Test Of History Of English Language (PDF)

**Тесты по курсу «История английского языка». Составил: кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков и методики их преподавания Коробчак В.Н.** Подготовленные тесты предназначены для студентов, магистрантов и аспирантов отделения иностранных языков. Цель разработанного тестирова...

**Тесты по курсу «История английского языка». Составил: кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков и методики их преподавания Коробчак В.Н.** Подготовленные тесты предназначены для студентов, магистрантов и аспирантов отделения иностранных языков. Цель разработанного тестирования -- помочь студентам проверить полученные знания по курсу «История английского языка» и проанализировать наиболее важные моменты в истории фонологического, грамматического и этимологического строя английского языка на различных этапах его развития. Вопросы для теста по истории языка рассчитаны на два семестра. Если программой предусмотрено изучение истории языка на один семестр, то тестирование проводится по разделам Германские языки и Древнеанглийский период (1 семестр). К тестам прилагаются ключи для самоконтроля. **Общая характеристика Германских языков и Древнеанглийский период (1 семестр)** **I. Complete the statement** 1\) The historical changes affect all the spheres of the language: grammar and vocabulary, phonetics and \_\_\_\_\_ 2\) One of the aims set before a student of the history of the English language is to speak of the characteristics of the language at the earlier stages of its \_\_\_\_ 3\) It is well known that the English language belongs to the \_\_\_\_\_\_subdivision of the Indo-European family of languages. 4\) The principal East Germanic language is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 5\) The Knowledge of Gothic we have now is almost wholly due to a translation of the \_\_\_\_\_\_and other parts of the \_\_\_\_\_ made by \_\_\_\_\_. 6\) The Scandinavian Languages fall into \_\_\_\_\_. 7\) Among the more important monuments are the Elder or \_\_\_\_\_ 8\) West Germanic is divided into \_\_\_\_\_. 9\) The English language belongs to the \_\_\_\_\_\_ Germanic group. 10\) Since the sixteenth century High German has gradually established itself as the literary language of \_\_\_\_\_\_. **II. Match the definitions to the words in the left column.** 1\) Ablaut a) the exceptions from Grimm's Law. 2\) The qualitative Ablaut b) the correspondence of consonants between 3\) The Quantitive Ablaut c) phonetic assimilation of the root vowel to the vowel of the ending 4\) Umlaut or Mutation d) positionally independent alteration of vowels 5\) The First Consonant shift or Grimm's Law e) means the change in length of the normal, lengthened and reduced. 6\) Vernner's Law f) the alteration of different vowels, mainly the vowels \[e\]/ \[a\] or \[e\]/ \[o\] **III. Is it true or false?** 1\. One of the main processes in the development of the Germanic morphological system was the Change in the word structure. 2\. The common Indo-European notional word consisted of five elements. 3\. Germanic languages belonged to the synthetic type of form-building. 4\. The Germanic nouns didn't have a well-developed case system. 5\. The means of formbuildng were the ending added to the root/stem of the noun. 6\. The Germanic adjectives had two types of declantion. 7\. The Past Tense (or preterite) of strong verbs was formed with the help of Ablaut, qualitative or quantitative. 8\. The Germanic verbs are divided into three principal groups. 9\. Weak verbs expressed preterite with the help of the dental suffix -d/-t. 10\. The Germanic verb did have a well-developed system of categories. 11\. The Germanic verb had the category of tense (Past, Present and Future). 12\. The people of the Germanic tribes were mostly literate. 13\. The early runes were not written, but incised. 14\. The earliest known runic alphabet had twenty-four letters arranged in a peculiar order. 15\. Runes were used only for a century and in many lands. **IV. Multiple choice.** 1.What are the aims of studying the history of a language? a. to know the subject, to work with the text; b. to know the subject, to speak of the characteristics of the language at the earlier stapes of its development; c. to speak of the characteristics of the language at the earlier stapes of its development, to trace it from the Old English period up to modern times and to explain the principal features in the development of modern language historically. 