Filipino Personality Theory PDF

PAGKATAONG PILIPINO: INDIGENOUS Example 2: “motherhood” is common to many FILIPINO PERSONALITY women, while “maternity” singles out one pregnant woman from a group of others...

PAGKATAONG PILIPINO: INDIGENOUS Example 2: “motherhood” is common to many FILIPINO PERSONALITY women, while “maternity” singles out one pregnant woman from a group of others who are not. ENRIQUEZ’ FILIPINO PERSONALITY THEORY Pagkatao - “personhood”- then, asserts the shared In 1989, Virgilio Enriquez, a PhD holder in social humanity of a people while; psychology from the University of Illinois, proposed a personality theory based on the IKSP (Indigenous Personality - is confined to the individual viewpoint Knowledge Systems and Practices) of Filipinos. of an outsider observing an other. Using Western scientific lingo, he established a FILIPINO CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING framework for understanding the ways of the Filipino PERSONALITY culture-bearers. Pagkataong Filipino emerged the first academic theory that formulated a value-system of In defining the concept of Filipino personality, Asian personality. While its framework emulates Enriquez (1994) notes that we have actually a long Western models of personality-theory, its concepts do tradition of theorizing. Three reflections on the not. The emerging value-structure is, therefore, unique Filipino personality which he listed are as from other psychological models. follows: This most blatant difference between the Filipino 1. The Ma’aram concept of pagkatawo personality theory and its Western counterparts is the (personhood), which contains five elements: distinction between “personhood” (pagkatao) and “personality” - Ginhawa (vital principle) - Buot (perception) PERSONHOOD: It is the status of being a person. It - Isip (mind) is the state or fact of being an individual or having - Dungan (sleep spirit) human characteristics and feelings. - Kalag (life spirit) PERSONALITY: refers to the enduring 2. Baltazar’s bait (sanity), muni (reflection), and characteristics and behavior that comprise a person's hatol (judgment) unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and 3. Covar’s concept of Filipino personhood based emotional patterns. on four elements: Enriquez, who coined the term “personhood”, chose the English suffix “hood” to underpin his - kaluluwa (spirit) psychological reasoning. When this “~hood” is added - budhi(conscience) to a root-word, it draws attention to the state, quality, - katauhang panlabas (external appearance) or condition of this person (or thing). - katauhang panloob (inner most being) Example 1: By entering into “manhood”, a boy MA’ARAM CONCEPT OF PAGKATAWO acquires the qualities of a man. The concepts formed with “~hood” are closure seeking. They convey Ma’aram : Is a learned man/ woman essences that are shared by many. Thus, “~hood” Local priests healers in Tibiao and Sibalom, Antique concepts are deeper, wider, more generic, more andin Panay. It is believed that these healers can cure complex than those suffixed with a “~ity”. all kinds of ailments caused by evil spirits. They are the shamans who act as intermediary between the sick The “~ity” words point to a personalized or individual and the spirit world domains (i.e. the repeated act of being generous turns into “generosity”). Such “~ity” words mark Ma’aram - Is a well-documented type of medicine distinctions-- characteristics that separate one person man in the ethnographic literature since recorded (or thing) from an other. history can be traced to thousands of years of prehistory because it came from alam (information, knowledge) 2. BUOT/LOOB/NAKEM (PERCEPTION) It is known as “buut” in Visayan dictionary, it refers to Unusual Feats & Supernatural Powers of Ma’aram will, intention, mind, reason, understanding, want, Calling and communicating with spirits to help in desire, wish, intend, direct, do as one pleases, and set producing rain. Stop the movement of the fast moving one’s heart upon. clouds in the sky. Healed a crippled old man who never walked all his life by just patting him with a 3. ISIP (MIND) wooden stick -healed a man afflicted with serious boils It refers to person’s reasoning, thinking, idea, and and a ma'aram picked away live snakes from man's thought. boils. In historic times, the ma’aram is the same personality as the babaylan or baylan, who may be 4. DUNGAN (SLEEP SPIRIT) male or female. To be or do together or at the same time, be coeval or concomitant, do simultaneously or in concert, perform Babaylan/Baylan: is a term identifying an indigenous in unison, to synchronize. Filipino religious leader, who functions as a healer, a shaman, a seer and a community "miracle-worker" (or 5. KALAG (LIFE SPIRIT) a combination of any of those) In Visayan word it means soul, spirit, moral and spiritual nature of man, a disembodied spirit, vitality, Although the role and function of a babaylan is open to or moving spirit. both sexes, most babaylans from the pre-hispanic era are female. Anthropologist Dr. Zeus Salazar described In life, it is the essence of a person’s intellectual and the Babayla as “a specialist in the fields of culture, moral powers at death, it becomes an anito or spirit. In religion, medicine and all kinds of theoretical Hanunuo and Cebuano Visayan term it refers to soul. knowledge about the phenomenon of nature. Cebuano: kalag – soul after death 5 ELEMENTS OF THE THE MA’ARAM Kalag or kaluluwa can go on astral travel CONCEPT OF PAGKATAWO It refers to the astral body in the oriental philosopies. 