PAs & Wildlife Resources in the Philippines PDF

Group No. 3 2 – Agribusiness 2. Date: 08/31/24 Amil, Fatima R. Cabria, Michael V. Caolboy, Emmanuel Carido, Rachell C. Montesinay, Cyrus E. Navales, Christine Mae Palmones, Riechiel A. Sarzuela, Garry Jr. M. PROTECTED AREAS/ PAs & WILDLIFE...

Group No. 3 2 – Agribusiness 2. Date: 08/31/24 Amil, Fatima R. Cabria, Michael V. Caolboy, Emmanuel Carido, Rachell C. Montesinay, Cyrus E. Navales, Christine Mae Palmones, Riechiel A. Sarzuela, Garry Jr. M. PROTECTED AREAS/ PAs & WILDLIFE RESOURCES IN THE PHILIPPINES Oldest Philippine Law as the Legal Basis for PAs & Wildlife Diversity 1. Act No. 2590 (Philippine Legislature Act of 1916) Implementation Date: February 4, 1916 Goal and Key Provision Regulation of Resource Use: The Act No. 2590 regulated hunting, fishing, and the collection of forest products. Wildlife Conservation: the act indirectly contributed to the protection of wildlife by controlling activities that could lead to the depletion of animal populations. Management of Forest Resources: It included provisions for managing and conserving forest resources, which are critical habitats for many wildlife species Significance as a Legal Basis: Early Conservation Efforts: It represented one of the first formal attempts by the Philippine government to manage natural resources and address concerns about over-exploitation. Precedent for Conservation Laws: By setting early regulations on resource use, it established a legal precedent for future conservation laws that would more directly address the protection of wildlife and natural areas. 2. Act No. 3915 (An Act Providing for the Establishment of National Parks, 1932) Implementation Date: February 1, 1932 Goal and Key Provision Establishment of National Parks: The Act No. 3915 authorized the creation and designation of national parks in the Philippines. These parks were intended to be protected areas designated for the preservation of natural beauty, wildlife, and ecosystems. Protection of Natural Areas: It provided the legal framework for protecting specific areas of ecological or scenic importance, setting aside land for conservation and public enjoyment.  Management and Oversight: The act also included provisions for the management of these parks, ensuring that they would be maintained and protected. Significance as a Legal Basis: Formalization of Protected Areas: Act No. 3915 was a key step in formally recognizing and protecting natural areas in the Philippines. Foundation for Modern Protected Areas: The establishment of national parks under this act laid the groundwork for the development of a national system of protected areas. It influenced later laws, including the NIPAS Act of 1992, which expanded and formalized the concept of protected areas. Additional Information: The Act No. 2590 (1916): Established early regulations on hunting, fishing, and resource use, laying the groundwork for future conservation efforts by controlling exploitation. The Act No. 3915 (1932): Created a formal framework for establishing national parks, directly contributing to the protection of specific natural areas and setting the stage for modern protected area systems. Both Act No. 2590 and Act No. 3915 set important legal precedents for the protection of natural resources and the establishment of protected areas. These laws were instrumental in shaping the legal and administrative frameworks for environmental protection and conservation in the Philippines, leading to the development of more comprehensive systems such as those established by the NIPAS Act and RA 11038. o NIPAS Act of 1992 (Republic Act No. 7586 Implementation Date: June 1, 1992 Purpose and Significance: The NIPAS Act established a National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) to consolidate and manage protected areas across the Philippines. It provides a framework for the designation, management, and protection of all national protected areas, including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and other areas of ecological significance. Defines different categories of protected areas o RA 11038 (Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act) Implementation Date: June 22, 2018 Purpose and Significance: RA 11038 expanded and updated the original NIPAS Act of 1992, incorporating additional protected areas and enhancing the management framework by providing mechanism for funding and resource allocation Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Refers to the protection, preservation, and management of ecosystems and natural habitats, and ensuring that they are healthy and functional. Background It was held in 1992, at the Earth Summit which was in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a pact among the vast majority of the world's government which was numbered up to 190. The world leaders agreed on a comprehensive strategy to balance the Diverse Biological Resources that sustain life on earth are not used up. To address the challenge of preserving biodiversity while allowing for sustainable development (efficient yet effective) Additional information: In the language of the United Nations, a Convention is an international agreement, or treaty, and the government who sign it are called Parties to the