2\. What is meant by the outer history of a language? a\) the events in the life (history) of the people speaking this language, affecting the language, i.e. the history of the people reflected in their language; b\) the events in the life of the people speaking foreign languages, affecting another language; c\) the changes affecting all the spheres of the language: grammar and vocabulary, phonetics and spelling. 3\. What is meant by the inner history of a language? a\) the events in the life of the people speaking this language, affecting the language; b\) the description of the changes in the language itself, its grammar, phonetics, vocabulary or spelling; c\) the description of the changes in the vocabulary. 4\. What do we mean by the statement that two languages are "related"? a\) the common origin, the speech developed from the same source; b\) the same borrowings in both languages; c\) the degree of similarity of two languages. 5\. What is called the pre-written period of Old English? a\) the 5^th^ -- 7^th^ centuries are generally referred to as "the pre-written period" of the English language; b\) the beginning of the 8^th^ century; c\) the 1^st^ -- 5^th^ centuries are generally referred to as "the pre-written period" of the English language. 6\. The origin of the Germanic alphabets. a\) We do not know exactly where and when runes were invented, they may have been invented by Goths on the Danube or beside the Vistula. There are obvious similarities with the Roman alphabet; b\) The runes were invented by the Romans in the 8^th^ century; c\) The runes were invented by the French in the 2^nd^century. 7\. The earliest known runic alphabet had: a\) twenty letters; b\) twenty-six letters; c\) twenty-four letters. 8\. On archaeological grounds the earliest estant runes are dated to: a\) the second century AD; b\) the sixth century AD; c\) the eighth century AD. 9\. East Germanic group of dialects: a\) Old Norwegian, Old Danish, Old Swedish, Old Icelandic; b\) Gothic, Vandalic, Burgundian; c\) the dialects of Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians. 10\. North Germanic group of dialects: a\) Gothic, Vandalic, Burgundian; b\) Old Norwegian, Old Danish, Old Swedish, Old Icelandic; c\) the dialects of Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians. 11\. West Germanic group of dialects: a\) the dialects of Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians; b\) Old Norwegian, Old Danish, Old Swedish, Old Icelandic; c\) Gothic, Vandalic, Burgundian. 12\. The principal East Germanic language is: a\) Vandalic; b\) Burgundian; c\) Gothic. 13\. The knowledge of Gothic we have now is almost wholly due to: a\) Franks' casket; b\) Luther's translation of the Bible; c\) Ulfila's translation of the Gospels and other parts of the New Testament. 14\. What is of chief interest to us as the group to which English belongs? a\) West Germanic; b\) East Germanic; c\) North Germanic. 15\. What language has gradually established itself as the literary language of Germany? a\) High German; b\) Low German or Plattdeutsch; c\) Old Low Franconian with some mixture of Frisian and Saxon elements. 16\. The North Germanic is found in: a. on a territory from the Vistula to the shores of the Black Sea; b. in Holland and in northern Belgium; c. in Scandinavia and Denmark. 17\. Among the more important monuments of the early Scandinavian languages are: a\) Luther's translation of the Bible; 18\. One of the most important common features of all Germanic languages is its strong dynamic stress falling on: a\) the last root syllable; b\) the first root syllable; c\) the second root syllable. 19\. How many types of Ablaut are there in Germanic languages? a\) three types of Ablaut; b\) four types of Ablaut; c\) two types of Ablaut. 20\. Ablaut was the most extensive and systematic in the conjugation of: a\) weak verbs; b\) modal verbs; c\) strong verbs. 21\. Another phenomenon common for all Germanic languages was the tendency of phonetic assimilation of the root vowel of the ending, the so-called Umlaut, or mutation. It happened under the influence of the sounds: a\) \[i\] or \[j\]; b\) \[e\]/\[a\] or \[e\]/\[o\]; c\) \[u\]. 