PerDev Reviewer Compilation PDF

First Quarter Personal Development ​ a scientific study that attempts to understand how humans grow in different aspects: physical, mental, emotional, social, behavioral, and spiritual ​ Deprived vs. Depraved ○​ Deprived = lack of basic needs ○​ Depraved = morally cor...

First Quarter Personal Development ​ a scientific study that attempts to understand how humans grow in different aspects: physical, mental, emotional, social, behavioral, and spiritual ​ Deprived vs. Depraved ○​ Deprived = lack of basic needs ○​ Depraved = morally corrupt Human Development 1.​ Erik Erikson: The 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development - Erik 8 Psy 2.​ Jean Piaget: The 4 Stages of Cognitive Development - Pi 4 Cog 3.​ Lawrence Kohlberg: The 6 Stages of Moral Development - Kohl 6 Moral 4.​ Robert Havighurst: Development Tasks Theory 5.​ Sigmund Freud: The 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development - Freud 5 Psy The 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development ​ early experiences in childhood are important ​ perspective = psychosocial ​ social factors influence development ​ extends stages to one’s lifespan; each stage builds on preceding stage and experiences conflict that serves as turning point ​ the 8 stages ○​ Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust ​ support = optimism ​ lack of it = being fearful ​ important event - feeding ​ outcome - hope ○​ Early Childhood: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt ​ support = self confidence ​ lack of = feelings of inadequacy and dependence ○​ Preschool: Initiative vs. Guilt ​ opportunity = developing a sense of purpose ​ lack of = feeling guilty ○​ School Age: Industry vs. Inferiority ​ good education = developing self confidence  ​ lack of = sense of inferiority ○​ Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion ​ positive feedback & stability = develops identity ​ unclear feedback and vague expectations = identity crisis ○​ Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation ​ understanding and acceptance = ability to love and commit ​ loneliness and exclusion = depression ○​ Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation ​ productivity = feeling productive ​ lack of opportunity = feeling unproductive and stagnant ○​ Maturity: Ego Integrity vs. Despair ​ sense of closure = feeling complete ​ dissatisfaction = dissatisfied with life The 4 Stages of Cognitive Development ​ Jean Piaget’s beliefs ○​ active role of an individual as an important factor to cognitive development ○​ believes in a dynamic process in which the body’s internal system interacts with the environment ○​ equilibrium = balance of body’s internal system response with the environment ○​ education = key element to development ○​ advocated for ​ discovery learning ​ problem-solving ​ stage-based teaching ​ stages (SenPreOpConForm) ○​ Sensorimotor Stage: Birth to 2 yrs ​ behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli ○​ Preoperational Stage: 2 to 7 yrs ​ children learn to think symbolically ​ behavior = egocentric ○​ Concrete Operational Stage: 8 to 11 yrs ​ children gain understanding of mental operations ​ think logically about concrete events ○​ Formal Operational Stage: 11 to 15 yrs ​ understand abstract concepts  ​ developed skills -logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning The 6 Stages of Moral Development ​ Lawrence Kohlberg 1.​ studied how children understand what is right and wrong, and how they develop a sense of morality 2.​ morality - ability to distinguish right from wrong and to behave accordingly 3.​ recognized the importance of cognitive ability in developing moral reasoning of children ​ 3 Levels of Moral Development - Moral Pre Conventional Post 1.​ Preconventional Level : recognition of authority who gives punishment or reward 1.​ Stage 1: Punishment/Obedience Orientation 1.​ deciding what is right or wrong based on what action is punished 2.​ outcome - child obeys to avoid punishment 2.​ Stage 2: Mutual Benefit “Reward Orientation” 1.​ deciding what is right or wrong is based on what is rewarded 2.​ morals based on reward 2.​ Conventional Level : understanding that there are rules to follow to be accepted and to maintain order 1.​ Stage 3: Social Approval “Good Boy-Good Girl orientation” 1.​ deciding what is right or wrong is based on what others approve or disapprove of 2.​ morals based on approval of others 2.​ Stage 4: Law and Order “Authority Orientation” 1.​ deciding what is right or wrong is based on the rules that should be followed 2.