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Social Work Foundation Social Welfare and Social Work History a. Beginning in Ancient times 1. Helping the needy and the distressed is as old as civilization itself although not necessarily on a formal organized basis. 2. China- refuge wa...

Social Work Foundation Social Welfare and Social Work History a. Beginning in Ancient times 1. Helping the needy and the distressed is as old as civilization itself although not necessarily on a formal organized basis. 2. China- refuge was provided for the sick and the poor; provisions of distributing clothing and feeding. 3. Greece and Rome- “Xenodochia” or guesthouses for custody and care of unfortunate. 4. Almsgiving-recognized by the religious as duty in obtaining grace. Problems and destitution, maladjustment and mental illness dealt with:  1st- family & tribe  2nd-church  3rd-private philanthropy  4th-community  5th-government b. OLD WORLD BACKGROUND (EUROPEAN BEGINNINGS) Religious motivation-most powerful means of charity. -Jewish & Christian Charity-motivated by the desire of the giver to receive grace or secure the merits of good deeds from God. Charity entrusted to the ff: 1. Bishops 2. Local Priests 3. Deacons Missionaries devoted their time to missionaries teaching, collecting alms, and distributing relief to the destitute. They established charitable institutions. Later on, institutions replaced by “hospitals” for old and sick persons, orphans, abandoned children and pregnant women. During the Middle Ages, the Christian church had vast influence on European society and Christians regarded charity as a responsibility and a sign of one's piety. This charity came in the form of direct relief (for example, giving money, food, or other material goods to alleviate a particular need), as opposed to trying to change the root causes of social ills. As there was no effective bureaucracy below city government that was capable of large-scale charitable activities, the clergy carried out this role in Europe until the Early Modern Period. BEGINNING CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1. Common Chest -it was founded by Martin Luther -a joint voluntary organization responsible for the receipt of food, money and clothing to assist the needy.  -responsible also for the collection of funds, distribution of relief to the destitute, the sick and the orphans assumed by local authorities, but the church wardens played a leading role in relief administration. A new philosophy of "scientific charity" emerged, which stated charity should be "secular, rational and empirical as opposed to sectarian, sentimental, and dogmatic. 2. Individualization (16th century) -Juan Luis de Vives, the Spanish Philosopher advanced the idea that the fate of the individual deserved attention. -investigation of the social conditions of every pauper family. -recommended the aid be provided through vocational training, employment and rehabilitation. 3. Hamburg Experiment (1788) -Professor Busch, the Commissioner for Public Relief introduced a district system of investigation and distribution of relief to individual paupers through volunteer committees. -the poor were interviewed and the needs were determined. -Children and youth were trained in elementary courses and industrial school was attached to the central asylum. 4. Military Workhouse (1790) -established by Benjamin Thompson in Munich. -workhouse manufactured clothing for the army by utilizing the employable poor/able-bodied poor. -financed by taxation and collection of voluntary gifts. 5. Elberfeld system (1853) -the city of Elberfeld introduced the idea financing relief exclusively by public taxation. 6. Daughters of Charity -forerunners of Social Work -founded by Father Vincent de Paul -consists of young women of the peasant class organized for charitable work. They trained in nursing the poor. *Father Vincent de Paul-most important reformer in the seventeenth century.  Why do we consider Vincent de Paul as the father of the poor?  Father Vincent de Paul was a skilled net-worker and collaborator and gave his energies and life to the needs of the poor in 17th-century war-torn France c. English social welfare Philosophical Base Religious Foundation - main motive of almsgiving as the salvation of the soul  Religious motivation: In medieval England care of the poor was an activity of the Church. The main motive for almsgiving was the salvation of the soul of the donor. Consequently, the almsgiver had little concern for the human being who received charity. The Church devoted from 1/4 to 1/3 of the tithes/donations and offerings collected from parishioners for charity. Early Charities - church to religious orders to guilds  Early charities: 1. Relief to the destitute was first distributed by the priest of the parish, with the help of the church wardens and deacons. 2. In the 13th and 14th centuries, religious orders and church institutions relieved the parish churches from most of the duties of caring for the poor. 3. From the 12th to the 15th century the work of the church was supplemented by the relief activities of the guilds. Craft and merchant guilds, rural fraternities, and social or church guilds were organized primarily for the purpose of mutual self-help, brotherhood and fellowship. Political foundation: i. Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 -was an Act of the Parliament of England. -It formalized earlier practices of poor relief distribution in England and Wales and is generally considered a refinement of the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 that established Overseers of the Poor. -The system's administrative unit was the parish. -It was not a centralized government policy but a law which made individual parishes responsible for Poor Law legislation. *In England up to the early part of the 19th century personal failure was considered the main cause of poverty.  Salient points: 1. Primary responsibility for the care of the poor belonged to the individual’s family and relatives 2. Those who could not be supported by relatives had to be cared for by the parish or the local community. 3. Only the poor who were bona fide residents of the parish were eligible for assistance. 4. The parish must maintain the impotent poor from voluntary contributions of the parishioners through collections. 5. A general tax was levied to provide the poor tax and was the main source for the financing of poor relief. Classifications of Poor (Elizabethan Poor Law) 1. Able-bodied poor-were to be set to work in a House of Industry. Materials were to be provided for the poor to be set to work. 2. Impotent poor-(people who can't work) were to be cared for in almshouse or a poorhouse. The law offered relief to people who were unable to work: mainly those who were "lame, impotent, old, blind.“ 3. Idle poor and vagrants/homeless were to be sent to a House of Correction or even prison. 