1. Ginhawa (vital principle) ZEUS ATAYZA SALAZAR: Kinikilalang 2. Buot (perception) pangunahing Filipinong Istoryador, antropologo, 3. Isip (mind) teoriko at pasimuno ng teorya at simulaing Pantayong 4. Dungan (sleep spirit) Pananaw sa Pilipinas. 5. Kalag (life spirit) - Birthplace: Tiwi Albay, Philippines - Birthdate: April 29, 1934 1. GINHAWA (VITAL PRINCIPLE) - Education: B.A. in History at the According to Encarnacion’s Visayan dictionary University of the Philippines Diliman (1851), ginhawa is related to a person’s stomach, the (1955) pit to the same stomach, to live, to breath (respiration), - Ph. D in Ethnology at Sarbone University vital spirit, and give life to all living things. Called in Paris, France (1968) “life” in old Cebuano Visayan word. - Work: Dean of the college of Social Ginhawa also mean food, appetite, disposition (good Sciences and Philosophy of the UP or bad) character, condition, situated in the intestinal Diliman (1991-1994) region often in the liver or atay. - Books: Ang Pilipino sa Agham It is also synonymous with life itself that when Panlipunan at Pilosopiya; Pantayong ginhawa is cut, so is life. Pananaw (1991); Ugat at Kabuluhan (1997); Liktao at Epiko: Ang Takip ng Ginhawa always stay with the person unlike kalag or Tapayang Libingan ng Libmanan, kaluluwa Camarines Sur (2004) Only death separates the ginhawa.  sumasapi. SALAZAR’S KALULUWA AT BUDHI Noong unang panahom at magpahanggang ngayon, Ang kaluluwa ay batis ng buhay at ginhawa. Ang ang babaylan, baglan, katalonan, mambunong at Cebuanong salitang “ginhawa” ay “hininga” ang salin talaytayan ang nakapagaalis ng langkap o sapi sa sa tagalog. Ang mga Pilipino ay naniniwala na ang papamagitan ng karapatang ritwal gaya ng tawas, pagkamatay ng isang tao ay dahilan ng pagkalagot ng pagbuhos ng kumukulong tubig sa katawan ng kanyang hininga. sinasapian na hindi ito nalalapnusan o pag-ipit ng pakpak ng manok sa Pagitan ng daliri nng Kung namamatay ang tao, ang kanyang kaluluwa ay sinasapian, nagagalwa o linalangkapan. Ibinabalik yumayao o pumapanaw. Ang kaluluwa ay kumakalag nila ang dating kaluluwa ng may katawan. sa katawan ng tao. Sa sementeryo ay madalas nating Makita na ang bansag ay “Sumalangit Nawa.” Ang Ang pagkataong Pilipino sa konteksto sa kaluluwa “nawa” sa Malayo-Polynesia ay “nawa” sa lumang ay may ilang tambalang kategorya: tagalog na tumutukoy sa espiritu o kaluluwa. Kung gayon, ang tahasang kahulugan ng SLN ay “ang nawa, 1. maganda/pangit na kaluluwa kalag, kaluluwa, anito, esppiritu, atbp., sana ay 2. matuwid/halang na kaluluwa at sumalangit.” Ang salitang “yawa” sa Cebuano ay 3. dalisay/maitim na kaluluwa. masamang uri ng kaluluwa. Ang budhi ay katambal ng kaluluwa. Kung ang Ang kaluluwa ng tao, kapag pumanaw, ay kaluluwa ay siyang nagpapagalaw ng buhay, ang budhi nagiging anito. naman ay siyang humuhusga sa buhay na naganap na. Ang budhi ay nag-uusig at siya ring umuukit. Ang Dalawang uri ng anito; pagsisisi at paghingi ng kapatawaran, pati na rin ang 1. ang anito ng ating ninuno pagbabayad ng anumang masamang nagawa, ang 2. ang anitong nagbabantay sa ating kalikasan. maaaring magpatigil sa budhi sa pagpapatuloy ng panguusig at pang-uukilkil nito. Marahil, ito ang Sa Benguet at mayroong silang tinatawag kalagayan ng mga kaluluwang ligaw, ligalig at lagalag na “puun ti balay” (ancestral house). Ito kaya hindi matahimik hanggang hindi maka ang pinalalagakan ng mga kagamitan ng pagparamdam at ipinagdarasal. yumao. Dito rin naninirahan ang anito ng ating mga ninuno. PAPEL NG BUDHI SA ATING PAGKATAO Pagpapagalaw ng Buhay - Ang Budhi ay nag bibigay Ang puun ti balay ay mayroon ding iniingatang ng moral na dimensyon sa karanasan ng buhay. “chilos.” Ito’y uri ng ritwal na dapat gampanan Paghuhusga at Pag uusig - Ang Budhi ang nagtatasa at pana-panahon ng mga kamag-anakan ng yumao. humuhusga sa mga gawa ng isang tao, pagkatapos ng Upang maipatupad ito, may lupang ipinamana na ang mga pangyayari. kita ayginugugol sa paghahanda taun-taon. Pag ukit at Pagsisisi - Ang budhi ay maaari ring mag- Ang pag-alis ng kaluluwa sa katawan ng tao ay ukit nmga damdamin ng pagsisisi at pangungutya. Ang maaaring pansamantala lamang, ito’y siyang budhi na hindi napatahimik ay maaaring magresulta sa nagdudulot ng pagkaksakit o pagkawala ng malay o kalagayan ng mga kaluluwa na tinatawag na "ligaw," bait. Puwede ring maglagalag ang kaluluwa kung "ligalig," o "lagalag." natutulog ang tao sa pamamagitan ng panaginip o kung ito’y “In a state of trance” sa pag-awit ng epiko. Sa hinuha ni Salazar, ang budhi ay hindi kaparis ng konsensiya, may sapantaha siya na ito’y bagong salita Sa pansamantalang pagkawala ng kaluluwa sa sa ating wika at kamalayan. Sa kanyang palagay, ang katawan ng tao, maaaring ang isang katawan ay lokasyon ng konsensiya ay malapit sa kaisipan. Ito ang mapasukan ng ibang kaluluwa. Ang ganitong nagtutulak sa paggawa ng mabuti o masama at nag- phenomenon