Organization & adminstration in sport hand out (2).docx

**Organization & Administration Lecture Note** **UNIT FOUR** **ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SPORT ORGANIZATIONS** 1. **Nature of Sport Organization** Throughout the world, sport is a rapidly growing and increasingly diverse industry. Different types of organizations (public, private and voluntar...

**Organization & Administration Lecture Note** **UNIT FOUR** **ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SPORT ORGANIZATIONS** 1. **Nature of Sport Organization** Throughout the world, sport is a rapidly growing and increasingly diverse industry. Different types of organizations (public, private and voluntary organizations) make up the sports activity. Many sport organizations operate as voluntary or nonprofit organizations. The funds they generate are used to run activities which benefit their communities where they are based. Some sports organizations, particularly those from the public sector, primarily function to aid and assist other organizations in the delivery of sports. For example, the Ethiopian Ministry of Youth and Sport has its primary goal to enhance the participation of the community in different sports and taping the overall sport activities. Many sports organizations are linked to educational institutions and provide recreational and competitive sports opportunities as a part of the educational process. The sport industry also includes professional sport organizations, which contract with athletes to compete in their particular sport. The event is then sold to live audiences and to TV companies for entertainment value. Therefore, organizations are an integral and pervasive part of the sports industry. 2. **Organizational Structure** The organizational structure refers to how an organization delegates **roles**, **responsibilities**, **jobs**, **accountability** and **decision-making authority**. **Elements of organizational structure** 1. Job design 2. Departmentalization 3. Delegation 4. Chain of command 5. Span of control Organizational structure is an important concept to study because it: - Influences the flow of interaction - Channels collaboration - Specifies modes of coordination - Allocates power and responsibility - Prescribes levels of formality and complexity **4.3. Tasks of Sports Organizations** Sports organizations serve as the backbone of the sports industry, overseeing everything from grassroots initiatives to international competitions. Their main tasks are: - Promoting and regulating sports - Ensuring fair competition - Providing opportunities for athletes ***4.3.1. The International Olympic Committee (IOC)*** IOC is the independent, non-governmental organization that directs and governs the Olympic movement and the Olympic Games. The IOC is governed by its Olympic Charter which outlines the rules, by-laws and instructions for organizing the Olympic Games. French and English are the official language of the IOC. The IOC chooses its own members. The members represent the IOC are members of their countries Olympic committee (NOC) and it's Executive Committee. **Responsibilities of IOC:** ***The IOC has the following responsibilities*:** - Promotion and development of physical and moral qualities - Developing Olympism and the Olympic Movement worldwide - Awarding and staging of the Olympic Games - Encouraging the development of sports - Assisting the NOC and international federations **Decision Making** The President, The Executive Board and the Session are the primary authorities for decision making. **The Executive Board** - Ensures that the rules are strictly observed - Decide all matters of controversy concerning the Olympic movement and the Olympic Games - Prepares the agenda for the session of the IOC. - Submits the names of candidates to IOC for election - Manage the IOC finances, and submits an annual report - Appoints the Director - Accepts the ultimate responsibility of administration - Approves the IOC organization - Keeps the IOC records **The session** The session is composed of IOC members. Important decisions concerning the IOC are made by all members at the session and the power of the IOC session is paramount. The IOC has several commissions to assist its work. The Olympic solidarity commission is one of these. ***4.3.2. The National Olympic Committees (NOCs)*** Each NOC is established by consent of the IOC and has its own constitution which must conform to the principles of the Olympic Charter. Each NOC has the sole responsibility and authority to develop the Olympic Movement in its country and to select and send an Olympic Team to the Games. As well, each NOC is the sole authority in its country to use the *Olympic Rings, Emblems* and *Marks*. There is world Association of National Olympic Committee (ANOC) to which all NOCs may belong. The head quartered ANOC is in Paris and holds a general congress every two years. ***There are five continental associations of NOCs.* These include:** - The Pan American sport Organization (PASO) - The Association of NOCs of Europe(ANOCE) - The Association of NOCs of Oceania (ANOCO) - The Association of NOCs of Africa (ANOCA) - The Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) **4.3.3. The International Federations (IFs)** The International sport Federations (IFs) are independent of the IOC and NOCs. They are international non-governmental organizations, administrating one of sports at the world level. The IOC recognized 29 IFs for the summer and winter Olympic Games program. The programs of International Federations include: - The staging of world championships - Participation in Olympic Games - Development of rules and regulations for competitions - Training of referees and coaches There is a General Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF) to which many International Federations belong. This organization stages occasional meetings to review various issues facing the international federations. The