4. Dependent children-becomes work apprentice ; vulnerable 4. Principle of Investigation   Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847) a parish minister in Scotland introduced the philosophy of personal parochial relief.  He organized a program of private charity on the principle of neighborly aid.  He developed the principle of investigation of each case of destitution on an individual basis and of attempting a solution to the cause of distress.  He stressed that a personal interest in the fate of the destitute is essential. Thomas Chalmers a Scottish minister and social reformer in the 19th century, significantly influenced the development of social work through his advocacy for the Parish Relief System and his emphasis on Christian charity and community-based solutions. Chalmers played a pivotal role in laying the groundwork for the concept of organized social welfare, particularly at the local level. Chalmers believed that local communities, organized around parish structures, should take active responsibility for helping and supporting those in need. This system represented a departure from the prevailing Poor Law systems of the time, which were often centralized and administered by the state. Chalmers argued for a decentralized approach to social welfare, emphasizing the role of the church and local communities in caring for their members. He believed that a community-based system would be more effective in understanding and responding to the specific needs of individuals and families. Under the Parish Relief System, the local parish became a key unit for organizing and delivering social services. Chalmers' ideas went beyond mere administrative structures; he underscored the moral and ethical foundations of social work. He argued that Christian charity should be at the core of social responsibility, encouraging the church and local communities to actively engage in addressing social issues. This perspective contributed to a broader understanding of social work as a profession that is not only concerned with material needs but also places significant value on the moral and spiritual well-being of individuals. Moreover, Chalmers advocated for a community-based approach to addressing social problems. His belief in the community's active involvement in supporting its members became a foundational principle in social work philosophy. This community-oriented perspective highlighted the importance of understanding and addressing the specific needs of local communities, an idea that has persisted in social work practice, emphasizing the significance of culturally competent and contextually relevant interventions. Chalmers' approach to welfare further influenced social work by recognizing that individuals' well-being is interconnected with various aspects of their lives. His vision extended beyond addressing immediate material needs, incorporating considerations of spiritual, moral, and psychological aspects. While Thomas Chalmers may not have directly shaped the formal structure of contemporary social work, his ideas have left an enduring impact on the profession's ethical foundations, community-based practices, and the holistic understanding of well-being. Emerging Concepts of Social Welfare 4. Individual Approach -brought to life the London Charity Organization Society. -prototype/model of “Casework.” 5. Social Reform -Edwin Chadwick, first pioneer of the public hygiene. Supervised investigations into the causes of poverty and the means of an effective social reform. He recommended a system of government providing under central direction decent aid to the poor, a sound public health protection, adequate housing, recreation, and public schools for entire population. 6. Charity Organization Society (COS) -an organization who encouraged the growth of private charities. -believed that the individual was responsible for his poverty.  -used well-to-do volunteers to give aid to the poor but their emphasis was to exert moral influence that would change the way in the life of the poor. 7. Settlement House (prototype of the modern community center) -an institution in an inner-city area providing educational, recreational, and other social services to the community. -introduced in London(late 19th century) Jane Addams (considered as the Mother of Social Work) -Jane Addams first woman president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections in 1909 and receiving the first honorary degree ever awarded to a woman by Yale University in 1910. She was also the first woman president of the National Conference of Social Work. By 1911, Hull House had grown to 13 buildings, and at its height, Hull House was visited each week by around two thousand people. -Addams is also known for being an advocate for peace and women’s rights. -example: Toynbee Hall (London) and Hull House (Chicago) -its purpose was to established contact between the educated men and women and the poor for their mutual benefit. -Toynbee Hall is named after English social reformer Arnold Toynbee The concept of the Settlement house movement was to bring upper and middle class students into lower- class neighborhoods, not only to provide education and social aid, but to actually live and work together with their inhabitants. This soon inspired a worldwide movement of university settlements. The idea was to help members of the future elite understand the problems of wider society; this was especially important at a time when class divisions were much stronger, social mobility was minimal, and the living conditions of the poor were completely unknown to many members of the upper class. SOCIAL RESEARCH -was a third important factor that influenced the social philosophy and the practice of poor relied in England. -Charles Booth started to conduct survey in London. -According to Charles Booth research on 1886 that one-third of the London population was living on or below the “poverty line.” BEVERIDGE REPORT (1941) -named after William Beveridge who founded the committee which prepared the report as basis of the present social security program of England. -Its underlying philosophy is that the British people would be secured against want and other social evils that security could be rendered while preserving the personal freedom, enterprises, and responsibility of the individual for his family. -It declared that the goal of social security was to have a guarantee a basic level of income for every citizen with his own efforts, so that his initiative to secure for himself and his family more than a mere subsistence of minimum should not be stilled. William Beveridge, often called the 'architect of the welfare state', was pivotal in framing the debate about social work in the context of state welfare provision. His 1942 report on Social Insurance and Allied Services, known commonly as the Beveridge Report, identified five "Giant Evils" in society: squalor, ignorance, want, idleness, and disease, and went on to propose widespread reform to the system of social welfare to mitigate these problems. The report proved very popular with a war-weary public, and went on to form the basis to the post-war expansion of the Welfare State and the creation of the National Health Service, a free at the point of delivery healthcare provider. England’s Social Security Program  Social Insurance-health insurance, unemployment insurance, old age and invalidity insurance, workman’s compensation, and special grants for marriage, child birth, and funeral expenses.  