ay tinaguriang langkap, lapi, sanib. Ang uusig kung masama ang nagawa. Ang lokasyon ng kaluluwa na sumasanib o lumalangkap ay siyang budhi, katulad ng kaluluwa, ay laganap sa buong nagpapagalaw ng tao. Ang katawang ng tao ay katauhan ng pagkatao, sa ilalim o kaibuturan. Tulad ng nagiging kasangkapan ng kaluluwang lumalangkap o loob, hindi natin maapuhap o maipuwesto ang mga ito isang salitang-ugat ay nagpapahayag ng kaisipang sa parte ng ating katawan. basal (abstract).” Kung gayon, ang ka-tau-han ay nangangahulugan ng “kabasalan ng ASPETO NG BUDHI diwang taglay ng salitang-ugat,” i.e., tao. Sa Ingles, - Pagsisisi - Ang pagsisisi ay ang proseso ng ang salin ko ng katauhan ay “humanity.” Ayon kay pag-amin at pagkilala sa pagkakamali o Miranda, “humanhood.” Dahilan dito, ang salitang masamang gawa. “pagkatao” ay angkop na konsepto bilang “personhood” o pagiging taong Pilipino. - Paghingi na Kapatawaran - Ang paghingi ng kapatawaran ay ang pagsisikap na Ayon kay Santiago at Tiangco, ang pagka- “ay humingi ng tawad mula sa mga taong tumutukoy sa kalikasan ng tao, hayop o bagay.” nasaktan o naapektuhan ng ating Ganito ang gamit ng pagka- sa pariralang “pagkataong pagkakamali. Pilipino,” i.e., Pilipinong tao. - Pagbabayad sa anumang masamang Metapora ng Katawan at Banga: Sa Bibliyang nagawa - Ang pagbayad sa anumang paniniwala, ang tao ay nagmula sa isang kipil masamang nagawa ay tumutukoy sa na putik, hiningahan ng Maykapal at naging si Adan. paggawa ng mga hakbang upang Ito ay palasak na pananampalatayang Kristiyano. Sa magbigay ng hustisya at tiyakin na ang panitikan, ang tao ay parang luwad na maaaring epekto ng pagkakamali ay naituwid. gawing iba;t-ibang hugis at anyo. May kaugalian naman tungkol sa paglilibing na ang PROSPERO COVAR “Ama Ng Pilipinolohiya” nagsisidalo ay kumukuha ng isang dakot na lupa at Pilipinolohiya: “sistematikong pag-aaral ng kaisipan, inihahagis sa ibabaw ng kabaong ng taong namatay kultura at lipunang Pilipino.” bilang pagkilala sa pananaw na “sa alabok ka nagmula at sa alabok ka rin babalik.” Ang pag-aalay ng Dr. Prospero R. Covar is a renowned Filipino scholar bulaklak sa kabaong habang ito’y ibinababa sa puntod who made significant contributions to the field of ay naging kaugalian na rin. Ang bulaklak ay nagiging Anthropology, particularly in the area of Sikolohiyang lupa na rin. Filipino (Filipino Psychology). Sa makatotohanang pangungusap, sa putik nagbuhat - Nagtapos siya ng A.B. Sociology (1957) at ang banga, sa matalinhagang pangungusap naman, ang M.A. Sociology (1961) sa University of tao ay sa putik rin naman nagmula. Ang katawan ng the Philippines (UP); at Ph.D. tao ay parang isang banga. Ang banga ay may labas, Anthropology (1975) sa University of loob at ilalim. Gayundin naman ang kaluluwa ng tao. Arizona sa Tucson, Arizona, Estados Sisidlan na banga. Ang laman nito ay kaluluwa. Sa Unidos ng Amerika. ilalim tumatahan ang kaluluwa, kaniig ng budhi. - Birthdate: September 7, 1934 Ang jar o sisidlan na tinutukoy ay ang Manunngul Jar COVAR’S BAYANG DALUMAT AT na kilala rin bilang “secondary burial jar”. Ibig sabihin, PAGKATAONG PILIPINO pagkatapos ilibing ang bangkay ng tao, ang buto ay muling hinuhukay at hinuhugasan saka inilalagay sa Pagkatao at Katauhan: May kasabihan ang mga loob ng banga. Pilipino na: “Madali ang maging tao; mahirap magpakatao.” Ang pagiging tao ay isang prosesong BINARY OPPOSITION ANALYSIS CHART bayolohikal. Ang pagpapakatao ay naaayon naman sa prosesong kultural. Sa papel na ito, ang proseong kultural ang bibigyang diin. Ang salitang “tao” ay pangngalan. Ito ay tumatanggap ng iba’t-ibang panlapi upang makapagsaad ng iba’t- ibang kahulugan. Halimbawa: maka-tao,t-um-ao, tau- han. Ayon kay Ramos, “Ang ka-han kapag inilapi sa Sa pamamagitan ng Binary opposition analysis ang a. Matangaos ang ilong , ilong kastila – dominante tambalan ng bahagi ng ating katawan ay ang mga b. Ilong na gumagapang sa pisngi – pango sumusunod: 5.) PISNGI Mukha – isipan a. Matambok ang pisngi – sexy Dibdib – puso b. Kulubot ang pisngi – matandang hukluban Tiyan – bituka Sikmura - atay 6.) LABI a. Makapal ang labi – “kissable” LABAS, LOOB AT LALIM: Tambalang lapit ang b. Manipis ang labi – matabil pamamaraan sa pagdalumat ng pagkataong Pilipino: kung may labas, may loob; kung may kaluluwa, may 7.) DIBDIB – ay kaugnay ng mga salitang “damdam” budhi. Kaipala, nahahayag sa mahahalagang bahagi ng at “dama”. Ang dibdib ang pandama ng damdamin. ating katawan ang labas, loob at lalim, gaya ng mga sumusunod na tambalan. a. Mayaman ang dibdib – malaki ang hinaharap b. Dibdiban – seryoso LABAS LOOB Mukha Isipan 8.) TIYAN Dibdib Puso a. Malaki ang tiyan – busog, matakaw, may Tiyan Bituka bulate,mapagkamakam Sikmura Atay b. Maliit ang tiyan – gutom, mahirap, kulang sa kain LALIM 9.) SIKMURA Kaluluwa at Budhi a. Masama – di- mabuting pakiramdam b. Mahapdi o nangangasim – hindi matanggap PAGKATAONG PANLABAS c. Malakas - tanggap ang lahat ng bagay LABAS: salamin ng kalooban d. Hindi ko ma “take” Ang katawang panlabas ng tao ay binubuo ng iba’t PAGKATAONG PANLOOB: Ang bahaging ibang bahagi ng ating katawan mula ulo hanggang panloob ng ating katawan ay mayroon ding talampakan. pagkataong pagpapakahulugan, gaya ng mga sumusunod: MUKHA : Sa mukha nababatid