Period 1 & 2 Review: America Before The Revolution (PDF)

PERIOD 1 & 2 REVIEW America before the Revolution: 1492 - 1754  THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE CONTEXT: Exploration motivated by God, gold & glory and made possible by improvements in navigation. Countries competing to control trade routes EFFECTS: Most significantly, native population was decimated by...

PERIOD 1 & 2 REVIEW America before the Revolution: 1492 - 1754  THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE CONTEXT: Exploration motivated by God, gold & glory and made possible by improvements in navigation. Countries competing to control trade routes EFFECTS: Most significantly, native population was decimated by smallpox (almost 90% reduction in population) European life expectancy increases with incorporation of calorically dense food like the potato This was the first land in the New World to be HISTORICAL CONTEXT destroyed and depopulated by the Christians, and here they began their subjection of the women and children, taking them away from the Indians to use PURPOSE them and ill use them, eating the food they provided with their sweat and toil. The Spaniards did not content themselves with what the Indians POINT OF VIEW gave them of their own free will, according to their ability, which was always too little to satisfy enormous appetites, for a Christian eats and consumes in one day an amount of food that would suffice to feed three houses inhabited by ten Indians for one month. And they committed other acts of force and violence and oppression which made the Indians realize that these men had not come from Heaven. And some of the Indians CRITIQUES OF SPANISH concealed their foods while others concealed their wives and children and still others fled to the TREATMENT OF NATIVES mountains to avoid the terrible transactions of the Bartolome de las Christians. MERCANTILISM The economic theory that a favorable balance of trade generates wealth, which a government should ensure by implementing protective laws and tariffs. FROM SALUTARY NEGLECT TO THE NAVIGATION ACTS Did not enforce trade regulations until the passage of the mid-17th century Navigation Acts. Under the Navigation Acts, colonists could only buy and sell goods from/to Britain. Any foreign goods had to pass through British ports first (where tariffs could be collected) → failed to significantly change colonial behavior. Molasses Act (1733) imposed heavy duties on French molasses. Dominion of New THE IMPERIAL POWERS: COMPARE & CONTRAST SPANISH FRENCH DUTCH Conquistadors Fur trappers Traders subdued the Aztec, Single men - made Settled in New Maya & Inca alliances with and Amsterdam (est. by the married Native Dutch West India Established the Americans Company in 1629) encomienda system - the crown granted Jesuit missionaries Dutch governor Peter landowners rights to attempted to Minuit formally native labor in exchange Christianize “purchased” Manhattan for promises that they from the local tribe for would Christianize them Primarily in Canada & $24 West of the Intermarriage common Appalachians (Quebec 1664 - Taken over by (Mestizos) City est. 1608 by English → “New York” Samuel de Champlain) COLONIAL REGIONS NEW ENGLAND - Puritan; settled by families; longer life expectancy--better climate and less disease; merchants & artisans; subsistence farming MIDDLE COLONIES - “bread basket” but also trade in cities like NYC & Philadelphia CHESAPEAKE - Virginia & Maryland: tobacco farming but also trade on the coast. SOUTHERN COLONIES - Plantation- based; labor-intensive staple crops (rice, indigo, cotton); small number of UNIQUE COLONIAL IDENTITIES VIRGINIA - Jamestown (1607) est. by joint stock company looking for gold → “Starving time” - John Rolfe introduced tobacco MASSACHUSETTS BAY - Pilgrims on Mayflower settled on Plymouth (1620) Separatists - wanted to create a “city upon a hill” according to John Winthrop MARYLAND - Catholic; religious toleration for all Christians RHODE ISLAND - Roger Williams - separation of church & state & toleration PENNSYLVANIA - Quakers, tolerant of religions COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS TREND: loosely controlled by Britain; experiment with self-government though all have restrictions on voting based on gender, race, property & religion. Virginia House of Burgesses - (1619) The first elected legislative assembly in the colonies. 2 elected representatives from each county established laws and taxation Mayflower Compact - (1620) signed aboard the Mayflower, pledging to establish a civil government with the authority to enact laws. Fundamental Orders - (1635) Connecticut established a representative government of “substantial citizens;” considered the first SLAVERY TRENDS: indentured servants more numerous than slaves until after Bacon’s Rebellion (1676). More slaves were imported to the Indies and South America than to North America. Labor intensive crops [sugar, rice & tobacco] required a large workforce. Middle Passage - led to the death of ⅕ of slaves Stono Rebellion -(1739) slave revolt THE GREAT AWAKENING TREND: challenged tradition, hierarchy, and quiet rationalism characteristic of colonial Protestants. Ultimately led to a more populist, democratic way of thinking. Fiery ministers from England (Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield) preached a more personal, emotional religion. Open-air sermons across the colonies attracted thousands of believers  So that, thus it is that natural men are held in the hand of God, over the pit of hell; they have deserved the fiery pit, and are already sentenced to it; and God is dreadfully provoked, his anger is as great towards them as to those that are actually suffering the executions of the fierceness of his wrath in hell, and they have done nothing in the least to appease or