Social Work Review: A Compilation PDF

SOCIAL WORK REVIEWER: A COMPILATION Social Welfare, Social Services And Social Work Social Work History Part 1: The Development Of Social Work In The Philippines Part 2: The Development Of Social Work In Europe And United States...

SOCIAL WORK REVIEWER: A COMPILATION Social Welfare, Social Services And Social Work Social Work History Part 1: The Development Of Social Work In The Philippines Part 2: The Development Of Social Work In Europe And United States The Social Work Profession The Philosophical And Value Foundation Of Social Work Introduction To Social Work Practice The Helping/Problem Social Work Practice Social Work Helping Models And Approaches Generic Tools In Social Work Practice The Fields Of Social Work Trends On Social Work In The Philippines Group Work Community Organizing Personality Theories Mind Map Contributors by Reggie Salonga Gina Cabrera Patricia Centeno Joyce Sy Shiela Garduque Mary Joy Veracruz Diane Rose Ambuyo Cynthia McKinzie (Mind map) Edited by Joyce Sy Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 1  SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIAL SERVICES AND SOCIAL WORK Social Welfare – Covers practically everything men do for Social Welfare Programs categories: the good of society. 1. Social Security –refers to the whole set of compulsory Definition of Social Welfare according to the following: measures instituted to protect the individual and his family against the consequences of unavoidable Gertrude Wilson- She characterized social welfare as “an interruption or serious diminution of the earned organized concern of all people for all people”. income disposable for the maintenance of a reasonable standard of living. Walter Friedlander- Defines it as “the organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals 2. Personal Social Services – refers to service functions and groups to attained satisfying standards of life and which have major bearing upon personal problems, health”. individual situation stress, interpersonal helping or helping people in need, and the provision of direct Elizabeth Wickenden - According to her, “Social Welfare services on collaboration with workers from includes those laws, programs, benefits and services which government and voluntary agencies assure or strengthen provisions for meeting social needs recognized as basic to the well being of the population and 3. Public Assistance – refers to material/concrete the better functioning of the social order”. aids/supports provided, usually by government agencies to people who have no income or means of Pre-Conference Working Committee for the XVth support for themselves and their families for reasons International Conference on Social Welfare defines social and such as loss of employment, natural disasters, welfare as “All the organized social arrangements which etc. In foreign countries, public assistance is simply have as their direct and primary objective the well- being called as “Welfare”. of people in a social context.” Social Services – refers to the programs, services and In the foregoing definitions essentially we find one idea – other activities provided under various auspices, to that social welfare encompasses the well being of all the concretely answer the needs and problems of the members of human society, including their physical, members of society. mental, emotional, social economic and spiritual well being. Richard M. Titmus- sees social problems as a structural or basically located in the economy. “Since we cannot name Society responds to unmet needs or problem through the and blame the culprits and oblige them to make redress, following ways: we must either provide social services or allow the social costs of the system to lie where they fell.” He considers 1. Individual and group efforts- These refer to social services as partial compensation for the “socially systematic and voluntary efforts undertaken by generated disservices” and “Socially-caused diswelfare.” individuals and/or groups in response to the unmet needs of people in community. Reason for Providing Social (Welfare) Services: 2. Major Societal Institutions - Social forces that brings 1. Humanitarian and Social Justice Goals –rooted in the about changes which can affect the effectiveness of democratic ideal of social justice, and is based on the these institutions in performing their social welfare belief that man has the potential to realized himself, functions. except that physical, social economic, psychological and other factors sometimes hinder or prevent him 3. Social Agency – Whether under Public or private from realizing his potential. auspices, a social agency is a major provision for 2. Social Control Goal –based on the recognition that helping people with their problems. needy, deprived, or disadvantaged groups may strike out, individually and/or collectively against what they Two views of social welfare: consider to be alienating or offending society. Residual Formulation- Temporary, offered during 3. Economic Development Goal –places priority on emergency situations and withdrawn when the regular those programs designed to support increases in the social system is again working properly. production of goods and services, and other Institutional Formulation- Social welfare as a proper, resources that will contribute to economic legitimate function of modern society. development. Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 2 Social Work – is the profession which is concerned with mans adjustment to his environment: a person (or groups) in relation to a person’s (or their) social situation. Social Functioning - is a result from the performance of person’s various social roles in society. Social Functioning are caused by any of the following: a. Personal inadequacies or sometimes pathologies; b. Situational inadequacies;and c. Both personal and situational inadequacies. The US Council on Social Work Education has this definition of social work: “Social work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals, singly and in groups, by activities focused upon their social relationship which constitute the interaction between man and his environment. These activities can be group into three functions: a. Restoration of impaired capacity b. Provision of individual and social resources c. Prevention of social dysfunction June 27, 2001 - the International Association of Schools of Social Work and the International Federation of Social Workers jointly announced this new International definition of social work which, it is believed, is applicable to social work practitioners and educators in every region and country of the world: “The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well being. Utilizing theories of human behavior and social systems, social works intervenes at the points where people interact with their environment. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamentals to social work.” 1930 – Social Work introduced as a systemic method of helping people in the field of public welfare in the Philippines. Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 3  SOCIAL WORK HISTORY PART 1: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WORK IN THE PHILIPPINES PERIOD ACTIVITY NOTES Pre-colonial SW during the pre-colonial period centered on mutual protection and economic survival (900 AD to 1521) Spanish Period The Spaniards brought the teaching, to do good to others for the salvation of their souls, and which for many years (1565- 1898) was the underlying philosophy behind all social welfare activities. st 1565 1 hospital in Cebu - founded Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi st 1565 1 school in Cebu – founded by Augustinians 1571 Transferred in Manila and in 1578 named Hospitalito de renamed during the American: Sternberg General Santa Ana Hospital 1578 San Lazaro Hospital was built for Filipino beggars and pioneered the organized isolation of the sick by Fr. Juan became a hospital for lepers (1631) Clemente 1586 San Juan de Dios 1850 Start putting up of public schools 1885 Asilo de San Vicente de Paul – asylum for girls 1867 593 primary schools with a total of 138,990 enrollees 1882 Hospicio de San Jose - to house the aged and orphans, the mentally defective and young boys requiring reform 1899 The National Red Cross Hermanos – a women’s group that gives medical care American Period Americans introduced a new educational system, new health methods, and religious freedom (1898–1946) 1902 - Creation of insular board Composed of government health officials - Tasked to coordinate and supervise private institutions engaged in welfare work - Provide subsidy to expand hospitals and asylums 1905 Philippine Chapter of American Red Cross (ARC) 1907 La Gota de Leche was established to furnish child-caring This agency later opened free consultation clinic for institutions with fresh cow’s milk from dairy farm in mothers. Pasay, Manila, supervised by a veterinarian. 