22\. The First Consonant Shift (except some instances) was explained by: a\) the German linguist Jacob Grimm; b\) the Dutch linguist Karl Verner; c\) the English Linguist Henry Sweet. 23\. Some instances of the First Consonant Shift were explained by: a\) the English Linguist Henry Sweet; b\) the Dutch linguist Karl Verner; c\) the German linguist Jacob Grimm. 24\. The common Indo-European notional word consisted of: a\) three elements; b\) two elements; c\) four elements. 25\. Germanic languages belonged to: a\) the analytical type of languages; b\) the synthetic type of form-building; c\) the analytical type of languages with some elements of the synthetic type of form-building. 26\. The history of English language begins in: a\) the second century AD; b\) the fifth century AD; c\) the eleventh century AD. 27\. Who first came to Britain? a\) the Angles, Saxons; b\) the Jutes, Frisians; c\) the Celts. 28\. The Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians stated their invasion of the British Isles: a\) before the Romans invaded it; b\) after the Romans invaded it; c\) together with the Romans. 29\. A combination of the Latin alphabet with runes and soma other innovations is called: a\) "British writing"; b\) "Latin writing"; c\) "insular writing". 30\. Which Germanic tribe did not form a separate kingdom: a\) the Angles; b\) the Frisians; c\) the Saxons. 31\. Among the principal Old English dialects the most important for us is: a\) the Wessex dialect; b\) the Northumbrian dialect; c\) the Mercian dialect. 32\. These records -- the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, the translation of a philosophical treatise Cura Pastoralis, King Alfred's Orosius -- a book on history -- belong to: a\) West Saxon; b\) Mercian; c\) Northumbrian. 33\. The phonetics of the Old English period was characterized by a system of dynamic stress. The fixed stress fell: a\) on the first root syllable; b\) on the second root syllable; c\) on the last root syllable. 34\. Which of the following modern sounds were non-existent in Old English: a\) \[k\], \[g\]; b\) \[∫\], \[ʒ\], \[t∫\], \[ʤ\]; c\) \[θ\], \[ð\]. 35\. There was an exact parallelism of: a\) seven long and short monophthongs and two diphthongs; b\) six long and short monophthongs and two diphthongs; c\) five long and short monophthongs and two diphthongs. 36\. The letter ʒ could denote: a\) two different sounds -- \[j\], \[g\]; b\) four different sounds -- \[j\], \[g\], \[ɣ\], \[h\]; c\) three different sounds -- \[j\], \[ɣ\], \[g\]. 37\. Old English was: a\) synthetic language; b\) analytical language; c\) partly synthetic with some analytical forms. 38\. The Old English Vocabulary was composed of: a\) mainly Latin words and very few native words; b\) French borrowings (75%) and very few native words; c\) native words and there were very few borrowings. 39\. The Dominant position among the Old English Kingdoms in the 9^th^ and 10^th^ centuries had: a\) Sussex and Essex; b\) Wessex; c\) Kent. **Ключи к тесту** **Древнеанглийский период** **I. Complete the statement** 1\. Spelling 2\. Development 3\. Germanic 4\. Gothic 5\. Gospels, New Testament, Ulfilas 6\. Two groups 7\. Poetic Edda 8\. Two branches 9\. West 10\. Germany **II. Match the definitions to the words in the left column** 1d; 2f; 3e; 4c; 5b; 6a **III. Is it true or false?** 1\. True 2\. False 3\. True 4\. False 5\. True 6\. True 7\. True 8\. False 9\. True 10\. True 11\. False 12\. False 13\. True 14\. True 15\. False **IV. Multiple choice.** 1\. c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. a 7. c 8\. a 9. b 10. b 11. a 12. c 13. c 14. a 15\. a 16. c 17. c 18. b 19. c 20. c 21. a 22\. a 23. b 24. a 25. b 26. b 27. c 28. b 29\. c 30. b 31. a 32. a 33. a 34. b 35. a 36\. c 37. a 38. c 39. b **Вопросы для теста по истории языка** **Среднеанглийский и Новоанглийский периоды (2 семестр)** **I. Complete the statement** 1\) The end of the Old English period and the beginning of Middle English is marked by two outstanding political events \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\) King Alfred the Great was so powerful and successful in his struggle against the invaders that hostilities ceased for a time and a peace treaty was concluded\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3\) According to the Treaty of Wedmore the territory of the country was subdivided into\_\_\_\_\_ 4\) At the