Convention. Objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) The preservation of biological diversity The sustainable use of its components The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources Implementation of Convention Government that signed the CBD as Parties have the responsibility for implementing it's goals Parties make National plans for their own country to find ways to preserve biodiversity across regions and world wide Convention of Parties (COP) and Meeting of Parties (MOP) Every 2 years, representatives from each party meet at COP and MOP meetings to discuss progress and issues, respectively. The Secretariat of the Convention Located in Montreal, Canada Secretariat organises meetings (COP), assisting in implementation, and provides technical expertise. United Nations Decade on Biodiversity 2011-2020 and Aichi Biodiversity Targets The decade was declared to support and promote the implementation of Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and Aichi Biodiversity targets Governments are encouraged to develop, implement and communicate to meet the decade’s objectives Categories of PAs based on NIPAS 1. Strict nature reserve- it is an area that features the species of flora and fauna of national scientific maintained to protect nature in order to have an ecologically representative of natural environment for scientific study, environmental monitoring, and education for the preservation of genetic resources. Example: Masungi Georeserve (Baras, Rizal Philippines) https://images.app.goo.gl/vSi2QhtsWwTHEvEv8 2. Natural Park- it is a large area that was not altered by human activity, and it maintained and protected the natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for education and recreational use. Example: Apo Reef Natural Park (Occidental Mindoro)  https://images.app.goo.gl/RZq63xUsVUJut1x56 3. Natural Monument/Landmark – It is a designated small area focused on protecting or preserving nationally significant natural features. Example: Chocolate Hills Natural Monument (Bohol) https://images.app.goo.gl/Nb8TJYsuYBoP5bck9 4. National Park – all areas are under the NIPAS, it is designated for the conservation of native plants and animals, their corresponding habitats, and cultural diversity, and is considered to be part of the public domain as classified by the constitution. Example: Hundred Islands National Park (Pangasinan)  https://images.app.goo.gl/RoUcgPiZybLaQSjU7 5. Wildlife Sanctuary – an area that ensures the natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic communities, or physical features of the environment, which may require specific human manipulations for their perpetuation. Example: Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary (TawiTawi) https://lavishlifeofhenry.blogspot.com/2013/05/turtle-islands-wildlife-sanctuary.html 6. Protected Landscape and/or Seascape – an area of national significance characterized by the harmonious interaction of people with the land and water, providing opportunities for public enjoyment through recreation, tourism, and other economic activities. Example: Taal Volcano Protected Landscape (Batangas), and Coron Island Seascape (Palawan)  Taal Volcano Protected Landscape https://images.app.goo.gl/BqimUB5Afpjpavf68 Coron Island Seascape https://images.app.goo.gl/BbVbSok9EvoXJGw68 7. Resource Reserve – An extensive and isolated area that is difficult to access and is designated to protect the natural resources for future use. It aims to prevent or limit development activities that could affect the resources. Example: Siocon Resource Reserve (Zamboanga Del Norte)  https://images.app.goo.gl/mgYTnnErS5djXaAA6 8. Natural Biotic Area – an area designated to facilitate the transition of traditional societies to modern technology while preserving their harmonious relationship with the environment. Example: Basilan Natural Biotic Area (Basilan) https://images.app.goo.gl/kPewncpzTKpF7rZ36 9. Other Categories established by law ,convention or international agreements to which the Philippine government is a signatory ❖ Managed Resource Protected Area- An area primarily comprised of unaltered natural environments managed for the sustainable utilization of natural ecosystems. The goal is to ensure long-term protection and preservation of biological diversity, while simultaneously providing a sustainable supply of natural products and services to meet the needs of the community.  Example: El Nido Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area (Palawan) https://www.philchm.ph/featured-protected-area/ ❖ Marine Reserve- – a type of marine protected area where the removal or destruction of natural or cultural resources is prohibited. Example: Palaui Island Marine Reserve (Cagayan) https://images.app.goo.gl/w4Mfm5A4nCpdgcT88 ❖ Watershed Forest Reserve– a forest land reservation established to protect, maintain or improve water yield and provide restraining mechanisms for inappropriate forest exploitation and disruptive land use.  