1908 Philippine General Hospital st 1910 - 1 deaf and blind school was established In 1900 there are attempts to alleviate the condition of - Philippine Anti-tuberculosis was organized deaf children at the Philippine Normal School. 1911 Est. of Tuberculosis Sanitarium in Santol, QC 1913 Association de Damas Filipinas was organized to help destitute mothers and their children. Feb. 5, 1915 Public Welfare Board was created – tasked to coordinate under Legislative Act No. 2510 the welfare activities of various existing charitable organizations st Jan. 1917 1 government owned orphanage was established in In 1926 some children were transferred to Welfareville Makati 1917 Associated Charities of Manila was established Considered as the Mother of social work profession in - concept of community chest the Philippines - between 1919 -1921 the ACM was fused w/ARC - The Associated Charities became an independent 1924 agency under the supervision of the Public Welfare Commissioner, and was partly financed by the government, and partly by private contributions. 1921 - Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner (OPWC) was - Replaced the Public Welfare Board created under Dept. of Interior - Josefa Jara Martinez introduced the scientific approach - Studied SW in New York in 1921 in SW in the Phils. Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 4  PERIOD ACTIVITY NOTES 1922 OPWC prepared solicitation forms which it required the This was not legal sanctioned until in 1933 wherein a public to demand of any person appealing for donations law (Philippine Legislative Act No. 3203) was passed and charities. This was done to protect the public and requiring “any person, etc. desiring to solicit or receive organizations from unscrupulous persons collecting contribution for charitable or public welfare purposes funds. to secure a permit to do so from the Director or Public Welfare.” January, 1924 - The first known school social work program in the The project resulted from the voluntary act of a social March, 1925 country took the form of an “experiment” at the worker in the Public Welfare Commission, Josefa Jara Zaragoza Elementary School in Tondo (now the Rosauro Martinez, Almario Elem. School). 1924 Philippine Legislative Act No. 3203 - relating to the care and custody of neglected and delinquent children and providing probation officers for them 1926 Association de Damas Filipinas founded a Settlement House on Rizal Ave., Manila patterned after Jones Addams’ Hull House in Chicago 1930s The Associated Charities were unable to cope with the Public Welfare Commissioner director at the time is Dr. number of applicants for relief and other social services, Jose Fabella despite appropriations made by the Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner. 1933 Frank Murphy became the Governor-General. Under The Murphy administration’s social welfare programs him the following were conducted: marked the first time the government assumed full 1. Scholarship grants for professional training in social responsibility for the relief of the distressed due to any work in the United States cause. 2. The Legislature appropriated funds for the operations of government child and maternal health centers which was established in every town with at least 2,000 pop. 3. Created First Housing Committee which studied Manila Slums resulted to 31 model houses in Tondo 4. Unemployment Committee which recommended the creation of National Emergency Relief Board Commonwealth (1935-1946) 1940 The Office of the Commissioner of Health and Public Pres. M. Quezon passage of the anti-usury laws – 8 Welfare was abolished and replaced by a Department of hours labor law, minimum wage, et.al. Health and Public Assistance Service, which took over the activities that used to be performed by the Associated Charities which, by then, had ceased to exist. November 1, 1939 Commonwealth Act No. 439 created the Department of Health and Public Welfare 1941 - Establishment of the Public Assistance Service - Bureau of Public Welfare officially became a part of the Department of Health and Public Welfare. In addition to coordinating services of all public and private social welfare institutions, the Bureau also managed all public child-caring institutions and the provision of child welfare services. Japanese Period Social Welfare activities during the period consisted mainly of giving medical care and treatment, as well as food (1941-1945) and clothing, to the wounded soldiers, prisoners and civilians. 1945 Philippine War Relief, Inc. from US landed in Leyte Post War Years 1946 - Re-open of Bureau of Public Welfare (BPW) but lack of In 1948 UNICEF became active in the Philippines funds limited its operations - UN General Assembly created The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) 1947 Creation of Philippine Association of Social Workers (with 8 members) Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 5  PERIOD ACTIVITY NOTES Oct. 4, 1947 BPW became the “Social Welfare Commission” under SWC offered 3 categories: 1. Child Welfare - including probation and parole Office of the President 2. Public Assistance – relief and case work 3. Coordination & Supervision – War Relief Office was place under SWC 1948 Pres. Quirino created the President Action Committee on PACSA was also tasked with giving relief assistance to Social Amelioration (PACSA) – It is a comprehensive the hungry, homeless and sick. program of health, education, welfare, agriculture, public works and financing 1949 Council of Welfare Agencies of the Philippines and the Community Chest of Greater Manila were organized 1950’s Establishment of With 33 youth serving agencies - The Philippine Youth Welfare Coordinating Council - Philippine School of Social Work (MA in Social Admin.) at PWU Jan. 3, 1951 The Social Welfare Commission and the President’s 3 divisions are: Action Committee on Social Amelioration were fused - Division of Public Assistance into one agency called the Social Welfare Administration - Child Welfare Division - Division on Rural Welfare (created by Administrative Order No. 7, on September 5, 1951) – It deals with the mounting social problems in the rural areas. “Self-Help” became the underlying philosophy for the rural community development projects. July 1961 Launching of the UNICEF Assisted Social Services Project under the Social Welfare Admin. Nov. 24, 1964 Adopted the Phil. SW Code of Ethics, rev. on Nov. 1998 1965 RA 4373: “An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work – The law requires completion of a Bachelor of Science and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the in Social Work degree, one thousand hours of Philippines” supervised field practice, and the passing of a government board examination in social work for licensing or registration as a social worker. – It is the formal recognition of social work as a profession in the Philippines. 1967/1968/1969 3 National Workshop on SW education, formed an SSWAP → PASWI = NASWEI ADHOC Comm. → became School of Social Work Association of the Philippines (SSWAP) in Nov. 12, 1969 1968 RA 5416: Social Welfare Act – elevated SWA to a Department Sept. 8, 1976 DSW change to DSSD (Dept. of Social Services and - Prioritization of the bottom 30% Development) June 2, 1978 Pres. Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1397, The sixties and seventies marked the existence of converting departments into ministries thus the Ministry voluntary organizations and establishment of even of Social Services and Development. The organizational more agencies. structure, functions and programs remains the same. 1980’s MSSD: - Launched the Case Management System, Total Family Approach and Integrated Human Resource Development Program - Self-Employment Assistance was upgraded. - Social Welfare Indicators was updated to monitor the level of well-being of the MSSD service users Jan. 30, 1987 Pres. Aquino reorganized MSSD and change it to DSWD 1990’s The DSWD continued the 5 program areas of concern The aftermath of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption was the during the early nineties. It also gave priority attention to use of Crisis Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD), a form of Low Income Municipalities (LIMs) and other socially- crisis intervention used with victims of disasters and depressed barangays. other crisis situation. Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 6  PERIOD ACTIVITY NOTES October 10, 1991 R.A. 7160: Local Government Code The Department, retained its specialized social services Implementing functions together with its programs and consisting of four categories: services were devolved to its local government unit. a. Center/institution-based services; b. Community-based programs and services; c. Locally-funded and foreign-assisted projects; and d. Disaster relief and rehabilitation augmentation. Feb. 1999 NGO Network launched the Philippine Council for NGO RA 4373 (1965): provides that no SW agency shall Certification (PCNC) operate and be accredited unless it shall first have registered with the Social Welfare Admin. Wi/shall issue the corresponding certificates of registration RA 5416 (1968): empowers DWSD to set standards and policies; accredit public and private institutions and coordinate government and voluntary efforts in SW work. PART 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WORK IN EUROPE AND UNITED STATES PERIOD ACTIVITY NOTES Europe th 16 Century Period of Reformation Martin Luther King (1520) in Germany appealed to forbid begging instead organize a common chest Juan Luis Vives – developed a program of poor relief: - Dividing the city into parish quarters with a team assigned to each - Investigate the social condition of every pauper family - Providing for aid thru customary distribution of alms - Commitment to a hospital (almshouse) of the aged and unemployed 1852 Elberfeld System – application of Vives concept as - Elberfeld System influenced the reorganization of proposed by a banker Daniel von Heydt relief systems in most of the German cities. - An unsalaried almoner whose duty was to investigate - 2 ½ Cen. Later this system was used in Hamburg each applicant for aid and to make visits every two (1788), Munich (1790) and Eloerfld (1853) weeks as long as aid was given. - Attempts to introduce the system in non-German - The almoners met every two weeks under direction of cities were unsuccessful. an unpaid overseer to discuss the cases and to vote needed relief. - Relief was granted in money according to a fixed schedule for two weeks at a time, any earning the family may have garnered being deducted. - Tools were furnished when advisable. th 17 Century Fr. Vincent de Paul in France became one of the most important reformer of charities. He organized lay orders: Ladies of Charity and Daughters of Charity (1633), the latter was considered as the fore runner of modern social work England th 14 Century Made a distinction between 2 classes of poor: a. The able-bodied – who can earn a living b. The impotent poor – who could not work Statute of laborer of 1349 – King Edward III – first law for to prevent begging and vagrancy the poor in England th 16 Century Poor relief system: (1) house of correction or (2) almshouses Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 7  PERIOD ACTIVITY NOTES th 17 Century Elizabethan Poor Law (The Poor Relief Act of 1601) - The 1601 act saw a move away from the more obvious created a national poor law system for England and forms of punishing paupers under the Tudor system Wales. towards methods of "correction" It formalized earlier practices of poor relief distribution in England and Wales and is generally considered a Several amending pieces of legislation can be refinement of the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 that considered part of the Old Poor Law. These include: established Overseers of the Poor. 1662 – Poor Relief Act 1662 (Settlement Acts) The "Old Poor Law" was not one law but a collection of 1723 – Workhouse Test Act laws passed between the 16th and 18th centuries. The 1782 – Gilbert's Act system's administrative unit was the parish. 1795 – Speenhamland It was not a centralized government policy but a law which made individual parishes responsible for Poor Law legislation. 1782 Gilbert Act – transfer from indoor relief to outdoor relief which provided that persons able and willing to work should be maintained in their own homes until they found employment 1780-1847 Rev. Thomas Chalmers, parish minister from Scotland - Personal Parochial Relief Philosophy organized a program of “private charity” on the principle - London Charity Organization Society (50 yrs. later) of neighborly aid. organized a program of relief based on Chalmer’s ideas and was later called “Case Work” Aug. 14, 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act (NPLAA) - was an Act of the It was an Amendment Act that completely replaced Parliament of the UK passed by the Whig government of earlier legislation based on the Poor Law of 1601. With Earl Grey that reformed the country's poverty relief reference to this earlier Act the 1834 Act is also known system (with the exception of Scotland, which reformed as the New Poor Law their poor law in 1845). Based on 3 main doctrines: 1. Malthus's principle that population increased faster rather than resources unless checked 2. Ricardo's "iron law of wages" and 3. Bentham's doctrine that people did what was pleasant, and would tend to claim relief rather than working th 19 Century Three main factors: 1. Social Reform Movement - Chartists Consumer’s Cooperatives by Robert Owen (1844-1848) - Christian Socialists - Housing Reforms: Octavia Hill (1864) with John Ruskin started a project of rebuilding slums in London. Used/Enlisted Lady volunteers to collect rents, to give advices to families in home management and sound leisure activities. 2. Charity Organization Societies - Society for Organizing Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity (SOCRRM) was founded in London in 1869 (Charity Organization Society/COS/The Society) st - Toynbee Hall – 1 settlement housing in London (1884) named after Arnold Toynbee 3. Methods of Social Research - 1886 Charles Booth hired people to conduct a research into the real conditions of thousands of employed workers’ families th 20 Century Problem on unemployment Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 8  PERIOD ACTIVITY NOTES 1905 Poor Law Commission established a policy of social reform with the following: - Abolished the punitive characteristics of poor relief in favor of humane public assistance program - Abolished mixed almshouses - Introduced a system of national pensions for the 1911 aged, free hospital treatment for the poor, gratuitous public employment services, and a program of “social insurance” with unemployed and health benefits 1909 Social Legislations on 1. slum clearance and public housing 1920’s 2. old-age pensions to unemployable blind people, and consultation centers for expectant mothers and children nd During the 2 Allowance to war victims World War (1939) 1941 Abolished the responsibility of grown up children for their parents 1942 Re-examined the entire British Social Insurance and Beveridge Report – became the foundation of the Welfare program by a Committee headed by Lord modern social welfare legislation of Great Britain William Beveridge which devised a comprehensive system of social security based upon 5 program: The backbone of the entire social security plan is the 1. A unified, comprehensive, and adequate program of social insurance social insurance 2. A program of public assistance for people not sufficiently protected thru social insurance 3. Children’s allowances (family allowance) 4. Comprehensive free health and rehab. Services for the entire population 5. Maintenance of full employment thru public works measures United States th 17 Century Early settlers from England viewed paupers as criminals They adopted the Elizabethan Poor law (legal settlements or residential qualifications) Public – poor relief was given in the form of outdoor Pauper was treated as a morally deficient person relief in kind (food, clothes, fuel) or by selling out the regardless of the cause pauper to the lowest bidder - Pauper’s oath Private – poor relief was given by church charities, - In Penssylvania they wear the letter “P” in their right benevolent societies or associations of certain sleeves nationality and philanthropic associations st 1773 1 institution for mentally ill – Eastern State Hospital at Influenced by French humanitarian Williamsburg, Virginia 1783 Dr. Benjamin Rush introduced a humane treatment of Influenced by French humanitarian the mentally ill st 1790 1 state penal institution at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Influenced by French humanitarian 1817 1st asylum for the deaf at Hartford, Connecticut Influenced by French humanitarian 1821 1st asylum for the blind at Boston, Massachusetts Influenced by French humanitarian 1848 1st state school for the feeble minded at Boston Influenced by French humanitarian 1879 1st prison for women at Sherborn, Massachusetts Influenced by Baccaria and Lombroso 1843-1853 Dorothea Dix – exposed thru documentation the suffering of mentally disturbed patients resulting to the construction of 32 hospitals for mentally ill st 1863 Creation of the 1 State Board of Charities in Massachusetts a central agency for the supervision of all state charitable institutions Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 