o nababanaag ang saloobin ng ating kapwa. Sa mukha matatagpuan ang 1.) ISIPAN – pinagmulan ng diwa, kamalayan, ulirat, noo, kilay, mata, plik – mata, ilong, pisngi, labi, bibig, talino at bait tainga at baba. a. Isip biya – slow learner PAGBIBIGAY KAHULUGAN SA BAWAT b. Matayog mag – isip – deep thinker BAHAGI NG ATING MUKHA: 2.) PUSO 1.) NOO a. Pusong mammon – soft hearted a. Malapad ang noo – matalino b. Pusong bata – heart of stone b. Makitid ang noo, makitid mag – isip 3.) BITUKA 2.) KILAY a. Sala – salabid na bituka – murderous, buhay na a. Salaubong ang kilay – mainit ang ulo punung – puno ng balakid b. Taas – kilay – isnabera b. Halang ang bituka – anti – social 3.) MATA 4.) ATAY – ginagamit na panawas ng mambubunong a. Mapungayang mata – inaantok upang matamo ang magiging kapalaran ng isang b. Nandidilat ang mata – galit desisyon. 4.) ILONG a. Madilaw – magiging matagumpay ang isasagawang BUDHI: Ang budhi ang ating “built – in corrective balak mechanism”. Ito ang siyang umuukilkil sa kaluluwa b. Maitim ang atay – evil, sakuna ang susuungin kung ito ay nagkakamali. Ito ang siyang kumukulit sa c. Walang atay – inconsiderate kaluluwa upang magsisi at magbalik – loob. PAGKATAONG PANG – ILALIM TATLONG PERSONA - Dios Ama, Anak at Espiritu Santo KALULUWA: Ang kaluluwa at budhi ay - Santicima Trinidad Ang tatlong persona ay naging nagtatalaban o in constant dynamic interaction. Sa mga Dios Ama, Dios Ina at Dios Anak. Pilipino, ang nagpapagalaw sa katawan ng tao ay ang kaluluwa. Ang kaluluwa ay “life force”. Hindi Naging bayolohikal ang pinag – ugatan ng Santicima namamatay ang kaluluwa sa halip ay humihiwalay Trinidad. Ang dahilan na sila ay persona, ang bawat sa katawan ng tao. Ito ay umaalis, lumilisan o persona sa kanila ay mayroong katawan at kaluluwa. yumao. KATUTUBONG TEOLOHIYA Kagaya ng isinasaad sa titik na SLN na kadalasang KONSISTORYO – ay ang nagdedesisyon sa mga nakikita sa puntod, na ang ibig sabihin ay Sumalangit mahahalagang gawain gaya ng paglalang ng mundo Nawa. Ang Nawa ay Austronesianong salita na ang paglalang ng tao sa mundo. ibig sabihin ay kaluluwa. Nagdesisiyon sa kung bakit ang Dios Ama, Dios Kung minsan, ang kaluluwa ay naglalagalag sa Anak at Dios Ina kalawakan o “spirit world”. Sa kasalukuyan,ang karanasang ito ay tinatawag na “astral travel”. Ang Ang naghahari sa sanlibutan ayon sa kani-kanilang kulturang “astral travel” ay nakaugat sa pag – awit ng kapanahunan. epiko. Ang ating kaluluwa ay kung minsanay sumasa isang tabi, kung ang tao ay nilalangkapan, sinasapian o Unang Panahon – Dios Ama – Banal na Tinig sinasaniban. Ang karanasang ito ay kilala na “spirit possession”. May mabubuti at masasamang espiritu Dios Anak – nagligtas sa sangkatauhan sa namaaaring lumangkap, sumanaib o sumapi sa tao. pamamagitan ng pagkakatawang tao at pagkabuhay sa krus. Mabubuti: Dios Ama, Dios Ina, Dios Anak, Arkangheles, at Batlayang Banal. Dios Ina – Women’s Liberation. - Birheng Maria, Señor Nazareno, at Sto. Niño na SIKILOHIYA NG PAGKATAONG PILIPINO pawang persona ng Dios Ina at Dios Anak. Ang pagbabago ng pagkatao ay nangyayari kung siya Mayroon din kinikilala na anito (ancestral siprits), mga ay linalangkapan, sinasapian o sinasaniban. bayani ng lahi, mumbaki, kasama na ang santo at santa ng Kakristianuhan. Bulatao – “altered state of consiousness” Sa Earthly Plain ang tao ay napapaligiran ng iba’t Ang palatandaan ay pinahihiwatig sa pagbabago ng ibang espiritu kagaya damdamin, isipan, kilos, gawa, pati na ang wika. ng mga diwata, tikbalang, engkanto, aswang, satanas, demonyo, malign, nuno sa punso, nuno sa dagat, mga Sa madaling salita, may dalawang klase ng manlilipad, tiyanak, duwende, at iba pa. pagkataong Pilipino na pinatotohanan ng pag-aaral ng tao: Sa spirit possession ang mabubuting espiritu ay kusang umaalis. Subalit ang masamang espiritu ay dapat na 1. Likas na pagkatao at palayasin o “i – exorcise”. Ang ganitong paraan ay 2. Pagkataong may sapi. isinasagawa ng exorcist, medium, talaytayan o babaylan.  sa loob ng isang bagay o pangyayari. Parang nasa ALBERT EDUAVE ALEJO labas tayo, kumakatok at sumisilip sa loob - Birthdate: August 15, 1958 - Filipino Jesuit Priest TULOY!: mula sa loob ay magbukas ng paraan - Doctorate degree in anthropology at the palabas. -naipapakita dito ang School of Oriental and African Studies, mga paguugali ng mga Pilipino Hal. Pagiging University of London. matulungin, magiliw, marunong makihalubilo,at makisama, hindi marunong tumanggi. ang loob pala ay - He has taught in Ateneo de Davao, Ateneo hindi isang sulok sa dibdib kundi isang daigdig ng de Zamboanga and now at the Ateneo de makabuluhang pakikipag-ugnayan. Manila University. KONSEPTO NG LOOB - Director of various social centers in which - Pakikiramdam he championed the causes of women, - Pakikipagkapwa-tao indigenous peoples and muslim Filipinos. - Pagkatao - - He is also known for spearheading an anti- Alejo’s book tackles about “loob” of humans: It also corruption campaign called EHEM in the indicates that what's inside of us can be extended 1990s. outside through doing good deeds. ALEJO’S LOOB: It focuses on humanheartedness For example: Being helpful, sociable, entertaining, and such as compassion, kindness and harmonious people-pleasing. This means that