beginning of the 11^th^ century, namely in the period between 1016 and 1042 the whole of England came under \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rule. 5\) The Scandinavian speech developed from the same source \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6\) The Norman Conquest began in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7\) The Normans were by origin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 8\) The Norman Conquest had far-reaching consequences for the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9\) The 13^th^ century witnessed the appearance of the first \_\_\_\_\_\_ 10\) The War of the Roses (1455 -- 1485) was the most important event of the 15^th^ century which marked the decay of \_\_\_\_\_\_ **II. Is it true or false?** 1\) The introduction of printing was in 1477. 2\) Printing was invented in Germany by William Caxton. 3\) The first English printing office was founded in 1476 by Johann Gutenberg. 4\) William Caxton established a printing-press at Westminster. 5\) The English national language was formed on the basis of the London dialect. 6\) The 15^th^ century is generally referred to as the time of the beginning of the English national language. 7\) The literary norm of the language was established in the 15^th^ century. 8\) The English literary norm was formed only at the end of the 17^th^ century, when there appeared the first scientific English dictionaries and the first scientific English Grammar. 9\) The penetration of the English language to other parts of the globe mainly began in the 16^th^ century together with the expansion of British colonialism. 10\) The long reign of Elizabeth (1558 -- 1603) was one of the most remarkable for the country, its progress in the discovery and colonizing field tremendous. **III. Fill in the gaps.** 1\) Table 1.1 Grimm\`s law Indo-European Germanic 1. voiceless stops voiceless fricatives **p t k** - - - 2. voiced stops voiceless stops \- - - **p t k** 3\. voiced aspirated stops voiced non-aspirated stops **bh dh gh** - - - 2\) **Table 1.2 Verner\`s Law** Indo-European Germanic **p t k s** - - - - **IV. Match the kingdoms and their dialects.** 1\. Nothumbria a) the Kentish 2\. Mercia b) the Wessex 3\. East Anglia c) the Mercian 4\. Wessex d) the Northumbrian 5\. Sussex e) the Essex 6\. Essex f) the East Anglian 7\. Kent g) the Sussex **V. Match the dialects and the Old English written records.** 1\. Northumbrian a) translation of the Psalter 2\. Mercian b) Franks\` casket, Ruthwell cross, Caedmon\`s hymns 3\) Kentish c) the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, the translation of a philosophical treatise *Cura Pastoralis*, King Alfred\`s *Orosius*-a book on history. 4\) West Saxon d) psalms **VI. True or False.** 1\. The strongest kingdom existing in Britain in Middle English period was the Wessex kingdom. 2\. The Scandinavian invasion took place in 1066. 3\. The Norman conquest had far-reaching consequences for the English people and the English language. 4\. The 13^th^ century witnessed the appearance of the first Parliament, or a council of barons. **VII. Complete the sentences.** 1\. The end of the 14^th^ century also saw the first «English» translation of... 2\. The first English printing office was founded in 1476 by...... 3\. The English national language was formed on the basis of the...... 4\. The English literary norm was formed only at the end of the...... **VIII. Match the foreign words in Modern English**. 1\. The Latin element a) government, parliament, peace, court, aggressor, apartment, garage, magazine, machine, aviation, social, soldier, jury, literature, pleasure, treasure. 2\. The French element b) they, then, their, husband, fellow, knife, law, give, get, forgive, forget, take, sky, skin, skill, scare, score, bask, gate, game, kid, egg, flag, leg, Jefferson, Jonson, Whitly, Althorp, Lowestoft. 3\. The Scandinavian element c) ) apple, pear, plum, cheese, pepper, dish, kettle, street, wall, mill, tile, port, caster, altar, bishop, candle, church, devil, monk, nun, pope, psalm, antenna-antennae, aggravate, prosecute, reluctant, evident, superior, cordial. **IX. Multiple choice.** 1\. After the death of Alfred the Great in 901 for a time, from 1017 till 1042 the throne was occupied by: a\) Danish kings; b\) French kings; c\) Roman kings. 