9  PERIOD ACTIVITY NOTES 1871 Charity Organization Society (COS) in Buffalo, NY – - Required the social investigation of every relief intended to avoid waste of funds, competition and applicants by the “friendly visitors” duplication of work among the relief agencies thru a - COS functioned as the SW coordination and planning board composed of representatives of these agencies body - United Charities or Association of Charities is concerned with family and children services 1897 Establishment of Training School for Applied Philanthropy by Mary Richmond which led to the st organization of the 1 social work courses in NY in 1898 th 19 Century 2 major change are: 1. active role of private charities and 2. State responsibility to certain type of needy groups 1913 Establishment of Community Chest in Cleveland – tasked to collect private contributions and donations and for fair distribution to social agencies st 1887 1 settlement house in the US – The Neighborhood Guild of NY 1889 Hull House in Chicago by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr 1909 Pres. T. Roosevelt invited workers of child welfare The conference was about the care of dependent agencies to the White House children 1920 Establishment of Child Welfare League of America – a voluntary nationwide organization for the development of standards for childcare and protection May 1933 Pres. F. Roosevelt – Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) In 1935 FERA was abolished and replaced by Works Projects Administration 1933-1942 Civilian Conservation Corps (for youth ages 17-25) 1935-1944 National Youth Administration - Student Aid Program - OSY Aug. 14, 1935 Passage of the Social Security Act THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION Social work is a profession that is practiced independently forces meet: the individual impetus toward health growth or as part of a team in many different fields, health, and belonging, and the organized efforts of society to education, corrections, and community development. integrate its parts into a productive and dynamic whole. Social worker intervene countless problematic situations Wernes Boehm (1958) - Social Work seeks to enhance the people find themselves, who needs help in order to social functioning of individuals, singularly and in groups, function well socially. by activities focused upon their social relationships which constitutes interaction between individuals and their Social Functioning: Social Work’s Focus of Concern environments. These activities can be group into three functions: restoration of impaired capacity, provision of William Schwartz (1961) - states that “Every profession individual and social resources, and prevention of social has a particular function to perform in society: it receives a dysfunction. certain job assignment for which it is held accountable.” William Gordon (1969) - the central focus of social work The General assignment for the social work profession is to traditionally seems to have been on the person-in-his-life- mediate the process through which the individual and situation complex - a simultaneous dual focus on man and society reach out to each other through a mutual need for his environment. This focus has been concentrated at self fulfillment. This presupposes a relationship between some times on the side of the organism as interpreted by people and their nurturing group which we would describe psychological theory and at other times on the side of as “symbiotic” – each needing the other with all the environment as interpreted by sociological and economic strength it can command at a given moment. The social theory. The mainstream of social work, however, has worker’s field of intervention lies at the point where two become neither applied psychology nor applied sociology. Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 10 Harriet Barlett (1970) - Social functioning is the relation FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK between the coping activity of people and the demand from the environment. This dual focus ties them together. In 1958 the Commission on Practice of the U. S. National Thus, person and situation, people and environment, are Association of Social Workers came up with a statement encompassed in a single concept which requires that they of what has since been accepted as the three purposes or be constantly reviewed together. function of social work. Louise C. Johnson (1989) - Social workers become involved Restorative/curative/remedial as well as rehabilitative when individuals are having difficulty in relationship with function - assists individuals and groups to identify and other people in growing so as to maximize their potential; resolves or minimizes problems arising out of and in meeting the demands of the environment. The core disequilibrium between themselves and the environment. of the social work endeavor is to find the worker and client - Curative aspect – seek to remove factors which cause interacting in relation to problems in social functioning the breakdown in the person’s social functioning. which problems are the reason for the worker-client - Rehabilitative aspect – tries to put back the person to interaction. Thus the ultimate goal of all social work a normal or healthy state of social functioning. practice is the enhancement of the social functioning of individuals. Preventive function - identify potential areas of disequilibrium between individuals or groups and the Social environment – is a network of overlapping social environment in order to prevent the occurrence of this systems and social situations, including ecological equilibrium. systems, cultures and situations, including ecological systems, cultures and institutions. Developmental functions - seek out, identify, and strengthen the maximum potentials in individuals, groups Social situation – is an impinging segment of the social and communities. The aim is both to help the individual environment, smaller, more immediate environment that make maximum use of his own potentials and capacities “has meaning for the individualand that is uniquely as well as to further the effectiveness of available social or perceived and interpreted by him, in which he has one or community resources. more status – roles identities, is a group member and a role performer.” SOCIAL WORK AS A PROFESSION The Social work job assignment involves RA 4373, promulgated in 1965 – Social Work officially a. “mediating” (Schwartz) recognized as a profession with the passage of a law by b. “matching” (Gordon) Congress. c. “Striking a balance between people’s coping ability The five elements as constituting the distinguishing and situational/environmental demands” (Barrlett) attributes of a profession, according to Ernest Greenwood. Social Roles – defined as the socially recognized pattern of Systematic Body of Theory - skills that characterize a behaviors and activities expected from an individual profession flow from and are supported by a fund of occupying a certain position in the society. knowledge that has been organized into an internally consistent system called a body of theory. CAUSES OF AND RESPONSES TO SOCIAL FUNCTIONING PROBLEMS 3 types of knowledge a. Tested Knowledge – is knowledge that has been Social functioning problems may be caused by factors established through scientific study (research). inherent in the person, factors in the situation or b. Hypothetical Knowledge – still has to undergo environmentor factors in both the person and the transformation into tested knowledge. situation or environment. c. Assumptive knowledge – practice wisdom. Social Work intervention is always directed toward Professional Authority – Extensive education in the enhancing or improving the individual’s social functioning systematic theory of her discipline provides the through any of the following ways: professional with a type of knowledge which the layman 1. Change strategies directed toward the individual; does not have. 2. Change strategies directed toward the environment; 3. Change strategies directed toward both the individual Community Sanction – the community sanctions a and the environment. profession’s authority by way of giving it certain powers and privileges. Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 11  a. Social Values - refer to the basic and fundamental Regulative Code of Ethics – this code serves to check beliefs of a group, practically the reason for its possible abuses which can arise out of a profession’s existence. exercise of authority, and its accompanying powers and b. Professional Norms - are the accepted standards privileges. of behavior of doing things, which guides the professional in various situations. Professional Culture – the interaction of social rules c. Symbols- of a profession are its “meaning-laden required by the formal and informal groups generate a items” including emblems, insignias, dress social configuration unique to the profession or history, its idioms and vocabulary and its stereo professional culture. The culture of a profession consist of types of the professional, the client and the the following: layman. PHILOSOPHICAL AND VALUE FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL WORK Value: Defined as that worth which man attaches to certain things, systems, or persons within the realm of usefulness, truth, goodness or beauty. Knowledge: Refers to what, in fact, seems to be established by the highest standards of objectivity and rationality of which man is capable. Concerned with facts and information. Skill: Ability, expertness, or proficiency gained from practice and knowledge. Concerned with application, with doing, but not just doing any which way, but ably, expertly, proficiently. Professional Skill: Refers to one’s ability to apply the knowledge and values of one’s profession in her work with people. Developed not just by understanding of theory but also by practice. Art: Social Work practice has been referred to as an art with scientific and value foundation. Social worker has to use her skill in using the relationship between the client and herself to achieve certain objectives. The Philosophy of SW The Values of Social Work Concepts in the Values of SW Views about Man Democratic Theory: Man Each person has the right to self- Concept of Human Potentials Natural vs. has worth and dignity. fulfillment, deriving his inherent and Capacities Transcendental Man as having worth capacity and thrust toward that goal. because he is capable of reason, of rational analysis, and choice. Humanism: (Howard Each person has the obligation, as a Concept of Social Man as Social, Mumford Jones) implies member of society Responsibility Asocial or Anti- that every human being Social by the mere fact of his existence has dignity that this dignity begins at birth. Christianity: explainsSociety has the obligation to facilitate Concept of Equal Democracy’s View human worth and dignity the self-fulfillment of the individual Opportunities of Man in terms of man’s having and the right to enrichment through been created in the image the contribution of its individual of God. members. Each person requires for the Concept of access is also harmonious development of his critical. powers socially provided and socially safe-guarded opportunities for satisfying his basic needs in the physical, psychological, economic, cultural, aesthetic and spiritual realms. Increasingly specialized social Concept of Social Provision organization is required to facilitate the individual’s effort at self- realization. Note: This NOT a comparative matrix Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 12 Dominant Values of the Filipino Social Acceptance Defined as being taken by one’s fellows for what one is, or believes he is, and being treated in accordance with his status, this value is facilitated by the following intermediate values: Smooth Interpersonal Relations (SIR), which is a facility at getting along with others in such a way as to avoid outward signs of conflict. 1. Pakikisama 2. Euphemism 3. The use of a go between (tulay) Amor Propio Emotional Closeness Facilitated through the following: sacrificing individual interest for the good of the family, parental and Security in a striving to give their children an education even at great cost to themselves, older children Family sacrificing for the younger siblings, and mothers especially making sacrifices for the family. Authority Value The belief that families will remain close if someone exerts firm authority, and that such person must be respected and obeyed. Respect for traditions and rituals no matter how impractical they have become. Eg. Panalangin, Bahala na. Personalism This value attaches major importance to the personal factor which guarantees intimacy, warmth, and security of kinship and friends in getting things done. Eg. Tiwala, Kilala, walang pakialam, choosing officers for organizations: many will vote for those whom they know personally. Utang na Loob Literally means debt of gratitude. It is granted when a transfer of goods or services takes place between individuals belonging to two different groups. It compels the recipient to show gratitude properly by returning a favor with interest to be sure that he does not remain in the other’s debt. Patience, Suffering A cultural belief that a person must suffer before he can gain happiness, and related to it is that and Endurance which many still believe, that women, particularly, must suffer in silence. Eg. Many suffer poverty and think it is a test and if they pass it they will be rewarded. Social Work Principles Code of Ethics Acceptance of people as they are Participation of the client in problem-solving We the members of the Philippine Association of Social Self-Determination as a right of the client Workers, Inc. believing: Individualization of clients In the inherent worth and dignity of all persons Confidentiality emanating from a Supreme Being who directs our actions of love for one another; Worker Self-Awareness That every human being has natural and social rights, Client-Worker Relationship capacities and responsibilities to develop his full potentials as a human being; Professional Ethics In the human being’s capacity to change and recognize the value of unity in diversity, individual Ethics: is the science that treats of morals and right differences and pluralism in society; conduct. In free men and women living in a free society where poverty, in all its forms, is neither a fate nor a Professional Ethics: is the system of ethical principles and punishment but is a condition that can and must be rules of conduct generally accepted by the members of a changed; professional group, based on the philosophy, values, and In the family as the basic unit of society and its vital guiding principles of that profession. role in the growth and development of the individual, the family system and the community Profession Code of Ethics: the written expression of some of these principles and rules of conduct for the guidance That the government, the private sector and the of the professional group and the unwritten principles and public have a joint responsibility to promote social rules of conduct which usually have the same force as the justice and to ensure the political, economic and Code. social well-being of all people. In the role of social workers as agents and advocates of change and in the promotion of professionalism, responsibility and accountability; and That our professional practice is deeply rooted in our cultural values. Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 13 Standards of ethical conduct: Unwritten Duties and Obligations Expected of a Professional Social Worker A. Relative to Self and the Profession To conduct myself in a manner consistent with the A. Duties toward clients philosophy, principles, values and beliefs of the A professional deals with clients openly and frankly social work profession A professional is patient, tolerant and considerate To act at all times with honesty, openness and of the client’s point of view transparency in all my professional transactions A professional never uses threat or deceit To constantly work towards my own professional A professional is punctual in keeping appointments advancement so as to contribute to the promotion and makes no compromises she cannot keep of social work practice A professional is careful and thorough in dealing To contribute time and professional expertise to with client problems activities that promotes respect for the integrity A professional never discriminates against any and competence of social workers. client, giving so-called “hopeless” cases as much To share research knowledge and practice wisdom attention as promising ones to colleagues and other professionals A professional will act in relation to a client’s To be vigilant and act to prevent the unauthorized problems only on the basis of adequate knowledge and unqualified practice of social work of client’s situation. To support the professional association duly organized and constituted for the professional B. Duties toward colleagues and the profession welfare of all social workers A professional is courteous and fair in dealing with To respond and volunteer my professional services co-workers in times of emergency A professional cooperates with co-workers in the To uphold and protect the dignity and integrity of pursuit of common goals the profession A professional should maintain high standards of To promote cultural values that will enhance the honor, integrity and morality practice of the social work profession A professional makes only constructive criticism of co-workers and of the