantitative and qualitative data to create a detailed picture of the community's health landscape. - Key components of situational analysis include: - Demographic Assessment: Examining the population structure, including age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. - Health Status Evaluation: Reviewing morbidity and mortality data to identify prevalent health issues and trends. - Resource Inventory: Cataloging available healthcare facilities, workforce, and other resources within the community. - Environmental Scan: Identifying social, economic, and environmental factors impacting health. - The situational analysis provides a foundation for evidence-based decision-making, helping healthcare providers to prioritize interventions and allocate resources effectively. stur ### LISA Tool → Understand the stakeholders - The LISA tool is a strategic framework designed to analyze and understand the interactions between the locality, institutions, stakeholders, and activities within a community. It emphasizes a holistic approach to community health by considering the interconnectedness of various elements. - Locality: Examines the geographical, cultural, and socioeconomic characteristics of the community. - Institution: Focuses on the roles and capacities of healthcare institutions and other organizations within the community. - Stakeholders: Identifies key stakeholders, including community members, healthcare providers, policymakers, and other relevant parties. - Activity: Analyzes the ongoing health activities, programs, and interventions in the community. - The LISA tool helps to identify gaps and opportunities for collaboration, ensuring that health interventions are contextually appropriate and culturally sensitive. By understanding the dynamics within a community, healthcare providers can design and implement more effective and sustainable health programs. ### SWOT Tool → Understand internal and external factors - The SWOT tool is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to a specific project, organization, or community health initiative. It provides a structured framework for identifying internal and external factors that can impact the success of health interventions. - Strengths: Internal attributes that contribute to the success of the health initiative, such as skilled healthcare providers, robust infrastructure, or strong community engagement. - Weaknesses: Internal limitations or challenges that hinder progress, such as limited funding, inadequate facilities, or lack of trained personnel. - Opportunities: External factors that could be leveraged to enhance the health initiative, including funding opportunities, technological advancements, or partnerships with other organizations. - Threats: External factors that pose risks or challenges, such as policy changes, economic downturns, or emerging health threats. - By conducting a SWOT analysis, healthcare providers can develop strategic plans that capitalize on strengths and opportunities while addressing weaknesses and mitigating threats. This tool is essential for adaptive and resilient community health planning. ## The Effective Implementation Of COPC Requires Systematic Tools To Assess And Address Community Health Needs: - Situational Analysis, the LISA tool, and the SWOT tool each play a crucial role in this process. Situational Analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the community's health status and resources. The LISA tool offers insights into the dynamic interactions within the community, ensuring culturally and contextually relevant interventions. SWOT analysis aids in strategic planning by identifying internal and external factors that influence health outcomes. Together, these tools empower healthcare providers to create targeted, sustainable, and effective health programs that improve the well-being of communities. # People In The PFC Space: The purpose of this session is to deepen students' understanding of the healthcare system, enhance their communication skills, and encourage reflection on their professional development. You will be introduced to the People in the PFC space. ## Aims: - Review the importance of patient-centeredness in HCP interactions. Students will be able to describe the healthcare experience from a patient's perspective, identifying key challenges and positive interactions within the healthcare system. - Appraise Communication Skills from both an HCP and a patient perspective. Students will appraise the need for improved communication skills in the engagement between patients and healthcare providers: showing empathy, active listening, and understanding of diverse communication styles. - Analyze Healthcare Delivery: Students will analyze the roles and interactions between different healthcare professionals in patient care, highlighting the importance of interprofessional collaboration for effective healthcare delivery. - Reflect on Personal and Professional Development: Students will reflect on their own attitudes and assumptions about patient care and professional roles, identifying areas for personal growth and development in their future practice as healthcare providers. ## Stakeholders In PFC: ### Government Bodies: - National department of Health (NDOH): - Formulates national health policies, strategies, and guidelines. - Oversees the overall implementation and monitoring of health services. - Provides funding and resources to provincial health departments. - Provincial Health Departments: - Implement national health policies at the provincial level. - Manage healthcare facilities and services within their respective provinces. - Allocate and manage provincial health budgets. - Local Municipalities: - Ensure the provision of primary healthcare services at the local level. - Operate local clinics and health centers. - Promote public health initiatives and campaigns. ### Healthcare Professionals: - General Practitioners (GPs) and Nurses: - Provide frontline medical care, including diagnosis, treatment, and preventive services. - Manage chronic diseases and offer patient education on health maintenance. - Community Health Workers (CHWS): - Conduct home visits and provide basic healthcare services and education. - Act as a link between the community and healthcare facilities. - Assist in health promotion and disease prevention activities. - Pharmacists: - Dispense medications and provide pharmaceutical care. - Offer advice on medication management and health education.