loob ain't a corner of relationship with people. our heart, but a world of meaningful connections. Further, as the innate goodness of human beings, “loob” embodies moral conscience and ethical Example of nasa loob ng tao (Alejo): dimension. “Loob" as interior, encompassed harmony, 1. Lakas-ng-loob - strengths of will deepens the reality of human beings and gives order to 2. Utang-na-loob - debt of gratitude their lives which are connected to the Creator (Alejo, 3. Kusang-loob – initiativity 1990:29) ANG LOOB BILANG… ALEJO’S LOOB - “Tao Po and Tuloy: Isang Abot-malay (ambit or reach of consciousnes) Landas ng Pag- unawa sa Loob ng Tao” This Alejo’s Abot-dama (ambit or reach of feeling) book talks about Human being’s loob or relation Abot-kaya (ambit or reach of strength) interiority. For others, Alejo's loob is crucial Abot-sakop - Sakop implies hierarchy, implies power, understanding the and implies subjecting something that is other to me. intersubjective experiences of depression, but it does And so, one can say that my subject is my sakop. One not capture the local notions of self. For them it is just may also call it my “haul,” my “vassal,” my a feeling. It describes about the: Konsepto ng Loob “subordinate.” Abot-Dili - If the greatness of loob lies in the opening Ang mga Pilipino ay meron pakikiramdam tayo ay of it, it will naturally meet problems in being whole as merong pakikipag-kapwa tao it opens. This is where the challenge of despair of loob (pag-aabot-dili ng loob) comes in. In everyday speech, Meron tayong pagkatao abot-dili means one is in a critical condition, is on the Alejo’s example of nasa loob ng tao: brink of uncertainty, and has a sense of ambiguity, traversing between reaching and not reaching. 1. Lakas ng loob 2. Utang na loob FILIPINO PERSONALITY VALUES IN 3. Kusang loob THEOLOGY By: Melba Padilla Maggay TAO PO! : naghahanap ng landas patungo sa loob ng isang bagay/pangyayari, nagpapahiwatig sa atin na ang Filipinos, according to Maggay, are exceedingly mga Pilipino ay parang naghahanap ng landas patungo traditional. This may be seen in their ceremonies, dances, and other cultural traditions which show the Filipinos' positive and collectivist mentality. In order anything go wrong, and hence conducive to peace and for this to spread, according to Maggay, Filipinos must tranquillity. free themselves from Spanish religious teachings and develop their own theology and religion that accurately Pakikisama (group loyalty) represents Filipino values, tradition, and culture as Negative, because one closes one's eyes to evils like expressed through our religious beliefs. graft and corruption in order to conserve peace and harmony in a group at the expense of one's comfort. Dr. Serafin Talisayon Talisayon states that Filipinos are Family Positive, because one lives for others; peace or lack of oriented/skinship, makatao/kapwa tao (personalism), dissension is a constant goal. religious/psychic orientation, social acceptance, pakikiramdam, pakikisama, and economic security. Patigasan (test of strength) Negative, because it is stubborn and resists all efforts Dr. Rolando M. Gripaldo: Gripaldo coined the at reconciliation. The trait makes us childish, filipino term “pagkatao” to a person’s inner self or vindictive, irresponsible, and irrational. Actions essence. He also emphasizes the relationship between resulting from this trait are leaving the phone off the culture and identity. He argues that the culture plays a hook to get even with one's party line; stopping the crucial role in shaping a person’s identity and engine of the car to prove that one has the right of worldview. That we need to preserve and promote way; standing one's ground until the opposite party filipino culture, especially in the face of globalization loses its patience. and culture imperialism. He also argues that the universe is interconnected, and that all thigs are related Positive, because it is assign that we know our rights to each other in some ways. He also added the and are not easily cowed into submission. It is relationship between ethics and spirituality. He says occidental in spirit, hence in keeping with Nietzsche's that a truly ethical life must involve a commitment to "will to power." spiritual growth and development. Bahala Na (resignation) THE AMBIVALENCE OF FILIPINO TRAITS Negative, because one leaves everything to chance AND VALUES under the pretext of trusting in Divine providence. This By: Emerita S. Quito trait is really laziness disguised in religious garb. VALUES (EMERITA S. QUITO): The following Positive, because one relies on a superior power rather Filipino traits show an ambivalence of positive and than on one's own. It is conducive to humility, negative aspects. modesty, and lack of arrogance. Hiya (shame): Negative, because it arrests or inhibits Negative, because one disowns responsibility and one's action. This trait reduces one to smallness or to makes a scapegoat out what Nietzsche calls the "morality of slaves", thus of someone or something. One is never to blame; one congealing the soul of the Filipino and emasculating remains lily white and has a ready alibi for failure. him, making him timid, meek and weak. Positive, because one can see both sides