sports of the Olympic Games have their own associations called the Associations of the Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF).This association provides a forum for discussion of Olympic related issues. The IOC chooses which sports will form the program for each Games, and the IFs are responsible, along with the Organizing Committee, for organizing the competition according to the IF's own technical regulations. The IFs participate on several IOC commission such as the commission for the Olympic Movement, the Commission for the Olympic Program, and the Olympic Solidarity Commission. **4.3.4. The National Federation (NFs)** The NFs form the majority of membership of each NOC by rule of the Olympic Charter. Each NF must be directly affiliated with its specific IF. The NFs are recognized by the IF as the sole authority for their sport in a country, and responsible for all national programs. **4.3.5. The clubs** The basic organization of sport in most countries is through a system of sport clubs. These clubs are affiliated as members of the specific sport organization. The developments of world-class athletes happen solely as a result of club program and support, rather than any specific assistance from a national sports body. The club members pursue their sport interests including - Tournaments participation - Socialization - Instruction and skill development **Unit five** **THE PROCESSES OF ORGANIZATION /ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIVITIES** **5.1. Budget making and finance management** Financial management is one of the most important duties of the PE and sport administration. Some duties will include: - The handling of money - Making all kinds of financial transactions - Preparing budgets Efficient financial management is crucial for maximizing the benefit from available revenue. Available resources must be wisely employed. **Budget and Finance** **A budget** is a financial plan that outlines the **expected income and expenses** over a specific period. The budget should be prepared in advance of the fiscal year in which it will be utilized. The fiscal year for Ethiopian institutions is the period from Hamle 1 to Sene 30. Here are some steps to make a budget: 1. Determine income 2. Identify expenses 3. Categorize expenses 4. Set financial goals 5. Track and adjust 6. Review and adapt **Finance** is essentially the management of money and its related financial instruments. It is concerned with: 1. Obtaining money and 2. Spending it **CHAPTER SIX** **ORGANIZING TOURNAMENT/COMPETITION** **A tournament** is a competition held among different teams in a particular game or sport according to a fixed schedule where a winner is decided. **Types of Tournaments** **There are 4 main types of tournaments:** 1. [Knock-out or Elimination tournaments](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament#Knock-out_tournaments) 2. League or Round Robin tournaments 3. Combination tournaments 4. Challenge tournaments 1. **Knock-out or Elimination tournaments** In this type of tournament the team which is defeated once or twice gets eliminated immediately and will not be given another chance to play. Only the winner team play with each other until one team emerges as a champion. It is the quickest way of determining the winner. The disadvantage of this tournament is that good teams may clash in first round and does not reach final. Knock-out tournaments of two types: 1. **Single knock-out tournament** - a team is eliminated after defeated once. 2. **Double knock-out tournament** -- a team is eliminated after defeated twice. **Bye** Bye is a sort of privilege to a team. A team who is given 'bye' does not play in the first round. Bye becomes a necessity when number of participating teams is not in power of two (2). 'Bye' brings the number of teams to power of 2 in succeeding rounds and it is easier to draw fixtures. For examples -- if a total number of teams participating in a tournament is 15, number of 'byes' can be calculated as follows: - Total number teams =15 - Next highest power of two = 16 - Hence, number of 'byes' = 16-15 = 1 **2. League or Round robin tournament** In a **round-robin tournament,** every team plays with each other irrespective of the victory or defeat. League tournament is of two types: 1. Single league 2. Double league In **single league** tournament each team plays with every other team only once. In such tournament, number of matches to be played is [\$\\frac{N\\left( N - 1 \\right)}{2}\\text{\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ }\$]{.math.inline} where 'N' stands for number of teams. **For example** suppose that 8 teams are participating in a single league tournament. Total number of matches to be played in tournament will be: [\$\\ \\frac{N\\left( N - 1 \\right)}{2}\\text{\\ \\ \\ \\ }\$]{.math.inline}i.e [\$\\frac{8\\left( 8 - 1 \\right)}{2}\\text{\\ \\ }\$]{.math.inline}= [\$\\frac{\\left( 8x7 \\right)}{2}\\ \\ =\$]{.math.inline} 28 In **double league** tournament, each team play twice with each other. Total number of matches to be played will be N(N-1). **For example** if 8 teams are participating in a double league tournament, the total number of matches to be played will be: N(N-1) i.e 8(8-1) = 8x7 = 56 3. **Combination Tournament** This type of tournament is usually conducted whenever matches shall be played among the teams belonging to away places and when larger number of teams competes for a particular game. Then, the team may be divided into few groups. The teams belong to concerned group play among themselves either on knock-out or league basis and decide the winner of the group. Thereafter, the group winners play among themselves again either on knock-out or league basis and decide the champion. E.g. CAF cup, FIFA world cup... 4. **Challenge Tournament** This tournament has levels where winners go up and losers go down from their respective position. Winning is important to climb to the top position.