Example: Angat Watershed Forest Reserve (Bulacan) https://www.rappler.com/environment/78556-rainforest-park-angat-watershed/ ❖ Wilderness Area- Area managed primarily for wilderness protection. A large expanse of unmodified or slightly modified land and/or sea maintains its natural character and influence without permanent or significant habitation. It is protected and managed to preserve its natural condition. Examples: Dampalit Island Wilderness Area (Masbate) https://www.listph.com/2014/12/top-10-largest-wilderness-areas-in-the-philippines.html Biodiversity Biological diversity or Biodiversity is the variety of all living creatures and their interactions in an area. Levels of Biodiversity 1. Genetic Diversity Genes are the basic units of all life on Earth. They are responsible for both the similarities and differences between organisms.  The range of genes within a species is known as genetic diversity. Individuals with distinct genetic compositions comprise each species. It is necessary to preserve many populations of a species in order to preserve genetic variety. Example: Different varieties of rice. Some rice varieties are more resistant to drought, while others are better suited for flood-prone areas. 2. Species Diversity Species are grouped together into families according to shared characteristics. Species diversity is the variety of species within a habitat or a region. Some habitats, such as rainforests and coral reefs, have many species. Others, such as salt flats or a polluted stream, have fewer. Example: Australia's Great Barrier is an example of species diversity. It is the home to the largest coral reef in the world. It contains approximately 400 different types of coral species, 150 fish species, 4,000 species of mollusks, and 10 species of turtles. 3. Ecosystem Diversity An ecosystem is a group of living things interacting with their natural surroundings or habitat. An ecosystem diversity is the variety of ecosystems in a location. Example: Forest is an example of ecosystem diversity because it contains a wide range of habitat including dead trees, ponds and rivers. BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity refers to all the different kinds of living organisms within a given area, including plants, animals, fungi and other living things. It includes everything from towering trees to tiny, single-cell algae that are impossible to see without a microscope. The Importance of Biodiversity to: 1. Ecosystems Biodiversity helps ecosystems remain stable and resilient, allowing them to recover from disturbances. Diverse species create complex food webs, maintaining balance and preventing ecosystem collapse. High biodiversity provides genetic material that helps species adapt to environmental changes and challenges.  Biodiversity supports essential ecosystem services like clean water, air purification, soil fertility, and pollination of crops. It is important to the ecosystem as it contributes to climate regulation, with different species, particularly plants, acting as carbon sinks and helping to mitigate the effects of climate change. It also acts as a buffer against ecosystem collapse by ensuring that key ecological functions are not reliant on a single species. The loss of one species is less likely to disrupt the entire ecosystem if there are other species that can perform similar roles. 2. Humans It is crucial for humans because it provides a variety of plants and animals that serve as food sources, ensuring a diverse and nutritious diet. It also supports agriculture through pollination, pest control, and soil fertility, which are essential for food production. Many medicines are derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms found in diverse ecosystems. Biodiversity is a valuable source of new medical discoveries, offering potential treatments for various diseases. Biodiversity supports industries such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and tourism, which are vital to the global economy. The natural resources provided by diverse ecosystems contribute significantly to economic growth and livelihoods. Many cultures have deep connections with nature, where biodiversity plays a central role in traditions, spiritual practices, and recreational activities. Natural landscapes and diverse species also enhance human well-being by providing spaces for relaxation and inspiration. Communities, especially indigenous and rural populations, rely on biodiversity for their livelihoods. It provides food, shelter, and raw materials, supporting sustainable living practices and preserving traditional knowledge. Current Status of Terrestrial and Aquatic Flora and Fauna Terrestrial and aquatic are terms used to describe the environment or habitat in which organisms live. ⚫ Terrestrial refers to anything related to the land. This includes habitats, environments, and ecosystems that are found on the Earth's surface, such as forests, deserts, grasslands, and mountains. Terrestrial organisms include animals, plants, and other life forms that live primarily on land. ⚫ Aquatic refers to anything related to water. This includes habitats and environments in freshwater (such as rivers, lakes, and ponds) and saltwater (such as oceans, seas, and estuaries). Aquatic organisms include fish, marine mammals, aquatic plants, and other species that live primarily in water. Terrestrial Plants and Animals ⚫ Indigenous - produces, growing, living, or occurring naturally or natively in a particular region or environment; Indigenous species are those that occur naturally in a given area or habitat, within their known natural range, without human intervention. Examples: Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) - Found exclusively in the Philippines, particularly in the island of Mindoro, this elusive creature is the only endemic bovine in the country. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaraw Narra Tree (Pterocarpus indicus) - This tree is native to the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries. https://selectree.calpoly.edu/tree-detail/1686 ⚫ Endemic - Native and restricted to a certain place. Endemic species are species or other taxa whose geographic range is confined to a single given area. Examples: Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) - one of the largest and rarest eagles in the world, found only in the Philippines https://www.alainpascua.com/The-Great-Philippine-Eagle Rafflesia manillana - A parasitic plant that is endemic to the Philippines, particularly in Visayas, in Panay and Negros. https://parasiticplants.siu.edu/Rafflesiaceae/Raff.man.page.html ⚫ Exotic- refers to a species that is not native to a particular area or region but has been introduced, either intentionally or accidentally, from another part of the world. Examples: Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) - a turtle species introduced to the Philippines and commonly found in pet trades. https://soundcloud.com/national-aquarium/red-eared-slider Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) - Originally from Australia, this tree has been introduced to the Philippines. https://selectree.calpoly.edu/tree-detail/1637 ⚫ Immigrant- an animal or plant living or growing in a region to which it has migrated. Examples: Asian House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) - originally from Southeast Asia, it has naturally spread to many regions, including the Philippines. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/51940-Hemidactylus-frenatus Casuarina equisetifolia (Agoho Tree) - Though originally found in other regions, it has naturally spread to the Philippines. http://www.stuartxchange.org/Agoho.html ⚫ Invasive- Invasive plants and animals are species that are not native to an area and tend to spread, often harming local ecosystems by outcompeting native species. Examples: The cane toad- also known as the marine toad or giant toad, originates from Central America. It was introduced to the Philippines in the 1930s as a biological control agent to combat pests in sugarcane plantations. https://animalsoftanay.home.blog/2019/04/30/cane-toad-palakang-tubo/ Lantana camara - Originally from Central and South America, this plant has become invasive in many parts of the Philippines. https://philippineplants.wordpress.com/2016/06/04/the-colorful-and-heat-tolerant-lantana/ ⚫ Alien- species that has been introduced as a result of human activity to an area it could not have reached on its own. Examples: American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) - introduced to the Philippines and now competes with native species. https://naturerules1.fandom.com/wiki/Category:Frogs_and_Toads Arabica Coffee - arrived in the Philippines in the 18th century, likely through the Dutch, who had already established coffee plantations in Indonesia. Franciscan friars played a key role in its early cultivation, particularly in Batangas, which became a major coffee- producing region. https://philcoffeeboard.com/the-beginners-guide-to-the-main-types-of-coffee/ ⚫ Threatened- species that are at risk of becoming endangered in the near future if the factors leading to their decline are not addressed. Examples: Philippine Forest Turtle (Siebenrockiella leytensis) - a critically endangered species due to habitat loss and illegal pet trade. https://www.turtleconservancy.org/programs/palawan Philippine Teak (Tectona philippinensis) - This species is threatened due to habitat loss. https://inaturalist.ca/taxa/444254-Tectona-philippinensis ⚫ Endangered- An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction. Examples: Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) - a small wild buffalo found only on Mindoro island, with very few individuals remaining. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaraw Katmon (Dillenia philippinensis) - This plant is considered endangered due to deforestation and overharvesting. https://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/dillenia_philippinensis.htm ⚫ Vulnerable- Susceptible to physical or emotional attack or harm; A vulnerable species is one in which the species is susceptible to endangerment. Examples: Philippine Tarsier (Carlito syrichta) - vulnerable due to habitat destruction and illegal wildlife trade. