Chapter 2: How Government Operates (PDF)

Chapter 2 How does government operate systems of government began a long time ago. Congress gave the U.S. constitution back ratify- make and to law The constitution is being interpreted every day. The constitution is a never-ending process. In 1920 women were allowed to vote. We barrowed from th...

Chapter 2 How does government operate systems of government began a long time ago. Congress gave the U.S. constitution back ratify- make and to law The constitution is being interpreted every day. The constitution is a never-ending process. In 1920 women were allowed to vote. We barrowed from the English the most because the people in America were fighting with Great Britian. most of the people in America were English. Three basic concepts of government 1. Ordered government- structure and law orderly regulation when they deal with Great Britain, Native Americans, and Spain they should have regulations with each other. 2. Limited government- not all powerful and the power that they have is given by the people. 1215 began with Magna Carta. Even Kings and Queens have to obey the law. Mayflower came back to 1620. In 1628 Petition of right. 3. Representative government 3 types of colonies 1. Royal colonies- 8 of the 13 were royal colonies the king had direct control in the royal colonies the king named who the governor is for these colonies. As time went by they also had a 2 house legislature the upper house were advisory appointed by the king in the lower house the members were elected by the property own of that colony. In 1619 the 1^st^ representative legislature in the new world. Mid 17 they were Delaware, gorgia, Massachusetts, New York. Another colony was a 2. proprietary colony- were colonies that were given by the king to a proprietor to finance that gives land to people from the king. Lord Baltimore started Marland William Penn started Pennsylvania. The colony of Delaware was formed by Penn too. It started off proprietary then became royal. 3. Charter colonies- operated under charters by the king the charter colonies really enjoyed the most democratic colonies. There were only 2 colonies in Connecticut and Rhode Island. The charters were so successful they later used those charters they adapted those for the U.S. constitution. 1 idea is called republicanism refers to a set of ideas that can be traced back to Rome and the Greeks. Citizen participation of public goods and civic virtue. The people make most of the decisions themselves for their colony. They referred to the classical concern. [Unification attempts] King gorge- colonists weren't following the rules Britain shouldn't interfere with us. The first-time colonists attempted to unit was in 1643 is called the New England confederation- An alliance of independent state coming together for a certain reason. 1754- Albany plan of union. They thought they would have to give up too much power. Williom Penn was planning to unite all the colonies together. The people approved the plan. They rejected it because they said it gave too much power. Franklins plan wouldn't be forgotten. They handled it on their own. parlement started a series of taxes. The first act parliament passed is called the sugar act. The colonist did not like this very well. In 1765 stamp act congress there was a new tax on colonies that taxed every paper product from newspaper and other paper objects. In October 1765, 9 of 13 states got together in New York saying that we can't stand this tax for paper products we are still loyal to you, but this is something we don't need. They can raise military for peace. At the Stamp act congress in 1765 England was experiencing a lot of war debt. They did not have a representation. no taxation without representation. Parlement repealed the stamp act. At many of the port cities colonists are going to start boycott- refuse to buy. They are going to refuse to buy from England. 1770 March 5^th^ Boston Massacre took place. Chased the custom official inside of a building. They would call soldiers red coats. Fight or flight 5 Americans are killed, and they stated firing their weapons. People are killed during this protest. Boston tea party is a group of people going to dress up and dump 342 chest of tea in 1773. England was suffering because of tax. Helped to keep colonists informed on what is going on. Types of transport- horses, boats, walking, Ways to talk to people- walk and talk, mail 1774- First constitutional congress these new acts that were passed were called intolerable acts- ended all forms of self-rule. The congress meeting is held in Philadelphia. Draw a document and send it to King Jorge the third. it said there going to boycott any good that are in America. George Washington is going to be a commander of the army. They become stricter. In the spring of 1775, the British are coming to Boston and troops that Americans have they formed small groups gathering weapons and the British want to stop that from happening. Americans lose about 95 people. The shot herd around the world meant- the Americans beat British the largest colony in the world. Only three weeks after the concord we are going to have the second congress. They meet in Philadelphia they appoint George Washington for their commander so he leaves the meeting to join forces. 1775 in July there are meetings for a couple of months. The olive branch petition says they just want a repel of the acts. The second congress waits for a reply from the third king but gets no reply. Thomas Pain wrote a 47-page pamphlet on common sense. 1. Declaring are independence from England 2. How the king made us turn to this point in history. July 4, 1776, declare independence from Great Britain. New Hampshire becomes the first colony then a state. **[All the state constitutions had 4 common things]** 1. popular sovereignty 2. limited government 3. civil liberties 4. Separation of powers and checks and balances in the government system **[Articles of confederation in 1777- the first national constitution]** 1. Ratification- formal approval 2. 11 states agreed within a year. Maryland was last to ratify 1781- the articles went into effect 3. Established- a firm league of friendship 1777-1787 the articles of confederation. Give power to a congress for certain things like defense **[Governmental structure]** 1. Congress was the sole body created Delegates are chosen yearly 2. Each state had only one vote, a total of 13 votes **[Powers of congress]** 1. Make war in peace 2. Send and receive ambassadors 3. Making treaties 4. Borrow money 5. Set up a monetary system 6. Build a navy 7. Raise and army by asking states for troops 8. Power to fix standards of weight and measures 9. Regulate Indians affairs 10. Collect money from states if willing 11. Established post offices **[Powers not granted to congress]** 1. Couldn't tax- to raise money 2. Couldn't regulate interstate commerce 3. Couldn't tax imports or exports 4. Had no power to make states obey the articles 5. 9 of 13 states had to consent to pass laws 6. Articles could be changed only by the consent of all 13 states. Weaknesses of the articles 1. One vote for each state regardless of size 2. Couldn't tax 3. Couldn't regulate interstate commerce 4. No executive branch to enforce the acts of congress 5. No judicial branch or court system 6. 9 of 13 states needed just to pass laws 7. Amendments could only be added if all 13 states consented 8. Just a firm league of friendship Creating the constitution A. **[The framers]** 1. Met in Philadelphia at independence hall 2. 74 delegates were chosen, only 55 attended A. Rhode Island is not present B. G. Washington Edmund Randalph, Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamiton, and William Paterson. C. Only 40 went regularly D. Many served in Rev. War (avg age 42) E. Not there- Patrick Henry (smelt a rat) Samuel Adams, T Jefferson, John Hancock, and J Adams Thomas Paine. B. **[Organization and Procedure]** 1. George Washington elected president of the convention unanimously. 2. Each state had one vote C. **[The great agreement]** 1. Edmund Randalph proposed creating a whole new government a. Purpose changed 2. Decided to form a brand-new constitution a. 3 separate branches of government b. Supreme power over the state gov. D. **[The Virginia plan- large state plan]** 1. Created by James Madison presented by E. Randalph 2. Called for a new government with 3 branches a. Legislative b. Judicial c. Executive 3. Legislative- bicameral a. House-chosen by the people b. Senate- chosen by the lower house c. Representation based on population E. **[New Jersey Plan- small state plan]** 1. Presented by William Paterson 2. Every state should be represented equally 3. Wanted a unicameral congress F. **[The Connecticut Compromise- Great compromise]** 1. Congress- bicameral