​ morals based on rules 3.​ Postconventional Level : flexibility in accepting rules; may not necessarily accept or follow given rules because one develops own code of ethics 1.​ Stage 5: “Social Contract Orientation” 1.​ what is right or wrong is based on law; but, one recognizes that they can change. 2.​ individual acts based on what will be good for the majority.  2.​ Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles 1.​ deciding what is right or wrong is based on universal principles 2.​ one looks into one’s conscience, pursues justice, and seeks equality at all costs Development Tasks Theory ​ Six Stages ○​ Infancy and Early Childhood (0-6 years old) ​ learn basic skills ○​ Later Childhood (6–13 years old) ​ play with other kids ​ begin to handle responsibilities ​ make simple choices ○​ Adolescence (13–18 years old) ​ physical changes ​ think about future ○​ Early Adulthood (19–30 years old) ​ more responsibility for self and others ○​ Middle Age (30–60 years old) ​ break from worldly responsibilities ——> go to self reflection ○​ Later Maturity (60 years old and over) ​ more wisdom ​ physically weaker The 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development Sigmund Freud -​ Was interested in the pharmaceutical benefits of cocaine -​ Influenced by Wilhelm Fleiss in his ideas on human bisexuality and the erotogenic zones of the body -​ Believed that early experiences are very important in human development -​ Considered instincts as the main source of life energy (called libido) -​ Formulated the (5) distinct stages of psychosexual development, which is characterized by certain ways of connecting with the world through particular areas of the body (erogenous zones or pleasure areas) -​ If needs are not met or satisfied excessively, fixation occurs which is characterized by attachment to a particular object or activity that may affect development  -​ The satisfaction of focus area or zone on each stage is important to develop a healthy personality 1.​ Oral (first year of life) a.​ Focus: oral pleasure through mouth (ex. eating, sucking, chewing) b.​ Trait outcomes: fixation can lead to smoking, drinking, and cursing 2.​ Anal (2nd to 4th yr) a.​ Focus: anal pleasure to reduce tension through the anus (ex. Toilet training) b.​ Trait outcomes: fixation can lead to obsessive cleanliness or messiness. 3.​ Phallic (4th to 6th yr) a.​ Focus: pleasure through genitals b.​ Trait outcomes: child starts to know physical differences of genders (may start to get attached to the parent of opposite gender, ex. Momma’s boy, daddy’s girl) 4.​ Latent (7th yr onward) a.​ Focus: resolving fixations or conflicts in previous stages (developing personal skills and talents) b.​ Trait outcomes: familial conflicts may be resolved, social ties or built, sexual urges are restrained 5.​ Genital (12th yr) a.​ Focus: sex role identity formation b.​ Trait outcomes: called puberty stage, sexual interest is awakened. Conflict -​ Difference in opinion/purpose that frustrates someone’s goal or desires -​ Most common kind of trial -​ Uncommon opportunity to glorify God, serve others, and be like God -​ Companion of anger Anger -​ Before we’re in conflict, we have a heart of anger -​ Heart of anger = idolatry Righteous Anger -​ Anger for God  -​ Like when people turned the temple into a marketplace and Jesus was angered and started flipping tables and yelling Conflict & Repentance -​ Conflict can let us realize sinful attitude and then allow it to become an opportunity to repent 4 Primary Causes of Conflict -​ Misunderstandings because of poor communication -​ Differing values, goals, gifts, calling, priorities, expectations, interests, or opinions -​ Competition over limited resources (time & money) -​ Sinful attitudes and habits Basic Ways People Respond to Conflict -​ “Peace-faking” vs “Peace-breaking” 4 Basic Ways to Resolve Conflict -​ Glorify God -​ Get the log out of your eye -​ Explanation: do not attack others bc it just invites them to fight back, lead with patience and understanding -​ Gently restore -​ Gently show others their faults -​ Reconcile -​ Commit to making peace by restoring damaged relationships and coming up with justifiable agreements SPECK Bible Study Method S - Sin to avoid/confess P - Promise to keep (Does God ask us to keep a promise?) E - Example to follow (Is there a good role model in the passage? WHat about them makes a good role model?) C - Command to obey (Specific commands to follow? What to apply?) K - Knowledge about God (what does the passage tell me about God? Include attributes, actions, likes, dislikes, and attitude)