of the picture Positive, because, it contributes to peace of mind and and know exactly where a project failed. One will lack of stress by not even trying to achieve. never suffer from guilt or self-recrimination. Ningas-cogon (procrastination) Saving Face Negative, by all standards, because it begins ardently Negative, because, being closely related to hiya and and dies down as soon as it begins. This trait renders kasi, it enables a person to shirk responsibility. One is one inactive and unable to initiate things or to never accountable for anything. persevere. Positive, because one's psyche is saved from undue Positive, in a way, because it makes a person non- embarrassment, sleepless nights, remorse of chalant, detached, indifferent, nonplussed should conscience. It saves one from accountability or responsibility. This trait enables one to make a graceful exit from guilt instead of facing the music and Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera: Lumbera contributed to owning responsibility for an offense. the Filipinos’ self-awareness by unearthing, through painstaking research, the achievements of our nation in Sakop (inclusion) the field of culture for the past several hundred years Negative, because one never learns to be on one's own but relies on one's family and relatives. This trait stunts Aside from this, Lumbera has directly contributed to growth and prevents a person from growing on one's the further development of an authentically Filipino own. Generating a life of parasitism, this trait is very culture by creating poetry and drama reflecting the non- existential. Blaring music, loud tones are a result continuing Filipino quest for full independence, and by of this mentality. We wrongly think that all people like promoting through his critical studies the works of the music we play or the stories we tell. This mentality other artists who work along this line. also makes us consider the world as one vast comfort room. Lumbera has not only significantly affected Philippine culture.He has contributed immensely to the formation Positive, because one cares for the family and clan; of a truly Filipino culture. one stands or falls with them. This trait makes a person show concern for the family to which he belongs. Dr. Patricia B. Licuanan Mañana or "Bukas na" (procrastination) A renowned social psychologist and educator who Negative, because one constantly postpones action and champions women’s rights and empowerment in her accomplishes nothing. This aggravates a situation, a work. She has served as the Chair of the problem grows beyond correction, a leak or a small National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women break becomes a gaping hole. This arises from an (NCRFW), through which she pioneered and launched indolent mentality that a problem will go away by the landmark Philippine Development Plan for itself. Women. Positive, because one is without stress and tension; One of her most notable roles as a women’s rights and one learns to take what comes naturally. Like the empowerment advocate was at the Fourth World Chinese wu- wei, this trait makes one live naturally Conference on Women in 1995 where she led the and without undue artificiality. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BDPA) as the Chair of its Main Committee. This conference Utang na loob (indebtedness) became the critical point for the global policy Negative, because one overlooks moral principles document on gender equality that outlined twelve (12) when one is indebted to a person. One who is beholden Critical areas of concern towards advancing women’s to another person will do anything to please him, rights more than 20 years after this significant role, she thinking that by doing so he is able to repay a debt. shared the insights she gained from it at the 59th One condones what the other person does and will Session of the UN Commission on the Status of never censure him for wrongdoing. Women. Positive, because it is a recognition of one's Timothy A. Church & Maria S. Katigbak indebtedness. This trait portrays the spirit behind the Filipino saying, "He who does not know how to look FILIPINO TRAITS: Common and best among to the past will never reach his destination." Filipinos: hospitable, respectful, strong family ties, religious, helpful, hardworking. Kanya-kanya (self-centeredness) Negative, because self-centered; one has no regard for Church & Katigbak (2002b) & Enriquez (1992): others. So long as my family and I are not in need, I do Considering the historical background of the not care about he world. Philippines with its high need to indigenize psychology, Filipino psychologists emphasize the Positive, because one takes care of oneself and one's utility of indigenous frameworks in understanding and family: "Blood is thicker than water." explainingpsychological phenomenon.” Church (1987) reviewed that there is a long history of prevent yourself from saying such studying personality in the Philippines and several comments Filipino psychologists were able to develop and build an indigenous framework of personality. REPRESENTATIONS OF THE SELF - Versions of “culturally understood Self” NINE-FACTOR STRUCTURE - provide meanings to one’s and