Family Allowances-Upon application these are paid to every family with two or more children under 16 years of age without regard to the financial condition of the family. It represents government support to parents in the bringing up of children.  Public Assistance-Consists of: financial assistance to persons in economic need; and institutional and individual services.  The study showed that the deterrent features of poor laws were no solution, and that human suffering from destitution was often created by insufficient wages, environment, inadequate housing, and unhealthy sanitary equipment.  The findings of social research showed the necessity of introducing more effective measures of social reform. 1384 – the Statute of Laborers is issued in England, requiring people to remain in their home manors for whatever lord want to pay 1782 – the Gilbert Act was passed in England, enabling humanitarian, appalled by the exploitation of workhouse residence to institute reforms in many English jurisdictions 1795 – Speenhamland system established earliest “poverty line” based on the price of bread and number of dependents in a worker’s family, subsidization provided when wages dipped below the poverty line 1800 – Reforms to the Elizabethan Poor Law Charity Organization Societies from in England with emphasis on detailed investigations 1819 – Scottish preacher and mathematician Thomas Chalmers assumes responsibility from Glasgow Poor 1844 – the first YWCA was established in England 1883 – Chancellor Bismarck of a newly united Germany introduced in first National Health Insurance System III. AMERICAN SOCIAL WELFARE American Social Welfare was founded on the concepts of the English Poor Law which remained the basis for public welfare in the U.S up to the end of the 19th century. Paupers, beggars and vagrants were regarded as criminals. Whatever the cause of his distress, the pauper was regarded as a morally deficient person. First Phase: Poor Relief almshouses  Relief was given to paupers in various ways: 1. Outdoor relief to paupers in their own homes 2. Farming out to the lowest bidder who undertook to care for a single “pauper.” 3. Contract usually with the lowest bidder for the care of all paupers in a given locality 4. Care in almshouses which was under the direct control of public officials 5. Indenture or “binding out” a form of apprenticeship.  The cost of poor relief was met by the poor tax and later by public taxes. Second Phase: State (public) Institutional Care for Special groups   These programs were designed to remove some groups of inmates from the undifferentiated misery of incarceration in the local almshouses and indicated recognition of a special claim these persons had on the sympathies of the community. Institutions were set up for: 1.Care of the insane 2.Care of the mentally deficient 3.Care of the blind 4. Care of the deaf and deaf-mute Third phase: State Board of Charities and Corrections The purpose was state supervision of the administration of institutional care. The first state board organized in Massachusetts in 1863.It emphasized the family system by placing children and adults in the community whenever it was not absolutely necessary to keep them in almshouses, hospitals, or asylums.  These state agencies had the power:  To recommend institutional changes to the legislature  To compel the institutions to carry out the intent of the relevant statutes as interpreted by the state agency. Fourth phase: Aid to the needy without institutionalization  Special measures were enacted by state legislatures to meet the needs of special groups without placing them in institutions.  Pensions for the blind-Illinois, 1903  Mother’s aid-Missouri, 1911  Old age pension-Montana, 1923  In 1909 President Theodore Roosevelt called the First White House Conference on Dependent Children. It inspired the creation of the U.S. Children’s Bureau. This was the first tacit assumption of federal responsibility for social welfare. Fifth phase: Federal government entry into social welfare  The welfare pattern throughout the nation on the eve of the Great Depression was a patchwork consisting of local, country, state, and private activities. Three fourths of all the aid to indigent was provided under public measures. However, the services were far from adequate. They were in a real sense simply a preferential form of poor relief.  The Great Depression of the 1930s hit the U.S. with a jarring impact. Millions of unemployed had no place to go and there was mass destination. Now the Federal government had to step in with a series of emergency relief measures. Previous to this the states were mainly responsible for social welfare.  1. Emergency Relief and Reconstruction Act (1932) -to assist industry and agriculture, to provide funds to states for relief work.  2. Civilian Conservation Corps (1933)  - to provide work opportunities for young men in the conservation of natural resources.  3. Federal Emergency Relief Act  -provided for grants to states for relief of unemployment.  4. Works Progress Administration (1935)   - a large scale program of relief through employment in publicly sponsored projects. Sixth phase: Social Security  In 1935 the Social Security Act was passed at the instance of President Franklin Roosevelt.  It changes the emphasis from limited aid to a few needy persons to a comprehensive system for the entire population.  It brought much broader resources to bear upon the problems of social welfare.  