abate that anger, neither is God in the least bound by any promise to hold them up one moment; the devil is waiting for them, hell is gaping for them, the flames gather and flash about them, and would fain lay hold on them, and swallow them up; the fire pent up in their own hearts is struggling to break out: and they have no interest in any Mediator, there are no means within reach that can be any security to them. In short, they have no refuge, nothing to take hold of, all that preserves them every JONATHAN EDWARDS moment is the mere arbitrary will, and uncovenanted, unobliged forbearance of an incensed God. The use of this SINNERS IN THE HANDS OF AN ANGRY GOD, 1741 awful subject may be for awakening unconverted persons in this congregation. DOCUMENT ANALYSIS Although New England and the Chesapeake Region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. Why did this difference in Group leader: (create & share the doc) development occur? Person whose first name is 1st alphabetically Each person in your group will summarize a document & then you will discuss your  DOCUMENT ANALYSIS Make a copy & share with your group + teacher (as an editor) DOCUMENT 1 DOCUMENT 5 DOCUMENT 2 & 3 DOCUMENT 6 DOCUMENT 4 DOCUMENT 7  TEACHER NOTE: You may need to make your own copy SAMPLE DOCUMENT ANALYSIS of this document to share with students due to school Winthrop was a Puritan preacher and his views on sharing restrictions Social hierarchy is apparent. Mentions people living according to God’s word are reflected here. looking for gold. Negative tone. Also This would shape the Massachusetts Bay colony to be focused on religion & creating a “City upon attempted mutiny shows lack of unity, unlike a Hill” (New England) New England (Chesapeake) DOCUMENT 1 DOCUMENT 5 People of all ages – presumably families – arriving in the New England colony. More developed Asking for help in defending Virginia from the infrastructure like schools in the New England Dutch. Reveals that there are a few families but region. Virginia mostly men. Colony for economic many of the settlers are single men and people in gain (joint stock co) debt. Shows instability too (Chesapeake) DOCUMENT 2 & 3 DOCUMENT 6 Living more equally and communally based on Reveals the social conflict between the rich and the ideas of the Bible. Also see more families will poor. CONTEXT/POV – led the rebellion of other inhabit the region. (New England) freed indentured servants. (Chesapeake) DOCUMENT 4 DOCUMENT 7 THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR: a turning point in the relationship between England and its colonies  HTS: CONTEXTUALIZATION - the ability to place historical events within a larger context. Connecting an event to the bigger picture— what else was happening at CONTEXT: the same time in different places, how this fits in with events that came before and after it, and what larger processes are at play. → Competition between Britain & France for global dominance in previous wars (Queen Anne’s War, War of Austrian Succession, etc.) → dispute over territory in North America: French moving south and British moving west into the Ohio River Valley. → Most Native Americans took the side of the French due to better relations with French settlers → The colonies did not share a sense of common identity, so uniting them behind the war was a challenge (evidenced by the Albany Congress of 1754) OUTCOME & EFFECTS Treaty of Paris (1763) British gained control of Canada & everything East of the Mississippi River, but France maintained its colonies in the West Indies Native Americans lost ability to play Europeans off each other and left to deal with the more hostile British TENSIONS BUILD: British war debt → colonial taxes increased. After Pontiac’s Rebellion, England issued the Proclamation of 1763 forbidding settlement west of the Appalachians STIMULUS BASED MULTIPLE CHOICE 55 questions on AP Exam. Many Quizzes will include SBMC Huron Carol or “Twas in the moon of wintertime," composed by Jean de Brébeuf in the Native American language of the Huron people i 1643, translated by Jesse Edgar Middleton “In excelsis gloria. The earliest moon of Within a lodge of broken wintertime bark Is not so round and fair The tender babe was As was the ring of found glory A ragged robe of rabbit On the helpless skin Infant there En-wrapped The chiefs from far before His beauty round Him knelt But as the hunter braves With gifts of fox and beaver drew nigh pelt The angel song rang loud [Refrain]” and high [Refrain] 1. The song above was most likely a 17th- century artifact from European colonization efforts of the: a. English. b. French. c. Portuguese. d. Spanish. 2. The European colonization model evidenced by the song above A. used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire products for export to Europe. B. established tight control over the colonization process to convert and/or exploit the population. C. sent colonists to acquire land and populate their settlements while having relatively hostile relationships with American Indians. 3. Which of the following is LEAST representative of 16th- and 17th-century European colonial practices? A. A desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity B. Attempts to change American Indian beliefs and worldviews on basic social issues such as religion, gender roles, and the family C. Rapid and substantial growth of evangelical and fundamentalist Christian churches and organizations D. The embrace of different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, JIGSAW LTs: Tomorrow, you will be working with groups to become an expert on one of the 8 LTs for the unit JIGSAW LEARNING TARGETS 1. I can explain the effects of the initial European contact with the Americas, including the Columbian Exchange. 