Part 8 Basics of Environmental Protection PDF

12/13/2023 Part 8 Basics of Environmental Protection 1 Contents Definitions: Ecology, environment, pollution Forms of pollution The E&P Lifecycle What is an EIA? General EIA Proces...

12/13/2023 Part 8 Basics of Environmental Protection 1 Contents Definitions: Ecology, environment, pollution Forms of pollution The E&P Lifecycle What is an EIA? General EIA Process General Guidelines for Full EIA Law 4 of 1995 2 1  12/13/2023 Definitions Some Definitions Ecology = Study of organisms & surroundings Environment Surroundings of the organism. Made up of other living organismes Physical factors: Mountains, hills, lowlands Other land forms, the seas, oceans, weather systems Places of distinctive characters' Climat, nutrients, … 3 Definitions Ecology answers question such as: How organismes obtain their food? Does the nutrient limit growth or number? Does it reproduce and how? Is it absent because of some factors? What causes the death of the organisms? Life is affected by complex interactions of elements of the environmental system 4 2  12/13/2023. Pollution and It’s Classifications Pollution Activites generate wastes. Pollution occurs when wastes become Excessive = harmful Natural pollution is rare. Classification of Pollutants Pollutants have three classes: Natural Substances: CO2. Toxic substances: pesticides Non Toxic Substances: CFC, may have unfortunate consequences 5 Forms of pollution 1. Eutrophication: shortage of O2 Substances lower O2 level in water: Sewage Leached fertilizers Concentrated products: sugar 2. Heavy-Metal Toxicity 3. Acid Rain 4. Pesticides: May not be bio-degradable 6 3  12/13/2023 Forms of Pollution 5. Pollution due to CFC CFC affects ozone (O3) One CFCL3 removes many ozone molecules. CF Cl3 + Light  CF Cl2 + Cl Cl + O3  ClO + O2 ClO + 2O  Cl + O2 6. Oil Spills due to mistakes human errors or sabottage Behavior of oil spills depends on: Specific Gravity Volatility of Oil Viscosity Pour Point 7 Oil Weathering Processes Spreading: (influenced by) viscosity, pour point, wax content, sea state, and weather conditions Evaporation: volatility and temperature Dispersion: mechanical action of the sea Emulsification of oil with water Dissolution is not significant Oxidation takes time Biodegradation takes time Sedimentation takes time Prevention (Training) is better than curing. 8 4  12/13/2023 Forms of Pollution 7. Air Pollution Is mainly from effluent gases and dust. Air pollution sources are three: Point Sources: stacks, vents from storage tanks, and flares. Fugitive Sources: leaks Area sources: large arial extent. 9 Toxic Pollutants from Hydrocarbons  Sulfur Dioxide SO2  Carbon Monoxide CO  Oxides of Nitrogen NOx  Total Hydrocarbons HC  Hydrogen Sulfide H2S  Sulfuric Acid Mist H2SO4  Particulate Matter PM & PM10 10 5  12/13/2023 Sources of Air Pollutants Combustion & Unburned HC HC Processing Evaporation of HC Production of H2S Reactivity in Atmosphere Fugitive HC 11 E&P Lifecycle Feasibility and due diligence Seismic exploration Exploration drilling and appraisal Field development Abandonment and decommissioning 12 6  12/13/2023 Seismic Exploration Offshore Underwater noise Vessel emissions, wastes etc Airborne noise Light Physical disturbance of seabed Shipping / navigation / fishing Non-routine events Onshore Land clearance Noise Light Waste Management Workers camps 13 Drilling for Exploration/Production Rig positioning Impacts from mud and cuttings Flaring Rig emissions, wastes etc Presence of the rig Social Impacts 14 7  12/13/2023 What is an EIA? EIA is commonly a legal procedure in which a project developer is required to provide environmental information to a consenting body so that this information can be used for better informed decision making. Usually also involves publication and public comment / disclosure (consultation) This information is usually provided in an EIA Report (also called Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), Environmental Social (Health) Impact Assessment (ES(H)IA) etc). EIA procedures vary widely from one jurisdiction to another. 15 Objectives of an EIA An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is... A tool to identify potential environmental impacts of a proposed project, assess how significant (important) these impacts are and recommend appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring measures to prevent or reduce impacts to acceptable levels EIA is a process and a tool to aid decision-making Information gathered during an EIA can feedback into project design EIA outcomes are typically used to manage subsequent phases of project design, construction and operation 16 8  12/13/2023 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Drivers for an EIA: - Regulatory - Industry / Corporate - Financing Context of an EIA: - Standards - Policies Scope of an EIA: - Environment - Social - Health - Safety 17 Standards Used in an EIA Prescriptive vs. Guidelines Performance Standards e.g: “end of pipe” concentration environmental quality standards safety performance Design Standards e.g.: Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) Well control and safety systems design tolerances - e.g. 1 in 100 year wind and waves ‘Procedural’Standards (e.g. EIA, monitoring, options selection) 18 9  12/13/2023 EIA Timing in O&G Projects Oil & Gas Development Initial Project Engineering Procurement, Exploration Pre-FEED FEED Production Definition Construction Pre-EIA Activities EIA Preparation EMP Preparation EMP Implementation Petroleum Sharing Client – EPC Production EIA Review Contract Contract Contract (PSC) Contracts and Review Stages 19 EIA Timing in Power Projects Power Project Development Initial Project Engineering Procurement, Site Selection Pre-FEED FEED Production Definition Construction Pre-EIA Activities EIA Preparation EMP Preparation EMP Implementation Client – EPC MOU & MOA EIA Review IPP contract Contract Contracts and Review Stages 20 10  12/13/2023 General EIA Process 21 Screening