It consists of 3 parts: 1. Contributory social insurance Examples: Death, disability, illness in old age, retirement 2. Public assistance Examples: Old age, aid to the blind, aid to the disabled, aid to families with dependent children, Medicaid 3. Aid to the states for service programs Examples: Child welfare; crippled children, retarded children Seventh phase: War on Poverty  In 1964 the Economic Opportunity Act was passed and “War on Poverty” became the rallying point. The Act was specifically geared to deal with the problems of poverty, education, manpower training, mental health, vocational rehabilitation, public health and medical care, housing, and urban development. However many of the programs started during this period have been phased out or cutback for lack of federal support. Major developments in U.S. private social welfare ❖ Charity Organization Societies - a friendly visitor was installed in order to determine the need of every applicant an the necessary measures for each case. (Pioneering of Casework) Founded by Helen Bosanquet and Octavia Hill in London in 1869 (wikipedia) COS had its main focus on individual casework. It supported the concept of self-help and limited government intervention to deal with the effects of poverty. The organisation claimed to use "scientific principles to root out scroungers and target relief where it was most needed" ❖ Settlement House -it was a place for working people where their higher moral & intellectual were developed to insure full participation in the democracy. Protestant Ethic- If a man worked hard and invested his income, he was likely to prosper. Laisse-Faire – free enterprise Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest ❖ HULL HOUSE(CHICAGO) -was the first settlement house in the U.S. founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889. -residents became the champions for social reform. They fought for: a.) Equal opportunities for the poor & handicapped b.) abolition of prejudices and discrimination against the other race, culture, etc,. ❖ 1877 – the first Charity Organization Society in Buffalo, New York – The COS required the social investigation of every relief applicant by a “friendly visitor. - the first settlement house in US was founded by The Neighborhood Guild of New York City ❖ 1889 – the famous Hull House in Chicago, founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr was built ❖ 1897 – Mary Richmond formulated the plan for the establishment of a Training School for Applied Philanthropy, which led to the organization of the first social work courses in New York in 1898. ❖ 1913 – the establishment of a Community Chest e. Philippine social welfare 1.Pre-Spanish times Basic Concepts: Bayanihan & Damayan Source of Policies: Maragtas Code https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-entertainment/2018/04/11/1804877/code-maragtas-bala-od- maragtas Kalantiao Code https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Kalantiaw - independent social unit called barangays - ruled by a headman called dato - social welfare work is centered on mutual protection and economic survival 2. Spanish times (1521-1898) Basic Philosophy: Religion was the motivating force for charity. Forms of charity: Almsgiving, charitable institutions and hospitals for the poor. Sources of funding: Religious orders, contributions and donations of rich individuals, subsidy for the Spaniards government Significant developments: Institutions established by religious orders. Basic Philosophy: Religion was the motivating force for charity. - communities group together to form pueblos - which resulted in sanitation problem, personal maladjustment, and economic dislocation Hospitals The first Hospital in the Philippines were set up by Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in Cebu in 1565. It was later transferred to Manila in 1571 called Hospitalito de Sta. Ana, then renamed Sternberg General Hospital during American colonization. HOSPITALS 1. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) -took care of indigent beggars and sick “natives.” 2. San Juan de Dios hospital (1596) -to take of indigent and sick Spaniards. ASYLUMS AND ORPHANAGES Hospicio de San Jose (1810) - for the care of the orphans and the aged. Asilo de San Vicente de Paul(1885)- for the care and protection of indigent and orphaned girls. SCHOOLS Parochial School of Cebu (1565) - First School Santa Isabel- schools for indigent girls. San Juan de Letran- school for indigent boys. The National Association of the Red Cross was organized in1899 to provide medical supplies and food to the revolutionaries in the provinces of Luzon. FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (1896-1902) Tandang Sora-took care of the sick and wounded and fed the soldiers. Hilaria Aguinaldo-wife of the President of the First Republic introduced the concept of the Red Cross. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1899-1946) ❑ Introduced new educational system, new health methods, and religious freedom ❑ Bubonic plague Philosophy: -Birth of the voluntary organizations for social welfare 1. Public Welfare Board(1915) ❑ Public Welfare-beginning assumption by the government of its responsibility for social welfare. 2. Government Child Welfare -Government Orphanages -Child Welfare Laws *Welfareville(1923)-seat of all government child-caring institutions located in Mandaluyong, Rizal. *Dr. Jose Fabella-Director and later Secretary of Health -Father of Philippine Social Welfare ❑ Insular Board 1902, Public Welfare Board 1915 ❑ Government Child Welfare - Government Orphanages  - Child Welfare Laws ❑ Welfareville (1923) -seat of all government child-caring Institutions located in Mandaluyong, Rizal. ❑ Dr. Jose Fabella- Director and later Secretary of Health - Father of Philippine Social Welfare ❑ Bureau of Public Welfare (1941) Public Assistance Service ❑ President Manuel Quezon issued executive order abolishing the “Associated Charities and creating it into a “Public Assistance Service” under the Bureau of Public Welfare. Private Social Welfare ❑ Associated Charities, Inc. of Manila - established by a group of Manila residents in 1917. - first family welfare agency - first to use “CASEWORK” ❑ Office of Public Welfare Commissioner under Dept. of Interior 1921 ❑ Gov Gen Frank Murphy’s Administration Japanese Occupation (1942-1944) o Mainly giving care and medical treatment (World War II) o Relief works by volunteer organizations o Emergency Relief Office, Philippine Civil Affairs Unit, Philippine Relief Trade Rehabilitation Administration, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration *Josefa Llanes Escoda (President of the National Federation of Women’s Club) -who undertook and organized relief work. *Asuncion A. Perez -Director of the Bureau of Public Welfare Post War Years October 4, 1947 Social Welfare Commission 1948 President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) 1949 - Community Chest of Greater Manila- motto “Give once for all” SWC and PACSA fused in Social Welfare Administration January 3, 1951 Division of Rural Welfare - underlying philosophy “self-help” 1965 R.A 4373, 1968 R.A 5416 Social Welfare Act - SWA-Department of Social Welfare War Relief Rehabilitation: 1. PCAU (Philippine Civilian Affairs Unit)  -distributed relief supplies during the period of liberation. 