2. I can describe the encomienda system and both native & European responses to Spanish colonization. 3. I can compare the goals of Europeans in exploration and conquest and analyze how that affected their interactions with natives. 4. I can discuss the unique characteristics of the British colonies on the Atlantic seaboard by region and by colony. 5. I can describe the transatlantic trade system that developed and how it advanced mercantilist goals 6. I can identify examples of cooperation & conflict between natives and Europeans 7. I can track the causes and effects of the rise of slavery in the colonies. 8. I can describe the development of political institutions in the British colonies and evaluate the extent to which they were democratic. THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR: a turning point in the relationship between England and its colonies BIG QUESTION: In what ways did this mark a turning point in the relationship between England and its American colonies? CONTEXT: LONG TERM CAUSES During the late 17th & 18th c, a series of 4 global wars broke out between competing European colonial powers Britain, France, and Spain. ○ The winner of the struggle stood to gain supremacy in the West Indies and Canada and to dominate the lucrative colonial trade. ○ The first three wars between England and France focused primarily on battles in Europe and only secondarily on conflict in the colonies → European powers saw little value in sending troops to America. In the final war [THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR] the fighting began in the colonies and DIRECT CAUSE From the British point of view, the French provoked the war by building a chain of forts in the Ohio River Valley. One of the reasons the French did so was to halt the westward growth of the British colonies. Hoping to stop the French from completing work on Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) and to win control of the Ohio River Valley, the governor of Virginia sent a small militia under the command of a young colonel named George Washington. After gaining a small initial victory, Washington’s troops surrendered to a THE ALBANY PLAN OF UNION (1754) Recognizing the need for coordinating colonial defense, the British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, New York The delegates from seven colonies adopted a plan—the Albany Plan of Union—developed by Benjamin Franklin The plan provided for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes for their common defense. Each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan so it never took effect.  BRADDOCK’S BLUNDERS In 1755 General Braddock led a force of “[British troops] were struck with such a panic 1,500 British regulars and Virginia militiamen that they behaved with out of Fort Cumberland in western Maryland more cowardice than it is to oust the French from Fort Duquesne possible to conceive. The As Braddock neared the fort, the French and officers behaved gallantly, in order to encourage their their Indian allies set out to ambush his force men, for which they and unexpectedly met the British along a suffered greatly.” narrow roadway. The French and Indians fanned out to attack from the woods, winning decisively The British casualties — 450 killed, 500 wounded — included General Braddock, who later died from his wounds. Witnessing these defeats first-hand shattered  NATIVE AMERICANS TAKE SIDES Due to more positive relationships with French colonists who often lived side- by-side with Native Americans as fur trappers and traders, the majority of Native American tribes backed the French. However, numerous tribes remained neutral, fought alongside the British or shifted allegiances with the winds of war. The Iroquois Confederacy, initially neutral, eventually allied with the British in 1758,  BRITISH VICTORY In London, William Pitt, the new British prime minister, concentrated the government’s military strategy on conquering Canada. ○ This objective was accomplished with the retaking of Louisbourg, the surrender of Quebec, and the taking of Montreal by 1760. With these victories and the signing of a peace treaty in 1763, the British extended their control of North America, and French power on the continent virtually ended. Through the peace treaty (the Peace of Paris), Britain acquired French Canada and Spanish Florida.  RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRITAIN & THE COLONISTS The British came away from the war with a low opinion of the colonial military effort. ○ They considered the American militia a poorly trained, disorderly rabble. ○ They also noted that some of the colonies had refused to contribute either troops or money to the war effort. ○ The British were convinced that the colonists were both unable and unwilling to defend the new frontiers of the vastly expanded British empire. The colonists took an opposite view of their military performance. ○ They developed confidence that they could successfully provide for their own defense. ○ Colonists were not impressed with British troops or their leadership, whose methods of warfare WAR DEBT & TAXATION Previously, Britain exercised little direct control over the colonies and had allowed its Navigation Laws to go unenforced. ○ This earlier policy of salutary neglect was now abandoned as the British saw a need to adopt more forceful policies for taking control of their expanded North American dominions. The wars had been extremely costly. ○ King George III and the dominant political party in Parliament (the Whigs) pursued a colonial policy aimed at solving Britain’s domestic financial problems. ○ Making the American colonies bear more of the cost of maintaining the British empire would lead to increased colonial taxes which  LET’S REFLECT: In what ways did this mark a turning point in the relationship between England and its American colonies?