profession B. Relative to Clients A professional does not exploit her professional To uphold the basic human rights of clients and membership, and distinguishes between activities serve them without discrimination she does as a private citizen and as a member of To accept primary responsibility and accountability the profession to clients, respecting their right to self- determination and observe confidentiality in all my C. Duties toward the agency/organization dealings with them A professional is loyal to her agency To seek out the marginalized and ensure equal A professional cooperates in the achievement of access to the resources, services and opportunities her agency’s goals required to meet basic needs A professional seeks opportunities to participate in To expand choice and opportunity for all persons, the formulation of policies, thereby contributing to with special regard for disadvantaged or oppressed the improvement of agency services groups or persons A professional does not just oppose agency policies without first discussing the matter with the C. Relative to Colleagues appropriate persons To acknowledge and respect the professional A professional observes established agency rules, expertise of other disciplines, extending all channels, and procedures, and advocates for their necessary cooperation that will enhance effective change or modification if these are not satisfactory service To bring any violation of professional ethics and D. Duties toward the community/public standards to the attention of the appropriate A professional responds promptly to requests for bodies inside and outside the profession and assistance ensure that relevant clients are properly involved A professional makes use of appropriate To advocate with legislative and policy bodies for opportunities to interpret her work to the the welfare of all colleagues community Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 14  A professional helps bring about a sound and 3. Conflicting loyalties: Would loyalty to a client’s cause, constructive public opinion in matters of social such as where human dignity or survival is involved, concern. be a justifiable reason for not upholding loyalty to one’s organization or colleague group? This is where Purposes served by a profession’s Code of Ethics professionals unite against outsiders who threaten It helps check abuses, which can result from the the privileges and rewards of the group. powers and privileges accompanying the monopoly 4. Cultural and other realities: Eg. Personalistic culture enjoyed by a profession. calls for the use of personal connections to facilitate It provides the community some protection against action on a client’s request. This quite often means abuses by members of the profession that one has to disregard accepted agency rules or It sets forth basic principles which serve as channels. Political influence is when a worker remains guidelines to members of the profession, and which on the job only because of political influence and are helpful in the socialization of future engages in activities that is not acceptable to the professionals others in the agency. It sets guidelines for relationships, if not specific duties of members to each other, to their clients, Important Names to Remember and to other groups Pumphrey states, “Surely there was more ethical than It is a useful resource for the enrichment or unethical, more value-based than value-defying social improvement of the professional curriculum work. Justice Ramon San Jose, addressed the successful Some ethical dilemmas examinees in the 1963 bar examinations. “The legal 1. Manipulation: the matter of influencing clients to act profession, next to priesthood is the most exalted and in the way a worker wants them to act in response to dignified; it is an apostleship of justice. …. a given situation, or manipulating agency reports to Ross states, “Obligation and freedom are polar justify budgetary requests. opposites: freedom is an absence of constraint, and 2. Advocacy: Some promote unnecessary conflict obligation is constraining…” “….All social life seems to situations, resorting to various machinations, me based on genuine morality, whose core is including the use of insult, embarrassment, distortion obligation, and whose condition for existence is of the truth, disruption, and violence. choice, and so freedom to choose.” INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 1967 National Workshop on Social Work Education Bisno’s 9 social work methods resulted to: 1. Adversary o dictated that schools teach social work methods 2. Conciliatory based on generics approach 3. Developmental o develop skills based on generic aspects of the 4. Facilitative-Instrumental methods used by social worker 5. Knowledge Development & Testing 6. Restorative Integrated Method of Social Work Practice (US) = 7. Regulatory Generalist Approach (Ph) 8. Rule-Implementing 9. Rule making Against the separation of methods (casework, group work, CO): Herbert Bisno, Comptom and Galaway Comptom and Galaway – the traditional model encourages the dichotomous thinking that: Herbert Bisno – the inclusion of a quantitative o Community organizer will work to produce com. attribute of the potential transaction unit in the change, the Case worker to produce individual designation of the method has led to an illicit bond change, and the Group worker to either, between a given method and a given, but arbitrarily depending on the nature of the groups, instead restricted and limiting client system of maintaining the primary focus of SW intervention in the person-situation interaction o Has led to the training of specialists in each of these methods who tend to see the problems of their clients in terms of their own methodological Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 15  preference, rather than in terms of a complete Planned Change – a change originating from a assessment of the client-situation interaction. decision to make a deliberate effort to improve the system and to obtain the help of an outside agent in Micro Approaches – focus on the individual making this improvement Macro Approaches – directed towards community or Client System (CS)– system that is being helped larger social systems Outside Agent – professional change agent Filipino clients are multi-problem clients Problem – or situation assessed is the reason of entry The essential elements in SW practice are: of the change agent o Client Process – or the development of the helping o Worker relationship. It consists 7 phases. o Problem Change Force –increases the willingness of the CS for o Process change Resistance Force - reduces the willingness of CS for change THE HELPING/PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS IN SOCIAL WORK The problem solving process is essentially a cognitive General Problem-solving Process (7): process while SW helping process, involves a relationship 1. Recognition/definition of the problem, and between two parties: the worker and the client system. engagement with the client system; 2. Data collection; John Dewey book “How We Think” in 1933 3. Assessment of the situation; Problem-solving behavior is based on reflective thought 4. Goal setting and planning for action; that begins with a feeling of doubt or confusion. 5. Intervention or the carrying out of the action; 6. Evaluation; and In order to solve a problem, a person follows a rational 7. Termination procedure consisting of steps in an orderly sequence. SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS (APIET) 5 phases of reflective thinking: 1. Assessment 1) recognizing the difficulty; 2. Planning 2) defining or specifying the difficulty; 3. Intervention or Plan Implementation 3) raising a suggestion for possible solutions and 4. Evaluation; and rationally exploring the suggestion, which include 5. Termination data collection; 4) selecting an optimal solution from among many THE HELPING RELATIONSHIP proposals; and The worker-client relationship is such a crucial factor it 5) carrying out the solution. can spell difference between successful or unsuccessful George Polya (1940) - developed a model which intended problem-solving. All of the worker’s professional to be used as a guide for problems solving. Polya’s Model relationships should involve self-discipline and self- Phases of Problem Solving: awareness. 1) understanding the problem (situation, goal, and the conditions for solving it); Emmanuel Tropp – developed an important set of 2) devising a plan by which the goal could be attained; statement that sum up the essential characteristics of the 3) carrying out the plan; and worker’s presentation of self to each of her clients: 4) evaluation of the plan, its implementation and the 1. Compassion 9. Expectation results. 