2\. The end of the Old English period and the beginning of Middle English is marked by: a\) two outstanding political events (the Scandinavian invasion and the Norman conquest); b\) one outstanding political event (the Scandinavian invasion); c\) three outstanding political events (the Scandinavian invasion and the Norman conquest, and the German invasion). 3\. The Middle English period (Middle English) is: a\) 110-450; b\) 450-1100; c\) 1100-1500. 4\. According to Henry Sweet Middle English is: a\) the period of lost endings; b\) the period of full endings; c\) the period of leveled endings. 5\. What kingdom could consequently withstand the Scandinavian invasion more successfully than any other? a\) the Wessex kingdom; b\) Mercia; c\) Northumbria. 6\. The English king who came to the throne was to be the last English king for more than three centuries: a\) Edward the Confessor; b\) Henry II; c\) Henry IV. 7\. What historical events affected the English language? a\) the Norman conquest; b\) the Scandinavian invasion and the Norman conquest; c\) the Scandinavian invasion. 8\. The English language emerged after the struggle, but it came in different position. Its vocabulary was enriched: a\) by a great number of French words; b\) by a great number of Scandinavian words; c\) by a great number of Latin words. 9\. There existed no political and social barriers between: a\) the English and the French; b\) the English and the Scandinavians; c\) the English and the Romans. 10\. There were no cultural barriers between: a\) the English and the Scandinavians; b\) the English and the Romans; c\) the English and the French. 11\. Which of the following was of common origin with the English? a\) the Scandinavians; b\) the French; c\) the Romans. 12\. The Norman conquest had far-reaching consequences for: a\) the French people and the French language; b\) the European peoples and their culture; c\) the English people and the English language. 13\. We can speak about the English national language as a language understood and mainly used throughout the country: a\) beginning with Late Middle English -- Early New English; b\) beginning with Early New English; c\) beginning with Middle English. 14\. The War of the Roses (1455-1485) was the most important event of the 15^th^ century which marked the decay of feudalism and the birth of a new social order. It signified: a\) the expansion of the English language; b\) the appearance of a considerable number of printed books contributed to the normalisation of spelling and grammar forms; c\) the rise of an absolute monarchy in England and political centralisation and a linguistic centralisation leading to a predominance of the national language over local dialects; the introduction of printing by William Caxton (1477). 15\. The literary norm of the language was established: a\) in the 14^th^ century; b\) in the 13^th^ century; c\) later in Early New English (15^th^ -- beginning of the 18^th^ century). 16\. The English literary norm was formed only at the end of: a\) the 13^th^ century; b\) the 14^th^ century; c\) the 17^th^ century. 17\. The language that was used in England in Early New English is reflected in: a\) the famous translation of the Bible called the King James Bible (published in 1611); in the first dictionary by Samuel Johnson and in the first scientific English grammar and the books by Shakespeare and etc.; b\) in the translation of the Gospels and other parts of the New Testament made by Ulfilas; c\) in the collection of poems (Prose Edda) compiled by Snorri Sturluson. 18\. The first king after the conquest whose native tongue was English: a\) King Henry III; b\) King Henry IV; c\) King Edward the Confessor. 19\. All vowels in unstressed position underwent: a\) a qualitative change and became the vowel of the type of \[ə\] or \[e\] unstressed; b\) a quantitative change; c\) qualitative and quantitative changes. 20\. In Middle English new consonant sounds developed in native words: a\) \[k\], \[ʤ\], \[ʧ\]; b\) \[ʒ\], \[ʤ\], \[ʧ\]; c\) \[∫\], \[ʧ\], \[ʤ\]. 21\. All vowels under stress underwent certain changes: a\) qualitative changes; b\) qualitative and quantitative changes; c\) quantitative changes (lengthening and shortening of vowels). 