Primary objective is to identify what requirements apply to the Project Formal activity could be undertaken by Project Proponent, the lender or the regulator depending on the project and jurisdiction Good project planning: understand the project: what do we need to do project definition, environment, impacts, alternatives when – programme how – methods who – expertise needed who do we need to talk to – consultation and Stakeholder Mapping 22 11  12/13/2023 Scoping Ensures that the EIA focuses on: The most important impacts Appropriate alternatives Defines the EIA “scope” in terms of: Adequacy of baseline data Coverage, focus and methodology for impact assessment Defines the Project’s “Area of Influence” Also importantly identifies issues that are beyond the scope and rationale for exclusion 23 Scoping Tools and Methods Potential ‘interactions’ between project activities and baseline are mapped. What effects could the project have on the environment or people? Which of these effects are likely to be significant? Which alternatives and mitigating measures should be considered? Impact Matrix – identify potential impacts: an interaction is reasonably expected; an interaction is possible but none of the resulting impacts are likely to lead to significant effects; and the interaction is reasonably possible and at least on of the resulting impacts is likely to lead to an effect that is significant. 24 12  12/13/2023 Establish Baseline Why collect baseline data identify and describe aspects of environment that may be affected provide data needed for predictions inform judgments about significance Desk research and field work Important to focus on relevant information 25 Why Predict Impacts? Decision makers are not experts They need to understand what we are telling them when we describe an impact; to understand how important the predicted impact is so that they can give it the right weight in their decision. 26 13  12/13/2023 Predicting Impacts Describing what will be affected (from the baseline) and how …. the nature of the change The size of the change (how much - mg/m3; ha; % of population) its geographical extent and distribution (where, how far) its timing and duration (when, how long for, how often) the probability and consequences (“risk”) of unplanned / non- routine events (accidents, natural disasters etc) occurring the likelihood of uncertain effects (impacts where we don’t know / are not sure) occurring assumptions and limitations and any resulting uncertainty about the prediction (ranges, +/- x%, confidence limits) 27 Approaches to Predicting Impacts Use standards and norms as the starting point for evaluation where available: Does it cause legal or accepted environmental standards to be exceeded – e.g. air, water or soil quality, noise levels – or make a substantial contribution to the likelihood of exceedence Does it adversely affect protected areas or features, or valuable resources – nature conservation areas, rare or protected species, protected landscapes, historic features, high quality agricultural land, important sources of water supply Does it conflict with established government policy e.g. to reduce CO2 emissions, recycle waste, regenerate deprived urban areas, protect human rights 28 14  12/13/2023 Is it enough? The decision-maker needs to know more than just “Is it significant?” They need to know how much weight to give to the impact in making the decision How important it is to impose conditions to control the impact? Breach of a mandatory standard is illegal So what about impacts that don’t reach that level Are they still significant? How significant? What about non-statutory guidelines? The EIA must present a judgment about the significance of impacts Essential to explain how significance is evaluated, i.e. evaluation criteria Where there are no standards a good approach is to consider the magnitude of the impact and the value or sensitivity of the affected resource or receptor 29 Predicting Impacts Impact Type Direct, secondary, indirect, cumulative or residual Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Negative, positive or neutral Impact Duration Temporary, short-term, long-term or permanent Impact Extent Local, regional or global Impact prediction takes into account any mitigation or control measures that are part of the Project design. Additional mitigation measures aimed at further reducing predicted impacts are proposed where necessary or appropriate. 30 15  12/13/2023 Mitigation, Management and Monitoring Eliminate or otherwise minimise adverse impacts As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP) Consultation can play a major role in defining appropriate measures Mature industry has developed best practice guidance for most routine E&P operations New frontiers mean new challenges Integrated management systems cover environment, social, health and safety Commitments and obligations arise from EIA process Roles and responsibilities or putting commitments into action Verification – audit and inspection Monitoring to ensure effectiveness of mitigation and to manage change 31 General Guidelines for Full EIA A full Category C EIA should include but not limited to the following chapters: 32 16  12/13/2023 Executive Summary A Non-Technical Executive summary to help all readers to understand it It should give an overview of the proposal, the alternatives considered, the potential environmental impacts and their effects, and the proposed mitigation measures. It will conclude by setting out the residual effects of the development after mitigation. 33 2. Introduction It should give a general information about the project such as: The title of the project that will be used in issuing the permit/license The type of project (drilling, development, others) The name of the owner (s) of the project, etc. The name of the consultant or consulting firm that co- operated with the owner in preparing the EIA document. 