2. Mutuality 10. Limitation 3. Humility 11. Confrontation PROBLEM-SOLVING FRAMEWORK IN SOCIAL WORK 4. Respect 12. Planning 5. Openness 13. Enabling Helen Harris Perlman - originator of the problem solving 6. Empathy 14. Spontaneity and control framework in social work 7. Involvement 15. Role and person 8. Support 16. Science and art Social Casework: A Problem Solving Process – consisting of a series of problem-solving operations which can be summarized as follows: Study → Diagnosis → Treatment Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 16 SELF-AWARENESS may be called for in situation where o It must be stressed that there is no substitute for the worker’s values clash with the client values. Many of worker’s crystallization of her own assessment of the these values have usually been so internalized that the client’s problem. worker is often not conscious that she is judging other people’s behavior along these values. The following are suggested principles in data gathering: 1. The client should be the main source of information. Naomi I. Brill - recognizing the worker’s value system 2. Data to be gathered should directly relate to the defines her behavior and relationships with other people, identified problems. believes that the effective worker must: 3. The client should be informed about the source being 1. Be aware that she is a walking system of values. used for data collection. 2. Be conscious of what these biases are. 4. Data collection is a continuous process. 3. Strive to evaluate herself and her values objectively 5. The type of client and the general nature of the problem and rationally. can guide the worker on the type of data that should be 4. Strive to change those values that, on the basis of this collected and how much. evaluation, need changing. THE INITIAL CONTACT(S) WITH CLIENT/INTAKE AUTHORITY (and the power that accompanies it) - there Can be: are 2 sources of a worker’s authority – her position and 1. The client initiates the contact corresponding functions in the agency, and her possession 2. Referred by interested or concerned party. of knowledge and experience. 3. The agency o GODSTEIN points out that in SW relationships, when one seeks something from another person “that cannot INTAKE PROCESS & THE PRESENTING PROBLEM be obtained elsewhere – the relationship cannot be o Intake is the process by which a potential client equalized. achieves the status of a client o Client’s part - presentation of the self and the problem COMMITMENT & OBLIGATION - to bind or pledge one’s or need self to a relationship; to obligate one’s self is to perform o SWer’s part - assessment of the client and the problem the moral responsibility that goes with a pledge or a o A good intake interview should provide the client with promise made. adequate understanding of the agency and its policy and program in relation to the need or problem, as well HELPING CONTRACT is frequently used in reference to the as the responsibilities and obligations from both the expectations and terms of the commitments and client and worker obligations of both client and worker, which are often o The intake process may end either with the worker or clearly spelled out. the client deciding not to proceed o Intake may be accomplished in one session with the ASSESSMENT client. o Also termed as diagnosis and social study o Presenting problem - problem that is a threat to the o A process and a product of understanding on which client’s or others’ welfare, and usually stated or action is based (Max Siporin) presented as it is being perceived or experienced. o Involves the collection of necessary information and its o In working with small groups, a worker does individual analysis and interpretation or group intake interviews. o The ultimate purpose is to provide understanding o Individual Intake Form: community identifying necessary for appropriate planning. information, presenting problem and circumstances o The major tasks involved during this stage are data relating to this, background data and other pertinent gathering, and problem definition based on the information obtained during the initial contact with the agreement between the client and the worker as to the community. problem-for-work. o These tasks culminate in the worker’s writing of an DEFINING THE PROBLEM Assessment Statement or a Problem Definition. Compton and Galaway - the way you define the problem will define the data collected and will dictate what are INFORMATION/DATA GATHERING seen as appropriate answers. o Can be Primary or Secondary source o Problem-for-work - place of beginning together which  Existing data means problem or part of the problem that:  Worker’s own observations a. the client system feels is most important or a good o The collection, testing and analysis of data obtained beginning place; usually occur simultaneously. b. in the worker’s judgment is mort critical; Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 17  c. in the worker’s judgment can most readily yield to GOALS help; o The desired or expected outcomes of an endeavor. d. falls within the action parameters of the helping o The term interim goals, intermediate goals and system. objectives - refers to specific, short-term goals which facilitate the achievement of the long term or overall PARTIALIZATION - process of separating from so many goals. problems identified by the client and/or worker the o Characteristics of goals - SMART specific problem or problems which are to be addressed first, and therefore will be the focus of the helping PLANS relationship. o Means to achieve goals. o Consist of the specific actions/steps to be undertaken in PRIORITIZING - the added aspect of a problem taking order to reach the goals. precedence over other problems because of its o Jointly made by the worker and the client: Helping Plan, importance. Action Plan or Intervention Plan. o Systematic review of client strengths when preparing an WRITING AN ASSESSMENT STATEMENT intervention plan is one way to avoid offering an Components of an assessment statement by Maria O’neil intervention plan without considering alternatives with Mcmahon: the client. o Opening casual statement – this requires the worker to clearly indicate who has the problem, and why the UNITS OF ATTENTION problem exists at this time. o INTERVENTION or ACTION/HELPING PLAN calls for an o Change potential statement – a problem’s change identification of other persons who, in addition to potential is dependent on three interdependent factors: client, have to be given attention because they are problem, person and environment. involved in the situation, and work with them is o Judgment about the seriousness or urgency of the essential to goal attainment. problem. o Systems that are the focus of the change activity. Characteristics of Assessment STRATEGY defined as “an overall approach to change a 1. On-going situation.” 2. Focuses on understanding the client in situation and providing a base of planning and action Factors that influence the plan of action 3. A mutual process between client and worker. 1. The community in which it is being carried out. 4. There is movement within the assessment process. 2. The agency sanctioning the plan 5. Both horizontal and vertical explorations are 3. The social problem that the plan is a response to important. 4. The worker involved in the plan. 6. Assessment identifies needs in life situations, defines 5. The client. problems, and explains their meanings and patterns. 7. Assessment is individualized The Assessment and Planning steps in the problem solving 8. Judgment is important in assessment because many process culminates in the worker’s writing of a CASE decisions have to be made. STUDY that contains the synthesis of the information that 9. No assessment is ever complete. has been obtained on the client and his situation, an assessment statement/ definition of the problem of work, PLANNING and the helping intervention goals and plans. o The link between Assessment and Intervention. o Planning process translates the content of assessment THE HELPING CONTRACT into a goal statement that describes the desired results After having worked together in assessment and action and is also concerned with identifying the means to planning, what should follow is an agreement between reach the goals. the worker and the client on what needs to be done and o 2 major tasks during the planning stage: who should do it. This is called a “contract” in our setting,  Formulating goals that directly relate to the client’s and having verbal agreement is common practice. need or problem  Defining the specific actions/interventions that are necessary to achieve the goals. Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 18 INTERVENTION resources within themselves to solve problems they are o This phase in the helping process is concerned with the experiencing. action that would solve the client’s problem. Counselor/Therapist - The goal of the worker is the o Involves the rendering of all the specific and restoration, maintenance, or enhancement of the client’s interrelated services appropriate to the given problem capacity to adapt or adjust to his current reality. and situation in the light of the assessment and planning. INTERVENTIVE ROLES BEYOND DIRECT PRACTICE o Includes all the goal related activities that the worker will undertake following the agreement forged with the Mobilizer of Community Elite - involves the worker in client based on the problem to be worked on and the activities aimed at informing and interpreting to certain plan of action to be pursued. sectors of the community, welfare programs and services, as well as needs and problems, with the objective of Compton and Galaway have very apt words for the two enlisting their support and/or involvement in them. phases of the helping process: Documenter/Social Critique - Worker documents the need Deciding what to do (assessment and planning) and for more adequate social welfare policies and programs Doing the decided (intervention) based on her knowledge about the inadequacies or deficiencies in these existing welfare policies and ECO-MAP is an assessment, planning, and interventive programs as well as on her belief as to how they ought to tool. A simple paper and pencil simulation that present be, in the light of professional values and goals. the individual or family and the major systems in the life space, as well as the nature of the individual’s or family’s Policy/Program Change Advocate - Worker is involved in relationships with these various systems. efforts to change policies and programs on behalf of particular sectors of the population based on the values of INTERVENTIVE ROLES IN DIRECT PRACTICE the profession. Interventive role/s refers to the composite of activities or tasks that she is expected to undertake in order to Limitations of worker activities: accomplish the goals agreed upon with the client. Time – the worker may not be able to give the client unlimited time. Resource Provider - engages the worker in the direct Skill – the worker should perform only those activities that provision of material aid and other concrete resources are within her competence. that will be useful in eliminating or reducing situational Ethics – the worker should watch out for activities that deficiencies. might commit her to unethical behavior. Agency Function – the worker must be sure that she Social Broker - involves the process of negotiating the understands and interprets agency function properly. “service jungle” for clients, whether singly or groups. The worker links or connects the client to needed services in EVALUATION the community. o Collection of data about outcomes of a program relative o It requires a broad knowledge of community resources to goals and objectives set in advance of the and operating procedures of agencies implementation of that program. o Referral is considered a basic activity in this interventive o On-going evaluation role. o Terminal evaluation o Networking - worker’s efforts at establishing and o Summative evaluation concerned with outcomes or maintaining relationship with other community entities effectiveness. which have resources that can support and supplement o Formative evaluation concerned with looking at the her own agency’s resources. process of the work. It forces the worker to find out whether the intervention plan is being implemented as Mediator - person who acts as an intermediary or designed. conciliator between two persons or sides.  Intervention plans can be viewed in 2 levels: conceptual level and operational level. Advocate - the worker has to take a partisan interest in o Professional accountability – SWer and SW agencies the client and his cause. The objective is to influence, in must answer for their work, not just to the clients who the client’s interest, another party, usually possessing are the direct users, but to the public that supports same power or authority over the client. them. Enabler - involves the social worker in interventive activities that will facilitate the client’s strengths and Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 19 2 Aspects of Accountability: 3. When the client thinks that the worker has provided Effectiveness – refers to the question on whether or not sufficient help so that it is now possible for the client to the services or intervention plans are accomplishing their pursue problem-solving on his own. intended goals; Efficiency – refers to the cost of services and intervention 4. When an agency does not have the resources needed plans in money, time, and other resources. by the client or the worker does not get her agency’s approval to provide the services needed by the client. EVALUATION MODEL Evaluation in social work is done in two levels: 5. When the systems outside the client make it difficult for o On the level of direct practice with clients the client to continue with the helping relationship or o On the level of program implementation when these systems influence the client to discontinue the relationship. The evaluation is directed toward the following: 1. Measuring the outcomes (dependent variables) of 6. When for one reason or another, the worker must leave programs of specific interventions; the agency. 2. Measuring the change process or the nature of the intervention themselves (independent variables); and Transfer – the process by which a client is referred by his 3. Utilizing the research design that will permit you to social worker to another worker, usually in the same attribute the outcome to the change processes. agency, because the former will no longer be able to continue working with the client, or because she thinks Elements of Program Structure another worker is in a better position to work with her By Hudson and Grinnel client’s problem. 1. Inputs are the resources necessary to implement the program or the intervention. Referral – the act of directing a client to another 2. Activities are the things that agencies do to produce worker/agency because the service that the client needs is change. beyond the present agency worker’s competence, or the 3. Outputs are the immediate result of the program or client needs the additional service which the present intervention plan. agency cannot provide. 4. Outcomes are the longer-term benefits from the program or intervention plan. THE COMPONENTS OF TERMINATION Ellen Pincus and Anne Minahan present 3 major Qualitative Measures – like case studies where she components of the termination processes: describes the situation of the client before and after the o Disengagement - while termination is supposed to have intervention, can be used. been discussed from the beginning of the client-worker helping relationship, the reality often evokes certain Quantitative Measures – are among the more recent feelings and reactions from both workers and clients, design for evaluating change efforts of social workers. which must be faced. Essentials for doing evaluation:  Common reaction: 1. A clear definition of the goals and objectives to be 1. Denial attained. 2. Emotional reactions 2. A clear definition of the intervention and change 3. Bargaining activities to be undertaken. 4. Depression 3. Documentation of the activities undertaken to achieve 5. Acceptance the goals defined.  The following are some of the factors which TERMINATION influence client reactions: The following are the most common reasons for 1. Length of service terminating the client- worker relationship: 2. Attainment of client goals 1. When the goals set by worker and the client have been 3. Client-worker relationship reached. 4. Modality of intervention 2. When, after a reasonable period of time, there has been o Stabilization of Change - Ronald Lippitt contend that the very little movement toward the attainment of the main test of a change agent’s help is the stability and goals formulated, and the prospect for any change in permanence of the client system’s changed behavior the situation is held unlikely. when the change agent is no longer actively working with the client. Reviewer by ASI top 10 Page 20   The change process must equip the client system to carry on effectively in a wide range of day to o Terminal Evaluation - Periodic evaluation allows the day activities after the initial change project is worker and the client to review and, if necessary, revise over. the goals and objectives, assess gains and/or failures,  Robert Vinter explains this as the requirement of negotiate conflicts, and so on. transferability. o The evaluation of goal accomplishment in relation to  The worker’s main function during the the client’s need or problem may reveal her limitations stabilization of change is to ensure generalization and mistakes. and spr