22\. The phoneme denoted by the letters "g" (ʒ) or "cʒ" and which existed in four variants -- \[g'\], \[g\], \[j\], \[ɣ\] had the following development: a\) \[g'\]\>\[ʒ\] bridge b) \[g'\]\>\[ʤ\] \[j\]\>\[i\] \[j\], \[ɣ\] were vocalized \[ɣ\]\>\[h\] \[g\] remained unchanged; \[g\]\>\[g\]; c\) \[g'\]\>\[ʒ\] \[j\], \[ɣ\] were vocalized \[g\] remained unchanged. 23\. The letter **f** had the following phonemes: a\) \[f\] -- \[v\]; b\) \[θ\] -- \[v\]; c\) \[ð\] -- \[v\]. 24\. The letter **s** had the following phonemes: a\) \[θ\] -- \[z\]; b\) \[s\] -- \[z\]; c\) \[ð\] -- \[z\]. 25\. The letter **Þ** (ð) had the following phonemes: a\) \[θ\] -- \[ð\]; b\) \[s\] -- \[ð\]; c\) \[z\] -- \[ð\]. 26\. New diphthongs appeared with the glide: a\) more close; b\) more open; c\) nucleus. 27\. In Middle English there appeared: a\) two new diphthongs: \[ai\], \[ei\]; b\) three new diphthongs: \[ai\], \[ei\], \[au\]; c\) four new diphthongs: \[ai\], \[ei\], \[au\], \[ou\]. 28\. The sounds \[æ\] and \[у\] disappeared from the system of the language: a\) in the pre-historic period; b\) in the Old English period; c\) in the Middle English period. 29\. There are no long diphthongs: a\) in the pre-written period; b\) in the Middle English period; c\) in the Old English period. 30\. No parallelism exists between long and short monophthongs different only in their quantity: a\) in the Middle English period; b\) in the Old English period; c\) in the pre-written period. 31\. The quantity of the vowel depends upon its position in the word in Middle English: a, o, e -- always long in an open syllable or before: a\) ld, mb, nd; b\) l, m, n; c\) d, b, d. 32\. The changes that affected the vowel and the consonant system in New English were: a\) not very numerous; b\) great and numerous; c\) very few. 33\. Disappearance of vowels in the unstressed position at the end of the word happened: a\) in Old English; b\) in New English; c\) in Middle English. 34\. The Great Vowel Shift is: a\) changes of all short vowels; b\) disappearance of vowels in the unstressed position at the end of the word; c\) changes of all long vowels. 35\. The Great Vowel Shift took place in: a\) in the Old English period; b\) in the Middle English period; c\) in New English. 36\. Changes of two short vowels: \[a\]\>\[æ\] or \[ɔ\] and \[u\]\>\[ʌ\] were: a\) in Old English; b\) in Middle English; c\) in New English. 37\. Voicing of consonants -- Verner's Law in New English meant: a\) the fricative consonants \[s\], \[θ\] and \[f\] were voiced after unstressed vowels or in the words having no sentence stress; b\) the fricative consonants \[s\], \[θ\] and \[f\] were voiced after stressed vowels; c\) the fricative consonants \[s\], \[θ\] and \[f\] were voiced in the intervocal position. 38\. In Middle English the system of the declinable parts of speech underwent considerable simplification: reduction in the number of the declinable parts of speech. There were: a\) five declinable parts of speech; b\) four declinable parts of speech; c\) three declinable parts of speech. 39\. In Middle English there was reduction in the number of declensions: a\) there were three principal types of declensions: a-stem, n-stem and root-stem declension, and also minor declensions -- i-stem, u-stem and others; b\) there were two principal types of declensions: a-stem, n-stem, and also minor declensions -- i-stem, u-stem and others; c\) three types (a-stem, n-stem, root-stem) are preserved, but the number of nouns belonging to the same declension in Old English and Middle English varies; the original a-stem declension grows in volume, acquiring new words from n-stem, root-stem declensions and also different groups of minor declensions and also borrowed words. 40\. There was reduction in the number of grammatical categories in Middle English (nouns): a\) there was only one grammatical category; b\) there were two grammatical categories; c\) there were three grammatical categories. 41\. What was the number of case-forms in Middle English and in New English: a\) there were two forms; b\) there were three forms; c\) there were four forms. 42\. The adjective in Middle English had: a\) two grammatical phenomena (declension and the category of number); b\) three grammatical phenomena (declension, the category of number and gender); c\) only one grammatical phenomenon (declension). 43\. The formation of a new class of words -- article was: a\) in Old English; b\) in Middle English; c\) in New English. 