34 17  12/13/2023 3. Description of the Project This chapter should provide a clear statement of the objectives of the project that includes: A work-plan Timing and lifecycle of the project, in addition to decommissioning methods, if any. A description of the exact location of the project and the area to be occupied A brief description of the project with the main components, specifications, layout, etc. 35 4.Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework All laws considered during the planning of the project (law 4/1994, its Executive Regulation) regarding the limitation of polluting … It should identify the relevant authorities involved in the assessment and regulation of all aspects of the project. 36 18  12/13/2023 5. Baseline Studies An overview of the existing environmental conditions in the area of the project, against which the anticipated environmental impacts of the project can be evaluated. Baseline information is likely to include: Land Characteristics and Use Landscape Character and Existing Views Water including Hydrology and Water Quality Air Quality Noise Levels Habitats, Flora and Fauna Socio-cultural and Economic Context Traffic Flows and Transport Infrastructure Utility Services 37 properties, distribution,occurrence, and effects distribution, Graphic representation of water onofthetheearth'sand surface, surface features the of asoil place or region effect in of ground water. and underlying rocks, and in on a map, indicating the their relative Weather atmosphere. and weather conditions positions and elevations. Physical/Chemical  Geology, hydrology &hydrogeology  Topography, meteorology  Significant Plants pollutant Animals in the study area. Biological Environment  Flora, fauna  Endangered species  Sensitive habitat, coral reef  Species of commercial importance. 38 19  12/13/2023 Socio-cultural Environment Nearby communities & population Land use Planned development activities Employment & market Recreation & cultural aspects N.B. Insert photographic documentation Used references should be presented 39 6. Alternatives The Alternatives chapter should include: An assessment of adopting alternatives of the project (in design, technology, location, etc). Decommissioning alternatives methods. The consequences of not carrying out the proposal, the “DO NOTHING” alternative. The preferred alternative should be clearly stated, along with a justification for its choice. 40 20  12/13/2023 7. Prediction and Evaluation of Impacts It is the most technical in nature and therefore is the most difficult part of the EIA. It should include impacts during: Construction Operation 41 Examples of Potential Impacts Land take leading to the loss of ecological habitats with negative effects on fauna and flora. Construction works which directly damage the existing landform. Economic impact during construction or operation phase. Gaseous emissions to air resulting in negative effects on the health of the local population. Discharge of untreated or inadequately treated effluent with resulting effect on water quality. 42 21  12/13/2023 Disposal of Wastes Noise which may disturb people in their home, schools and the other sensitive receptors. Traffic which may increase delays and result in traffic related effects such as road accidents and traffic noise… 43 8. Environmental Management and Action Plan This is a document designed to ensure that the commitments in the EIA are fully implemented. The EMP should demonstrate that sound environmental practices will be followed during the establishment, operation and after use of the development 44 22  12/13/2023 8. Environmental Management and Action Plan It should cover the following: Management Plans (during construction and operation) Public Awareness and Training Programs Mitigation Measures Monitoring Plan 45 Mitigation Measures They are suggested to reduce the magnitude or intensity of the impacts affecting the environment. This of course will incur some costs, but it is expected than such measures will, in the long run, mitigate the impacts so as to make the project both economically and environmentally viable. The EIA team has to decide between two alternatives, either having a high cost and low pollution program or having a low cost but a high pollution situation. 46 23  12/13/2023 Mitigation Measures Monitoring is an important part of project. Monitoring serves three purposes: Ensuring that required mitigation measures are being implemented; Evaluating whether mitigation measures are working effectively; and Validating the accuracy of models or projections that were used during the impact assessment process 47 9. Public Consultation The EIA report must include securing coordination with other governmental agencies involved in EIA, obtaining the views of local NGOs and effected groups, and keeping records of meetings and other activities, communications and comments are necessary. Public consultation may consist of informational meetings, public hearings, and opportunities to provide written comments about a proposed project. 48 24  12/13/2023 Final EIA preparation / review Once complete, the EIA report is submitted to EEAA The EIA is reviewed The review enables EEAA to decide whether the EIA is adequate, accurate and unbiased 49 What Changes Can EIA Bring Before After Introduction Introduction of of EIA EIA Government D-A-D D-D-D Planning and Decide Discuss decision making Announce Decide Defend Deliver Role of citizens Critics Contributors Objectors Participants Protestors Environmental Steadily Deterioration Conditions deteriorating slows Some areas improving 50 25  12/13/2023 Law 4 of 1995 has a greater role with respect to all governmental sectors as a whole. Designated as the highest coordinating body in the field of the environment that will formulate the general policy and prepare the necessary plans for the protection and promotion of the environment. Will follow-up the implementation of such plans with competent administrative authorities. Accordingly Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) was stablishes 51 End 52 26