2. PRATRA (Philippine Relief and Trade Rehabilitation Administration) -a trade establishing agency which used its profit for relief. Rice Wage Formula (developed by Irene Ellis Murphy) 3. WRO (War Relief Office) -an office which took care for the relief and rehabilitation of indigent victims of war, specially unrecognized guerillas, their widows and orphans. Social Amelioration 4. PACSA (Presidential Action Committee on Social Amelioration) -it is considered the forerunner of the Philippine community development program. ▪ Asuncion A. Perez -appointed Chairman of PACSA -became the first woman member of the President’s cabinet. PRIVATE SOCIAL WELFARE 1. CWAPI (Council of Welfare Agencies of the Philippines, Inc.) - coordinating and planning body for social welfare. - Minerva Laudico (prime mover) 2. Community Chest (Community Chest of Greater Manila) -organized for joint fund-raising and coordinated financing. -Irene Ellis Murphy (prime mover, UN Adviser on Social Welfare) 3. PASWI (Philippine Association of Social Workers) -its main objective was to upgrade and maintain the standards of the social work profession. Stabilization of government social welfare SWA (Social Welfare Administration) -created by President Elpidio Quirino as the government agency for social welfare. Asuncion A. Perez -appointed as the first Social Welfare Administrator Set up by Mrs. Imelda R. Marcos (decentralizes Welfareville instutions and modernize institutional care for children. Elsie Gaches Village (1964)-took care for the mental retardates Reception and Study Center (1964) Nayon ng Kabataan-for the orphans Marillas-home for girls with special problems. SEVENTIES September 21, 1972 - Martial Law Developmental decades DSW-DSSD 1976 SPDEFS - package of programs Service delivery - baranganic approach 1978 DSSD-MSSD June 15, 1968 -President Marcos signed RA 5416 creating the Department of Social Welfare. DSW(policy) -it is the responsibility of the government to provide a comprehensive program for social welfare services designed to ameliorate the conditions of distressed Filipinos particularly those who are handicapped by reason of poverty, youth, physical and mental disability, etc. EIGHTIES Self-Employment Assistance - ministry’s banner program, total family approach Launching of Case Management System, Social Welfare Indicators 1987 E.O 123 – MSSD-DSWD, from mere relief agency to greater task of development NINETIES/EARLY 2008 Priority attention to Low Income Municipalities (LIMs) 1991 R.A 7160- Local Government Code - devolution of services Involved in disaster management, use of Crisis Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) PAST TWO DECADES DSWD Vision and Mission Statement anchored with Ambisyon Natin 2040- a long-term vision for the country VISION: The DSWD envisions all Filipinos free from hunger and poverty, have equal access to opportunities, enabled by a fair, just, and peaceful society. MISSION: To lead in the formulation, implementation, and coordination of social welfare and development policies and programs for and with the poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged. Core Values: ▪ Maagap at Mapagkalingang Serbisyo ▪ Serbisyong Walang Puwang sa Katiwalian ▪ Patas na Pagtrato sa Komunidad Brand: DSWD May Malasakit Social Welfare Developments: Poverty ❖ The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program: R.A. 11310 on April 17, 2017; national poverty reduction strategy and human capital investment for a maximum 7 years to improve health, nutrition, and education of children ages 0-18. ❖ Magna Carta of the Poor: R.A. 11291 enacted on April 12, 2019; implementing govt agencies must establish a system to meet the ff rights: adequate food, decent work, relevant and quality education, adequate housing, highest attainable standard of health Health ❖ Universal Health Care Act: R.A 11223 w/c was signed on Feb 20, 2019. Education ❖ Universal Access to Tertiary Education: R.A. No. 10931 passed on Aug 3, 2017 Alternative Learning System (ALS) Act passed on December 23, 2020. Women ❖ Magna Carta of Women (R.A No. 7910, Aug 14, 2009) ❖ Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act (R.A. No. 10354, Dec 23, 2021) ❖ Expanded Maternity Act (R.A. No. 11210, Feb 20, 2019) Children ❖ Prohibition of Child Marriage Law (R.A. No. 11596) ❖ Domestic Administrative Adoption and Child Care Act (R.A No. 11642, Jan 6, 2022) The Elderly ❖ The Anti-Age Discrimination Act of 2016: R.A 10911 ❖ The Centenarian Act of 2016: R.A 10868 ❖ An Act for Providing Mandatory Philhealth Coverage for all Senior Citizens: R.A 10645 ❖ The Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010: R.A 9994 Pandemic ❖ Social Amelioration Package (SAP): Bayanihan to Recover as One Act R.A 11494 ❖ United Registered Social Workers: more than 400 members, initiated Psycho-Social Support Service (PSS) through virtual platforms Governance ❖ Mandanas Ruling: full devolution no later than 2024  ❖ Magna Carta for Public Social Workers: R.A 9433 ❖ ASEAN Social Work Consortium: vision by 2025 and beyond for an ASEAN Community with strengthened solidarity among social work practitioners, educators, and schools of social work. Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) NEDA defines NGOs as private, non-profit, voluntary organizations that are committed to the task of socioeconomic development and established primarily for service. The Development of Social Work in the Philippines Associated Charities (1917) ▪ family welfare agency ▪ mother of social work profession in the Philippines ▪ first to use casework ▪ first to hire social worker (Josefa Jara Martinez) Other pioneers in social work had their start in Associated Charities: Virginia Abellera-Peña, Juana Santos Silverio, Flora Palomar Ruiz, Felisa Garina Non-degree social work courses were being offered at UP, after WW II, civil service examination was given to social workers. During and after WW II, sudden increase of untrained people engage in social work, PRATRA seeks assistance to UN. June 1950- PSSW established offering 1 year degree program called MA- Social Administration. Early 50’s, CEU, UP, and UST were already offering Bachelor’s degree in social work. Big boost to the professionalization was the launching of UNICEF-Assisted Social Services Project of Social Welfare Administration in July 1961. June 19, 1965- RA 4373 PASWI - November 12, 1947, incorporated 1948, reincorporated 1988. 102 chapters nationwide, 832 lifetime members, 17,172 regular members NASWEI- previously School of Social Work Association in the Philippines. three national workshops were held in 1967, 1968, 1969 1969 - PASW turning over the functions of SW Edu Comm to the newly formed SSWAP 1990 - SSWAP registered and incorporated with a new name NASWEI Basic Concepts in Social Work SOCIAL WORK “Social work is a profession that is primarily concerned with organized social service activity aimed to facilitate and strengthen basic social relationships in the mutual adjustment between individuals and their social environment for the good of the individual and society by the use of social work methods.” – RA 4373, RA 5175 “Social work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals, singly, and in groups, by activities focused upon their social relationship which constitute the interaction between man and his environment. These activities can be grouped into three functions: restoration of impaired capacity, provision of individual and social resources, prevention of social dysfunction.” -The