44\. The pronoun in Middle English had: a\) the four-case system; b\) the three-case system; c\) the two-case system. 45\. The number of verbals in Old English was: a\) less than that in Middle and New English; b\) more than that in Middle and New English; c\) the same as in Middle and New English. 46\. What a new verbal developed in Middle English: a\) the Present Participle; b\) the Gerund; c\) the Infinitive. 47\. In Middle English and New English there gradually developed: a\) two more grammatical categories (order, voice); b\) three more grammatical categories (order, voice and aspect); c\) four more grammatical categories (order, voice, aspect, mood). 48\. The main borrowings that we can single out in Old English were: a\) Latin borrowings: the first stratum of borrowings is mainly words connected with trade; the second stratum of borrowings is connected with building and architecture; the third stratum was composed of words borrowed after the introduction of the Christian religion. Celtic borrowings; b\) Latin borrowings: the first stratum of borrowings is connected with trade; the second stratum is connected with building and architecture; the third stratum is connected with the Christian religion; c\) a lot of Celtic borrowings and few words from Latin. 49\. The main borrowings that we can single out in Middle English were: a\) Latin and Celtic borrowings; b\) Latin and Scandinavian borrowings; c\) Scandinavian and French borrowings. 50\. External means of enriching vocabulary in New English: a\) -- Early New English borrowings (XV-XVII): Italian, Spanish and Portuguese words, and also Latin (the language of culture of the time: endings -- ate, -ute, -ant, -ior, -al), American, French. -- Late New English borrowings (XVIII-XX): German, French, Indian, Chinese, Arabic, Australian, Russian; b\) many words were borrowed from the Italian tongue (the epoch of Renaissance); due to relations with the peoples from different countries there are borrowings from German, Australian, Russian; c\) in New English there appeared words formed on the basis of Greek and Latin vocabulary. 51\. French borrowings of the New English period are almost always the words: a\) which have stress on the first syllable, containing the sounds \[∫\] spelled sh, \[ʤ\] -- dg, \[ʧ\] -- ch, \[ʒ\]; b\) which do not have stress on the first syllable, containing the sounds \[∫\] spelled [not] sh, \[ʤ\] -- [not] dg, \[ʧ\] -- [not] ch and practically all words with the sound \[ʒ\]; c\) the words with the sk/sc combination in the spelling; the words with the sound \[g\] or \[k\] before front vowels \[i\], \[e\], \[ei\] in spelling I, e, ue, ai, a (open syllable) or at the end of the word; personal names of the same origin ending in -son, or place names ending in --ly, -thorp, -toft. **Ключи к тесту** **Среднеанглийский период** **I. Complete the statement** 1\) the Scandinavian invasion and the Norman conquest; 2\) the Treaty of Wedmore; 3\) two parts; 4\) the Scandinavian; 5\) Common Germanic; 6\) 1066; 7\) a Scandinavian tribe; 8\) English people and English language; 9\) Parliament; 10\) feudalism; **II. Is it true or false?** 1\) true; 2) true; 3) false; 4) true; 5) true; 6) true; 7) false; 8) true; 9) true; 10) true **III. Fill in the gaps.** **1) Table 1.1** **Grimm\`s law** Indo-European Germanic 1\. voiceless stops voiceless fricatives **p t k f Þ h** 2\. voiced stops voiceless stops **b d g** **p t k** 3\. voiced aspirated stops voiced non-aspirated stops **bh dh gh** **b d g** **2) Table 1.2 Verner\`s Law** Indo-European Germanic **p t k s b** **ð**/ **d g z/r** **IV. Match the kingdoms and their dialects.** 4\. 1d; 2c; 3f; 4b; 5g; 6e; 7a; **V. Match the dialects and the Old English written records.** 5\. 1b; 2a; 3d; 4c; **VI. True or False.** 6\. 1. true; 2. false; 3. true; 4. true; **VII. Complete the sentences.** 7\. 1. the Bible; 2.William Caxton; 3. London dialect; 4.17^th^ century; **VIII. Match the foreign words in Modern English**. 8\. 1. c; 2. a; 3. b; **IX. Multiple choice.** 1\. a 2. a 3.c 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. b 8\. a 9. b 10. а 11. a 12. c 13. a 14. c 15\. c 16. c 17. а 18. b 19. a 20. c 21. c 22\. b 23. a 24. b 25. a 26. a 27. c 28. c 29\. b 30. a 31. a 32. b 33. b 34. c 35. c 36\. c 37. a 38. c 39. c 40. b 41. a 42. a 43\. b 44. c 45. a 46. b 47. b 48. a 49. c 50\. a 51. b