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/06/researchers-look-to-locals-to-fill-knowledge-gap-on- philippine-tarsier/ Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis) - This tree is vulnerable due to illegal logging and habitat destruction. https://www.stuartxchange.org/Almaciga ⚫ Extinct- having no living members; no longer in existence; An extinct species is a species that is no longer present in its original range or as a distinct species. Examples: Cebu Flowerpecker (Dicaeum quadricolor) - considered extinct for a time due to habitat loss, though sightings have been reported, making its status uncertain. https://philippineendangered.wordpress.com/cebu-flowerpecker Philippine Pitcher Plant - This carnivorous plant extinct due to habitat loss and degradation. https://palawanwildfrontier.blogspot.com/2020/03/nepenthesphilippinensis_9.html#google_vi gnette ⚫ Migratory- Migratory plants are species whose seeds or spores travel long distances, often by wind, water, or animals, to new areas, while migratory animals are species that move seasonally to find food, breed, or avoid harsh conditions. Examples: Grey-faced Buzzard (Butastur indicus) - a migratory bird that travels to the Philippines during the winter months. https://ebird.org/species/gyfbuz1/PH-PAN Mangrove Seeds (Rhizophora spp.) - These seeds can travel long distances across oceans, settling in new areas. https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/175700/view/mangrove-trees-rhizophora-sp- Aquatic Plants and Animals ⚫ Indigenous Examples Vallisneria spiralis (Tape Grass) - A native freshwater plant commonly found in streams and lakes in the Philippines. https://www.picturethisai.com/th/wiki/Vallisneria_spiralis.html Chanos chanos (Milkfish) - Widely found in the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries, this fish is vital in aquaculture. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.88952 ⚫ Endemic Examples: Hydrilla verticillata - A submerged aquatic plant, known as "water thyme," is considered endemic to certain parts of Southeast Asia, including the Philippines. http://www.stuartxchange.org/Lomolomotan  Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Sinai Goby) - This fish species is found only in the freshwater rivers of the Philippines. https://www.tfhmagazine.com/articles/saltwater/go-go-gobies-best-goby-fish-for-aquariums ⚫ Exotic Examples: Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth) - Originally from South America, this plant has become widespread in Philippine waters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hyacinth Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) - Originally from Africa, tilapia has been introduced to Philippine waters for aquaculture https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-nile-red-tilapia-fish-oreochromis-niloticus-isolated- black-studio-aquarium-shot-image61380701 ⚫ Immigrant Examples: Pistia stratiotes (Water Lettuce) - Believed to be native to South America but has spread across tropical and subtropical regions, including the Philippines. https://www.thespruce.com/water-lettuce-profile-5186151 Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass) - Initially introduced for sport fishing, it has since established populations in some Philippine lakes. https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/micropterus-salmoides/ ⚫ Invasive Examples: Salvinia molesta (Giant Salvinia) - An invasive aquatic fern that forms dense mats on water surfaces, affecting ecosystems in the Philippines. https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/salvinia.html Pterygoplichthys spp. (Janitor Fish) - An invasive species in Philippine rivers, these fish outcompete native species for resources https://motionarray.com/stock-video/janitor-fish-77927/ ⚫ Alien Examples: Nymphaea nouchali (Blue Lotus) - Native to parts of Asia but considered alien in the Philippines. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/nymphaea-nouchali-var-caerulea-blue-egyptian-lotus-world-of- flowering-plants--407083253810913708/ Pomacea canaliculata (Golden Apple Snail) - Originally from South America, this species has become a major pest in rice paddies across the Philippines. https://aquadiction.world/species-spotlight/apple-snail/ ⚫ Threatened Examples: Enhalus acoroides (Tape Seagrass) - A marine seagrass facing threats from coastal development and pollution in the Philippines. https://uk.inaturalist.org/taxa/50360-Enhalus-acoroides Cheilinus undulatus (Napoleon Wrasse) - This reef fish is facing pressure from overfishing and habitat destruction, leading to its threatened status https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/humphead-wrasse ⚫ Endangered Examples: Thalassodendron ciliatum - A seagrass species that is endangered due to habitat destruction and pollution. https://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=j90bff27e15a7279c&distro=y Crocodylus mindorensis (Philippine Freshwater Crocodile) - A critically endangered species found only in the Philippines, with its population drastically declining due to habitat loss and hunting. https://www.britannica.com/animal/Philippine-crocodile ⚫ Vulnerable Examples: Cymodocea rotundata - A seagrass species classified as vulnerable due to habitat loss and degradation. https://combine.ncscm.res.in/combine/details?cid=3686 Dugong - The dugong, a marine mammal, is considered vulnerable due to habitat degradation, particularly in seagrass beds where it feeds. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/dugong-huggable-seagress-loving-sea- cow-new-best-friend-drones-180983695/ ⚫ Extinct Examples: Aponogeton longiplumulosus - While not extinct globally, it is considered extinct in certain regions where it was once found, such as the Philippines. https://dennerleplants.com/en/plants/plantdetails/Aponogeton-longiplumulosus- %28406%29/22982 Batrachuperus gessneri (Manila Salamander) - Once found in the freshwater systems of Luzon, this species is now considered extinct due to habitat loss and pollution. https://9gag.com/gag/a2rxL6Z ⚫ Migratory Examples: Lemna minor (Duckweed) - While not migratory in the same sense as animals, it can spread across regions via water currents or birds, making it a transient species in certain areas. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Eendekroos_dicht_bijeen.JPG Chelonia mydas (Green Sea Turtle) - A migratory species that nests on Philippine beaches and feeds in its surrounding waters. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/metal-pollution-may-be-making-more-green- sea-turtles-female-180983279/  The Philippines has implemented various strategies, programs, and ordinances to conserve & protect Phil. PAs, terrestrial & aquatic wildlife resources. What is the importance of preserving protected areas here in the Philippines? With the country's habitats and ecosystems, which play a major role in maintaining ecological balance in constant threat from illegal resource use and development activities increasing the pressure on already declining resources, the country has become one of the “Biodiversity hotspots” in the world. Why is it important to protect the natural environment? It gives us clean air, water, food, materials and space for recreation. Spending time in nature is good for our mental health. And if we do not take care of the planet, its climate and ecosystems, we undermine how our societies function, worsen our lives and, perhaps most directly, harm our own well-being Past Strategies and Programs: 1. National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992 (Republic Act No. 7586): Overview: This law established a system of protected areas in the Philippines, ensuring that ecosystems are maintained and safeguarded. Violations: Unauthorized activities such as logging, hunting, or resource extraction within protected areas. Punishment: Imprisonment of up to six years and fines up to PHP 500,000. 2. Fishery Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8550, 1998): Overview: Aims to manage and conserve the country's fishery resources, prohibiting destructive fishing practices. Violations: Illegal fishing methods (e.g., dynamite fishing, cyanide fishing). Punishment: Fines ranging from PHP 2,000 to PHP 10,000 and imprisonment from six months to two years. Confiscation of fishing equipment and boats. 3. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, (Republic Act No. 8749): Overview: An Act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes. Violations: Burning of hazardous wastes and smoking in enclosed public places including public utility vehicles Punishment: Fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) but not more than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000) or six (6) months to six (6) years imprisonment or both shall be imposed. 4. Solid Waste Management Act, 2000 (Republic Act No. 9003): Overview: An Act providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program, creating the necessary Institutional Mechanisms and Incentives, declaring certain Acts prohibited and providing Penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes. Violations: Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places, undertaking activities in violation of sanitation operation, open burning of solid waste. Punishment: Be punished with a fine not less than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) but not more than One million pesos (P1,000,000.00), or imprisonment not less than one (1) year but not more than six (6) years, or both. 5. Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act, 2001 (Republic Act No. 9147): Overview: This act provides for the conservation and protection of wildlife resources and their habitats in the Philippines. Violations: Illegal possession, trading, and killing of wildlife species. Punishment: Fines ranging from PHP 50,000 to PHP 5,000,000 and imprisonment from six months to 12 years, depending on the species involved. 6. Clean Water Act of, 2004 (Republic Act No. 9275): Overview: This act aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities). Violations: Water pollutant to the water body, or such which will impede natural flow in the water body.. Punishment: Shall be punished by imprisonment of not less than two (2) years and not more than four (4) years and a fine not less than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) and not more than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) per day for each day. Present Strategies and Programs: 1. Enhanced National Greening Program (E-NGP, 2011-present): Overview: An expansion of the National Greening Program, it aims to reforest 1.5 million hectares of degraded forest lands by 2028. Violations: Unauthorized land conversion, illegal logging within reforested areas.  Punishment: Fines and imprisonment according to the Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines (P.D. 705). 2. Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (PBSAP, 2015-2028): Overview: A comprehensive plan to protect the country's biodiversity through sustainable management and conservation efforts. Violations: Illegal wildlife trade, destruction of critical habitats. Punishment: Enforcement of existing penalties under RA 9147 and other relevant laws. 3. Republic Act No. 11038 (Expanded NIPAS Act of 2018): Overview: This law expands the scope of the NIPAS Act to include more protected areas and strengthens penalties for violations. Violations: Illegal activities within newly designated protected areas. Punishment: Heavier fines and longer imprisonment terms compared to the original NIPAS Act. Examples of Ordinance Violations and Punishments: 1. Illegal Logging in Protected Areas: Violation: Un-authorized cutting of trees within a protected forest. Punishment: Confiscation of logs, imprisonment of up to 12 years, and fines up to PHP 1,000,000. 2. Illegal Wildlife Trade: Violation: Smuggling of endangered species such as the Philippine Eagle or Tamaraw. Punishment : Fines up to PHP 5,000,000 and imprisonment up to 12 years. 3. Destructive Fishing Practices: Violation: Use of explosives for fishing in coral reef areas. Punishment: Fines up to PHP 10,000, imprisonment up to two years, and confiscation of fishing vessels and equipment. References: National Integrated Protected Areas System Act 1992 (Republic Act No... https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX- FAOC019796/%23:~:text%3DPhilippines- ,National%2520Integrated%2520Protected%2520Areas%2520System%2520Act%25201992 %2520(Republic%2520Act%2520No,coverage%252C%2520and%2520for%2520other%252 0purposes.&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwiljYu60v2HAxW- na8BHe9iJKMQFnoECBgQBA&usg=AOvVaw3VQ0CsHz0R4HevPychvL8q Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (Republic Act No. 8550). | FAOLEX https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX- FAOC016098/%23:~:text%3DIt%2520is%2520a%2520declared%2520policy,the%2520prot ection%2520of%2520municipal%2520fishermen.&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwjP4YzM0v2H AxVhiq8BHSkyNbAQFnoECBgQBA&usg=AOvVaw0nA0fQjJzWATtK43JtuIaL Clean Air Act (Republic Act No. 8749 https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.ajne.org/document/clean-air-act-republic-act-no- 8749%23:~:text%3DThe%2520Act%2520provides%2520for%2520the,air%2520quality%25 20planning%2520and%2520monitoring.&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwiM2__g0v2HAxW3dv UHHaz7LkUQFnoECBkQBA&usg=AOvVaw1df6onQbXwxi8JE0B14Ahr Congress of the Philippines [ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003 ] - EMB https://www.google.com/url?q=https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/RA- 9003.pdf&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwjYv5_n0v2HAxXRc_UHHVUcMO0QFnoECBcQBQ& usg=AOvVaw1IASgdBGU1HNup22Fsx-eM Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (Republic Act No. 9275). | FAOLEX https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX- FAOC070789/%23:~:text%3DAn%2520Act%2520providing%2520for%2520a,water%2520q uality%2520standards%2520and%2520regulations.&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwjtk7r40v2 HAxWldvUHHatnM34QFnoECBgQBA&usg=AOvVaw1h_hqyMv9kx_t9RHgqeSK5 DENR | Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesApr 18, 2024 · https://denr.gov.phEnhanced National Greening Program https://www.google.com/url?q=https://denr.gov.ph/priority-program/enhanced-national- greening- program/&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwjJsb__0v2HAxXacPUHHWIWI98QFnoECBgQAQ&us g=AOvVaw3d2Kj1K_T1TOz3I9Sc8UN8 Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (PBSAP) 2015-2028 https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/knowledge- centre/policies/philippine-biodiversity-strategy-and-action-plan-pbsap-2015- 2028%23:~:text%3DPBSAP%25202015%252D2028%2520is%2520the,and%2520delivering %2520benefits%2520to%2520all.%2522&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwir9cCH0_2HAxWIafU HHSaUDY8QFnoECBsQBA&usg=AOvVaw3KcCmkypzJYvQVbK-qFL-X Republic Act 11038. Expanded National Integrated Protected... https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX- FAOC211005/%23:~:text%3DPhilippines- ,Republic%2520Act%252011038.,%2522%252C%2520and%2520for%2520Other%2520Pur poses.&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwiMwtyQ0_2HAxUxZfUHHey1LHIQFnoECBgQBA&usg= AOvVaw33rURDJftQF4WK-CaW3cxR World Wildlife Fundhttps://www.worldwildlife.orgStopping Illegal Logging | Initiatives | WWF https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.worldwildlife.org/initiatives/stopping-illegal- logging&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwiu34eW0_2HAxW- j68BHUFyJv0QFnoECBgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0kkizmO1rdlP2C1Zf9zhpA World Wildlife Fundhttps://www.worldwildlife.orgWhat is Poaching? The Illegal Wildlife Trade Explained https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/illegal-wildlife- trade&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwiO6cqg0_2HAxWsmq8BHQtGIeYQFnoECAYQAQ&usg= AOvVaw34JAL1MEAWcNDr4ogVrreT Destructive fishing practices - Wikipedia https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices%2 3:~:text%3D6%2520External%2520links- ,Overview,%252Dami%252C%2520and%2520push%2520netting.&sa=U&sqi=2&ved=2ahU KEwi07dym0_2HAxVnb_UHHRCTPdUQFnoECBQQBA&usg=AOvVaw1i3IVbtfZLr- XJH1vrNkpM