United States Council on Social Work Education “Social work is the profession which fosters, facilitates, and strengthens basic social relationships in order to achieve full development of the individual and society by the use of social work methods.” – PASWI, 1977 “Social work is a practice-based profession and academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion and empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. Underpinned by theories of social work, social sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge, social work engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance well-being.” – IFSW & IASSW, 2014 SOCIAL WELFARE A nation’s system program, benefits, and services that helps people meet those social, economic, education and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society. (Ashman, 2010; Zastrow, 2017) SOCIAL SERVICES refers to the programs, services and other activities provided under various auspices, to concretely answer the needs and problems of the members of the society. Legal Bases of Social Work RA 4373, promulgated in 1965 Social Work officially recognized as a profession with the passage of a law by Congress. “An act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the Philippines” This law contains definitions of important concept in social work, qualification of examinees and board of examiner’s, ratings. Amended by RA 5175: Definition, master’s degree can take board exam, practice of Social Work and appointment as social workers R.A. No. 10847 Age qualification from 21 down to 18 yrs old, 45 CPD units, integration of social workers in AIPO (accredited integrated professional organization) PASWI The Philosophical and Values Foundation of Social Work Five criteria which distinguish a profession from an occupation (Boehm): 1. A profession is expected to be responsible to public interest 2. A profession should possess a relatively coherent, systematic, and transmissible body of knowledge rooted in scientific theories 3. The professional practitioner must adhere to an identifiable body of values 4. A profession must have body of skills  5. The members of the profession must be organized 3 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF PROFESSION: 1. Value - worth which man attaches to certain things, systems or person within realm of usefulness, truth, goodness or beauty. 2. Knowledge - refers to what is thought to be as confirmed by the reality … to what, in fact seems to be, established by the highest standards of objectivity and rationality of which man is capable. 3. Skills - ability expertness or proficiency gain from practice and knowledge; with application, with doing THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL WORK Based on the belief that “man has worth and dignity” This belief is associated with democratic theory, which views man as having worth because he is capable of reason, of rational analysis and choice. THE VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK 1. Each person has the right to self-fulfillment. 2. Each person has the obligation, as a member of society, to seek ways of self-fulfillment that contribute to the common good. 3. Society has the obligation to facilitate the self-fulfillment of the individual and the right to enrichment through the contribution of its individual members. 4. Each person required for the harmonious development of his powers socially provided and socially safeguarded opportunities for satisfying his basic needs. 5. Social organization is required to facilitate the individuals efforts to self-realization. 6. Social organization must make available socially-provided devices for needs-satisfaction as wide in range, variety, and quality as general welfare allows. CONCEPT OF SOCIAL WORK VALUES 1. The concept of human potentials and capacities. 2. The concept of social responsibility – the concept of rights and responsibilities. 3. The concept of equal opportunities – premised on the ideal of social justice: fairness and equality. 4. The concept of social provision Social Work values may be categorized into the ff.: (Du Bois and Miley, 2011) a. Values about people: the reflect how we view human nature and change. b. Values about society: they pertain to the conditions and processes in society that would make it possible for the people to achieve their full potential. c. Values about professional behavior: they reflect the kind of performance and ethical standards social worker must adhere to in the practice.  Core values: (Council on Social Work Education, USA, 1994) ▪ Service ▪ Social Justice ▪ Dignity and Worth of the Persons ▪ Importance of Human Relationships ▪ Integrity ▪ Competence “The ultimate value of social work rests upon a conviction that it is good and desirable for man to fulfill his potential, to realize himself and to balance this with equal effort to help others do the same.” Social Work Guiding Principles (Felix Biestek) 1. ACCEPTANCE The recognition of client’s innate dignity, worth, equality, basic rights, and needs. Regardless of client’s individual qualities arising from heredity, environment, behavior, or any other source. 2. INDIVIDUALIZATION The recognition and understanding of each client’s unique qualities. 3. NON-JUDGEMENTAL ATTITUDE The worker does not use derogatory labels to identify her/his client; he may not even assume a condemnatory attitude towards the client’s attitude and behavior. 4. PURPOSEFUL EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS Recognition of the client’s need to express feelings freely. 5. CONTROLLED EMOTIONAL INVOLVEMENT The worker is sensitive to the client’s feelings. A purposeful, appropriate use of the worker’s emotions in response to the client’s feelings. Controlled and objective emotional involvement in the client’s problem 6. CLIENT SELF-DETERMINATION Based upon the right of the individual to make their own choices and decisions. 7. CONFIDENTIALITY The protection of secret/private information disclosed in the professional relationship. A basic right of the client. An ethical obligation of the worker. The client’s right, however, is not absolute. The client’s information is often shared with other professional persons within the agency and in other agencies. 1. Acceptance of people as they are 2. Participation of the client in problem-solving -that the worker does not take over in a helping relationship, and that the client is there, and has part in the entire problem-solving process 3. Self-determination as the right of the client 4. Individualization of clients 5. Confidentiality 6. Worker Self-Awareness -the worker is conscious that her role to make use of her professional relationship in a way that will enhance primarily the client rather than her own 7.Client-worker Relationship -a purposive, meaningful, and professional relationship -MENDOZA Two concepts that are usually experienced when dealing with clients: Ambivalence Conflicts between two opposing tendencies within oneself are manifested in day to day experiences of social workers. Transference Client unconsciously transfer to the social worker attributes or characteristics of some important or powerful persons in his early life. Counter transference Worker’s unconscious response to the client’s unconscious transference. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Ethics - is the science that treats of morals and right conduct. Professional ethics - System of ethical principles and rights of conduct generally accepted by the members of a professional group, based on philosophy, values,guiding principle of that profession. Two aspects: written expression (formal) unwritten expression (informal) Standards of ethical conduct relative to: Self and the Profession Clients Colleagues Some of the unwritten duties and obligations: Duties towards clients Duties towards colleagues Duties towards the agency/organization Duties towards the community/public PURPOSES OF CODE OF ETHICS 1. It helps check abuses. 2. It provides the community some protection against abuses by members of the profession. 3. It sets forth basic principles. 4. It sets guidelines for relationships. 5. It is a useful resource for the enrichment or improvement of the professional curriculum. ETHICAL DILEMMAS 1. Manipulation - influencing clients to act in the way a worker wants them to act in response to a given situation, or manipulating agency reports to justify budgetary requests. 2. Advocacy - Some promote unnecessary conflict situations, resort into various machinations, including the use of insult, embarrassment, distortion of the truth, disruption and violence. 3. Conflicting loyalties This is where professionals unite against outsider who threaten the privileges and rewards of the group. 4. Cultural and other realities Eg. Personalistic culture calls for the use of personal connections, political influence. Filipino Values SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO ❖ Refers to the psychology born out of the experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture and language. ❖ From the beginning, psychology taught in schools, was predominantly Western in theory and methodology. ❖ Early 1970’s- Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez (father of Filipino Psychology) together with Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay embarked on a research on Philippine Psychology.  ❖ KAPWA The “unity of the one-of-us-and-the-other”; togetherness The core construct of Filipino Psychology ❖ PAKIKIPAGKAPWA Treating the other person as kapwa or fellow human being Two categories of KAPWA: 1. Ibang Tao (outsider) -5 domains Pakikitungo - civility Pakikisalamuha - interaction with Pakikilahok - act of joining Pakikibagay - conformity Pakikisama - being united with the group 2. Hindi Ibang Tao (one-of-us) - 3 domains pakikipagpalagayang-loob- act of mutual trust Pakikisangkot- act of joining others Pakikipagisa - being one with others  ❖ PIVOTAL INTERPERSONAL VALUE Pakiramdam: shared inner perceptions Filipinos use “damdam” to guide his dealings with other people Pagkakaroon ng pang-unawa at pagiging sensitibo sa kalagayan ng iba ❖ LINKING SOCIO-PERSONAL VALUE Kagandahang-loob: shared humanity Being able to help other people in dire need due to perception of being together as part of one Filipino humanity ❖ ACCOMMODATIVE SURFACE VALUES Hiya: loosely translated as “shame” by most Western Psychologist. Hiya is actually sense of propriety Utang na Loob: norm of reciprocity not debt of gratitude Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: SIR; conformity with majority ❖ CONFRONTATIVE SURFACE VALUES Bahala Na: determination and risk-taking not fatalism Lakas ng Loob: being courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties Pakikibaka: concurrent clashes; the ability of Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprising against a common enemy ❖ SOCIETAL VALUES Karangalan: dignity Puri: external aspect of dignity Dangal: internal aspect of dignity Katarungan: justice Kalayaan: freedom and mobility may clash with pakikisama DOMINANT VALUES OF FILIPINO 1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE – defines as being taken by one’s fellows for what one is, or believes he is and being treated in accordance with his status. a. Smooth Interpersonal Relation S.I.R 1. Pakikisama which means giving in concession or following the lead of suggestion of another. 2. Euphemism means stating of an unpleasant truth,  opinion, or request as pleasantly as possible. 3. Go Between or tulay means 3rd party who will carry a message. b. Amor Propio- a term used to refer to the sensitivity to personal affront and functions to protect the individual against loss of social acceptance. Hiya is fear of exposure of one’s insecure self. 2. Emotional Closeness and Security in a Family - is believed to be facilitated through the following: sacrificing individual interest for the good of the family, parental striving to give their children an education even at great cost to themselves 3. Authority Value - Belief that families will remain close if someone exerts firm authority, and that such person must be respected and obeyed. Closely relate to the authority value is the respect for traditions and rituals no matter how impractical they have become. 4. Personalism - Attaches major importance to personal factors which guarantees intimacy, warmth, and security of kinship and friends in getting things done. - E.g tiwala, kakilala, walang pakialam 5. Utang na Loob - Debt of gratitude. Returning the favor “with interest” 6. Patience, Suffering and Endurance - A person must suffer before he can gain happiness, and related to it is that which many still believe, that women, particularly must suffer in silence. Knowledge Foundation of Social Work Knowledge base of social work is a comprehensive topic which encompasses the facts and theories, skills and attitudes, necessary for effective, efficient practice (Alfred Kadushin). Human Behavior and Social Environment HBSE – is concerned with the material necessary for understanding the client in his problem situation, the dynamics of individual and group behavior, and of group and community processes which affect or influence the individual, the group and the community. - The individual is a biopsychosocial being. Subjects: ▪ Theories of Personality ▪ Social Deviation and Social Work ▪ Social Environment and Social Work ▪ Philippine Social Realities ▪ Social Change and Development Perspective ▪ Social Welfare Policy, Programs, and Services SWPPS – is concerned with the organization, administration, and operation of social welfare programs and services which are established in society in order to meet human needs and problems, the development of these policies and programs, the interrelationship of the agencies which undertake them, and nature of needs being served by these programs. The Concept of Needs, Concept