another’s BY: CHURCH, KATIGBAK, & REYES (1996); actions within forms of social interaction (1998) - Expression of oneself - Adaptive THAT BEST FITS THE 253 TRAITS ADJECTIVES - we communicate using representations for IDENTIFIED: the self - we present different sides depending on - Makakapwa vs. Makasarili (concern for the situation; which is more appropriate others vs. egocentrism) - Disiplinado (conscientiousness) 1. Ang Simpleng Tao: This type of person does not - Relihiyoso (religious) try to attract undue attention through his manner of - Sumpungin (temperamentalness) dressing. His ambitions in life do not differ much from - Tiwala sa Sarili (self-assurance) the ambitions of most others. The simpleng tao is - Pagiging Matalino (intellect) therefore no different from the typical, average man. - Pagiging Kalog (gregarious) - Mga Katangiang Kanais-nais (positive One can easily get along with him. His dealings with valence) others are consistent and rarely erratic. He never - Mga Katangiang Di Kanais-nais (negative imposes himself on others, and rarely chooses whom valence) he should befriend - he accepts all kinds ofpeople, he tries to get along with everyone. He is easily satisfied FILIPINO REPRESENTTION OF THE SELF with what is available. Most importantly, a simpleng By: Madelene Sta.Maria tao is one who is humble. Cultural traditions affect or influence how we perceive Actions that characterize the Simpleng Tao ourselves in turn we are considered as agents of Representation are that of maintaining a low profile in culture; Culture has become an integral part of the self. one's social world, conforming to external circumstances tnakikibagay, Being friendly to We are social beings; we continue to be affected by everyone (lahat ay kasundo) and that of not being our interactions with other people. The “self” is being choosy about what he may obtain in life (hindi “constructed” in terms of meanings created among pihikan), members of a group. We are constantly being affected or influenced by the people around us. The SELF is When one is a Simpleng Tao, all may be one's friends being “honed” by the many interactions we experience or potential friends, one may easily reach one's everyday. ambitions in life, and one will not be left out and look stupid ("kung hindi ka makibagay sa paligid mo, ikaw SHARED UNDERSTANDING ang maiiwan, ikaw rin ay matatalo ", "hindi ka magmumukhang tanga "). - That makes us understand and recognize what people do- 2. Ang Taong Nagsusumikap: This type of person - And gives us assurance that we are also possesses a goal in life. She acts towards the being understood attainment of this goal. Patient, dedicated, persevering - Sarcastic remarks in your group, bantering – these characterize this type of person. Industrious makes you feel safe to be open with your person and does whatever is asked for. They rarely remarks because you know you all stops until the work is done. They will struggle and is understand willing to suffer until finally reaches the goal. - On the other hand, if you are with a different group who probably will take your comments seriously, you would The Representation Ang Taong Nagsusumikap is be understood (mahirap basahin), he is moody or useful in situations when action is directed at objects sensitive. and events desired by the individual. 4. Ang Taong Hayag ang Kalooban: This person This is usually situated in the workplace, when a expresses in a direct manner whatever is on her mind. challenge in life is met, or when the individual tries to One will be able to tell immediately from her actions obtain a desired object. The individual goes through a whethershe favors a person or not. lot of hardship (pinaghihirapan, pinagpapawisan, One will also be able to guess right away what her pinagpupuyatan), is insistent (pinipi/it), stands by one's feelings or thoughts are. decision ipinantnindigan niyang tama yung ginawa niyang desisyon) and tries all one's best (talagang They never beat around the bush whenever there is ginagawa niya lahat ng makakaya niya) to obtain the something has to say. They are able to tell what does desired goal. not like about another person. They are true and is able to share that which bothers them. 3. Ang Taong Tago ang Kalooban: This type of person is not easy to understand and he is likewise not Actions that is associated with the Representation Ang easy to get along with. He rarely mixes around with Taong Hayag ang Kalooban are directed to those one others. Very few friends are all he has. He does not has strong feelings for: to those one dislikes (ayaw. usually talk and is not one to readily share his feelings Hindi gusto ang tao, kaaway) and to one feels love for with others, except perhaps to a few chosen friends. He (pagmamahal). is usually quiet. The situations that call for an expression of one's inner Hiding his feelings may probably be due to his shyness feelings are those situations when the person feels that or his fear that others may see his weaknesses. Hiding he/she is being abused or exploited iinaabuso. one's feelings is also a sign that one has been hurt or niloloko), when the person is being irritated by another angered by another's words or actions. Hiding one's (kinukulit, iniinis, iniistorbo), when the person cannot feelings is usually done by exhibiting the opposite of contain his/her anger or has lost his/her patience one feels. This may signify that one is trying to control (naubos ang pasensya, naiipon ang galit, hindi one's emotions or to deceive others about what one napipigilan}, or when the person feels that another is really feels. talking ill ofhim/her (sinlsiraan). Actions of Ang Taong Tago ang Kalooban are usually In such situations, the person's expressions will take directed at others with whom one is not close to (ibang the form of cursing (nagmumura), shouting in front of tao), one feels indifferent to or uncomfortable with other people, or other forms that exhibit one's anger or (ilang), or at others who caused the individual pain irritation (e.g., nagdadabog, nagtataray). In most cases, (nanakit na tao) the person looses control of himself/herself (nawawala sa sarili, hindi mapigil ang sarili, lumalabas ang pagka- This Representation is useful in situations that are barako). confusing for the individual (magulo), or when unexpected but unpleasant events happen (hindi In expressing one's inner feelings, which are usually inaasahan, hindi nagugustuhan), when the individual negative, one inevitably hurts the feelings ofothers. In has a problem or is experiencing a strong emotion like situations where the feelings that are expressed are not anger, or when the individual fears criticism from negative, expression enables the person to avert others. possible misunderstandings with another. The individual in this Representation behaves in the 5. Ang Taong Masayahin: It is easy to make this type following manner: is silent, only listens to others, does of person happy. It is likewise easy for this person to not attend to others around him (hindi namamansin), is make others happy. One can easily approach him. self-conscious about his movements (de-numero ang galaw). The Representation for Ang Taong Masayahin is usually used to characterize the person in a situation Consequences ofone's actions consist in the wherein one's peers are present. It also used in impressions one gives to others as one acts: he cannot situations where others who need to be cheered are 2. One is able to bring happiness to others present. (nagpapasaya ngdamdamin) 3. One, by exhibiting these actions, may Situations are those that are too serious or too quiet, experience some formof hardship (nagigipit, and situations wherein a leisure activity is being nahihirapan, naagrabyado) engaged in with friends. Actions include telling 4. One experiences what would generally be jokes(nagpapatawa), laughing, doing things that can defined as a positive inner feeling (gumagaan please another (gaga win kung ana ang kaliligaya), ang pakiramdam/kalooban) suddenly suggesting to go on a trip somewhere (biglang nag-aaya kung saansaan, maglakwatsa), 7. Ang Taong Matapat: This type of person is loyal teIling stories (makikipagkuwentuhan), or incessant to his friends. He tries to maintain his relationship with talking (laging nagsasalita, madalda/). By acting in this them through constant communication. It pleases him manner, the person is able to develop friendships or to give support when needed. His loyalty is shown in relationships with others, and one is able to convey a his ability to keep secrets. message to another person in an indirect way (paraang mapagsabihan ang ibang tao sa isangparaan hindi This Representation is used in relationships with diretsahan). friends, especially in, occasions when help is needed or a favor is asked. As described above, actions have 6. Ang Taong Nagmamalasakit to do with one's ability to keep secrets, defend, and This type of person readily shares her time with others. provide support to one's friends. Actions that maintain She is generous and never stingy. She empathizes with open and honest communication are also important. the oppressed and with those who have lesser in life. Actions that are associated with Ang Taong May Malasakit are directed to those one maintains close relationships with, to those who are in need of help or have problems, and to what is generally called as one's kapwa." Actions are characerized by a generosity that seems boundless and beyond one's resources (para sa sarili ko, naibibigay ko pa sa iba; babaliktaran ko na ang mundo, para lang matulungan sila; ibibigay na ang buong kaluluwa; lahat gagawin ko talaga) and a willingness to listen to other's problems and to give advice or to think up of solutions Ang Taong May Malasakit is also one who readily approaches people, finds ways to cheer others, does not pick up a fight with others (hindi nakikipag-away), does not easily get angry (hindi kaagad naiinis 0 nagagalit), and is expressive ofone's positive feelings about the other. Actions are also characterized by a willingness to take on household responsibilities and duties, and to help address the family's needs. Actions that show thoughtfulness and an empathy for another person's situation are likewise exhibited by Ang Taong May Malasakit. The following are possible consequences to these actions: 1. One is able to avert or remove any ill feelings others may have for the person (ayaw sumama ang loob ng tao sa kanya)