of Problem, Concept of Provision, Motivations for Social Welfare Programs and Services, Social Welfare Programs and Services, Philippine Social Welfare Agencies and Institutions. Subjects: ▪ Social Welfare Policies Programs and Services ▪ Social Welfare Agency Administration ▪ Philippine Laws ▪ Social Welfare Program Development and Management ▪ Social Work Community Education and Training ▪ Social Work Research ▪ Social Work Statistics ▪ Social Work Practice/Methods SWP – is concerned with the actual process by which the social worker helps her client – an individual, group, or community, the methods and techniques of helping, the resources necessary for helping, as well as the appropriate attitudes that facilitate the helping process. The Philosophical Foundation of Social Work, the Social Work Practice Theory, the Helping/Problem-solving process, the Helping/Interventive Models/ Approaches, Selected tools in Problem-solving, Skills in corresponding to the steps in the problem-solving process. Field Instruction FI – aimed at providing student with opportunities for integration of learning in the three areas by way of supervised social work practice in selected settings, completes the curriculum plan. AREAS IN SOCIAL WORK: ▪ Human Behavior and Social Environment ▪ Social Welfare Policies, Programs, and Services ▪ Social Work Practice with Individuals and Families ▪ Social Work Practice with Groups ▪ Social Work Practice with Communities ▪ Focus of Social Work Wernes Boehm - Social work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals/groups by activities focused upon their social relationships which constitute interaction between individuals and their environment. William Schwartz - The assignment of social work is to mediate the process through which the individual and society reach out each other through mutual need for self-fulfillment. (mediating) ▪ William Gordon - The central focus of Social Work is person-in-his-life-situation complex(PIE). Matching the person with the situation by intervening on their capabilities with the environmental demand. (matching)  ▪ Harriet Barlett - Social functioning is the relation between the coping activity of the people and the environmental demand. (striking a balance between coping and demands) ▪ Louise Johnson - Social workers become involved when individuals are having difficulty in a relationship with other people: in growing to maximize their potential and in meeting the demands of the environment. He described this situation as “people coping” and “environmental demand”. ▪ Social functioning means the interaction between the individual and his situation or environment ▪ individuals coping capacities & demands of his/her environment = social functioning REX SKIDMORE Ecological Systems Framework by Urie Bronfenbrenner  ▪ Social environment – a network of overlapping social systems and social situations (including ecological systems, culture, institutions). ▪ Social situation – an impinging segment of the social environment. ▪ Social role – socially recognized pattern of behaviors and activities expected from an individual occupying a certain position in society. Causes to Social Functioning Problems/Ways to Improve 1. Personal inadequacies (ex. poor physical constitution, wrong attitudes and values, lack of skills, etc.) Change strategies directed towards the individual. 2. Situational inadequacies (ex. lack of access to opportunities and resources in the community, social injustice, etc.) Change strategies directed towards the environment. 3. Both personal and situation inadequacies. Change strategies directed towards both Theories and Perspective in Social Work Systems Theory 1. Open and closed systems- one that is engaged and one that do not interact 2. Boundaries- close circle around selected variables 3. Tension- seen as attribute of all systems; necessary 4. Feedback- response to an input 5. Change and Stability- constantly in the process of change and must also maintain equilibrium 6. Role- expected behaviour of a person Critical theories Critical theories - asserts that through self-awareness people can transform society 1. Anti-oppressive- recognizes the oppression that exists in our society and aims to mitigate the effects of oppression and eventually equalize the power imbalances that exist between people. 2. Structural Social Work- Maurice Moreau described it as being “concerned with the ways in which the powerful society define and constrain the poor and the less powerful”. It examines and challenges the structures that create systemic inequities 3. Feminist- emphasizes gendered analysis and solutions, democratized structures and processes, diversity, and inclusivity, thinking personal and political solutions, and transformation at all levels of intervention. 4. Post Modern- associated with relativism and a focus on ideology in the maintenance of economic and political power; argues for discarding of ‘universal’ social change theories, in favor of the re-appreciation of the local and everyday contexts of practice as sites for action and resistance Generalist Social Work Practice 1967 National Workshop on Social Work Education resulted that schools should teach social work methods based on the wholistic approach so that the individual, group, and community used as functional points of entry Integrated method of Social Work Practice US = Generalist Social Approach PH Filipino clients are multi-problem clients “The use of a range of skills as needed to intervene in a variety of client life situations. The generalist practitioner’s function is to have a wide a skill repertoire as possible in order to facilitate the interactions between people and the social institutions and situations in which they live.” “It is a form of practice in which the client and the worker together assess the need in all of its complexity and develop a plan for responding to that need. A strategy is chosen from a repertoire of responses appropriate for work: with individuals, families, groups, agencies, and communities. The unit of attention is chosen by considering the system needing to be changed. The plan is carried out and evaluated.” Related Concepts to GSWP: 1. The concept of one client system as point of entry for working with other client system 2. The concepts of total problem solving 3. The concept of the client’s problem or situation as the basis for the choice of the worker’s helping approach STRENGTH PERSPECTIVE This is not a form of model or intervention but an “approach,” a way of looking at the individual, family, group, or community one is working with. It can serve as framework for social work practice. An approach to social work that puts the strengths and resources of people, communities, and their environments, rather than their problems and pathologies, at the center of the helping process. REFERENCES: ORANGE BOOK BY THELMA LEE MENDOZA – 4th EDTITION Others: Google – Wikipedia and other websites