History of Social Welfare and Social Work PDF

History of Social Welfare and Social Work Compiled by: Florence Flores-Pasos, RSW, MSW  Social Welfare Everything that men do for the good of society “An organized concern of all people for all people” “An organized system of social services and ins...

History of Social Welfare and Social Work Compiled by: Florence Flores-Pasos, RSW, MSW  Social Welfare Everything that men do for the good of society “An organized concern of all people for all people” “An organized system of social services and institutions designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health”  Social Work A profession that is concerned with man’s adjustment to his environment and the enhancement of his social functioning A profession which is primarily concerned with organized social service activity aimed to facilitate and strengthen basic social relationships and the mutual adjustment between individuals and their social environment for the good of the individual and of society  Europe (16 -19 century) th th United States (18 -20 century) th th Philippines (16 -20 century) th th  EUROPE 1536 A law was passed in England stating that alms collected by local authorities and churches on Sundays, holidays or festivals were to help relieve the sick and the poor Focus: Poor Sick Impotent Persons with illnesses who were not able to work  EUROPE Provisions of the law: Illegality of begging Responsibility of society to help Assistance by and through the local community Voluntary alms Under the direction of the state  EUROPE 1572 Overseers of the poor were appointed as Civil Officers in each parish Parliamentary enactment at this time provided for a direct public tax for assistance to the poor and destitute  EUROPE Elizabethan Poor Laws – these laws were enacted during the reign of Queen Elizabeth Toward the close of the 16th century: a civic sense of responsibility on a nationwide basis had developed in England  EUROPE 1598 An act was passed and revised in 1601 that provided a systematic plan for helping the poor and established a system of public responsibility implemented through local care In operation until 1834  EUROPE Act of 1601 Played an important role in the development of social welfare in Europe, in the United States and elsewhere. 3 Classes of the Poor: 1.able bodied poor 2.impotent poor 3.dependent children  EUROPE 18th Century Situations that warranted assistance to the poor: Industrial revolution Urbanization Slums Anonymity in living  EUROPE 18th Century Begging, almsgiving, charity, workhouses Orphanages, insane asylums, jails There were attempts to help the poor in a dignified manner and various programs, both public and private came into existence  EUROPE 1834: Poor Law Provided for a centralized administration with a pattern of uniformity throughout the country Central Authority: 3 Poor Law Commissioners The country were divided into districts (poor law unions) that replaced the parishes as units of administration Each district had an elective Board of Guardians with salaried officers who were responsible for the administration of relief  EUROPE 1834: Poor Law Workhouse – where relief was administered - relief to able-bodied persons outside the workhouse was abolished  EUROPE 1860s London Society for Organizing Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicancy or London Charity Organizations (LCO) There was a considerable increase in the number of applicants for aid Social reform, innovations and change Pioneers in Social Welfare: Octavia Hill and Edward Denison (their efforts paved the way to the organization of the LCO)  United States The roots of social welfare in America had their beginnings in Europe particularly related to the Elizabethan Poor Laws of England. Towns and local communities assumed responsibilities for aiding the unfortunate and disadvantaged  United States Colonial Period: Voluntary acts of service Individuals and families would care for themselves, but if further difficulties existed, friends, neighbors or representatives of the community would volunteer to meet their needs  United States 1800s Organizations and associations were formed and the act of helping became more formalized Seminaries, inns, churches, hospitals, prisons, schools Interaction with the needy, the ill and other social problems; distribution of books and sending of missionaries in certain places  United States 1800s Home for Little Wanderers Penitent Female Refuge Home for Intemperate Women Volunteer efforts were frequently marked by a condescending attitude toward the recipients of services  United States Volunteer services: 25 members of a Junior League spent half a day a week in assisting activities in the local comprehensive mental health center The Medical Wives Auxiliary perform a variety kind of tasks in local hospitals Volunteers from churches and religious groups minister to the sick, the poor, the destitute and unfortunate  United States Working as volunteer is characteristic of the American way of life. 1965 USDOL reported 22 M individuals made contributions to some health, education or welfare service on a voluntary basis 1974: 37 million were listed as volunteers  United States The emergence of the social work profession 1915-1950  United States Developing out of volunteer work came social work as an occupation Special relief Department of the United States Sanitary Commission – the first to employ social workers as Special Relief Agents (mostly women) Clients: soldiers and their families experiencing social and health problems during the civil war The agency later ceased functioning and social workers temporarily disappeared  United States 1863 Massachusetts Board of Charities (MBC)was established Coordinated services in almshouses, hospitals and other institutions Functions were basically inspection and advice Initiated by Samuel Gridley Howe and the director was Frank B. Sanborn The board gained wide acceptance  United States 1863 The causes of poverty identified by the MBC: Physical degradation and inferiority Moral perversity Mental incapacity Accidents and infirmities Unjust and unwise laws Customs of society Paid staff were required to deal with such complex situations  United States Early 1870s The concept of state boards spread to other states and many achieved greater administrative responsibilities 1900s Responsibility for program management was achieved  United States 1877 Charity Organization Society (COS) of Buffalo was established Function: Finding means to help the poor and preventing the poor from taking advantage of the numerous uncoordinated social agencies that had developed in many communities. “Friendly visitors” – they were trained people to contact clients. They believed poverty could be eradicated thru the introduction of additional scientific Techniques: planned intervention or treatment  United States 1893 Nathaniel Rosenau of the COS questioned the right of the superannuated clergyman, unsuccessful merchant or political favorite to serve as manager of a charitable society or institution He concluded that it was necessary that persons in charge of this work be specially trained, have a calling for the work and intend to devote themselves to it.  United States 1898 The New York School of Philantropy was formed under the guidance of Edward T. Devine, secretary of the New York COS From a 6-week summer session to one year then two year training for social workers  United States 1886 Initiation of the settlement movement Settlement houses were established and patterned after the settlement houses of London’s Toynbee Hall Purpose: to deal with the problems of the city and its poor focusing mostly on immigrants Pioneers in this movement: Stanton Coit and Jane Addams – they established settlement houses in New York and Chicago  United States Settlement Workers: Friendly contact with the poor Acquired knowledge and understanding of the daily life and trials of the urban masses Where others thought of the people of the slums as miserable wretches deserving either pity or correction, settlement residents knew them as much entitled to respect as any other members of the community This attitude was the most important contribution of the settlement movement to social welfare  United States 1905 The first medical social work department was established by Ida Cannon at the Massachusets General Hospital Medical social service invigorated the quest for professional skill and technique and the implications of casework theory and practice. It demanded new and special instruction and expertise as opposed to relief and economic dependency. “Human kindness alone cannot solve tangled social problems” Ida Cannon  United States Medical social work: Medical social workers became interested in professional education as a means of moving from the “warm-heart” position into an understanding of the psychic or social conditions at the base of patient distress With professional education, it would be possible to move into a colleague relationship with the physician  United States 1912 A one-year course in medical social work was established in the Boston School of Social Work 1915 Meeting of the National Conference on Charities and Corrections Abraham Flexner, an authority on graduate education asked: Is social work a profession?  United States 18th and 19th centuries: Industrialization Greater mobility Increase in population and accompanying social problems implied the increase in public and private social services  United States 1935 The Social Security Act revolutionized the total social welfare scene Provisions: Public assistance Social insurance Unemployment insurance Aid to dependent children Aid to the blind Other special services  United States 1962 Major modifications in the act Additional provisions: Additional federal participation Liberalization of grants Safeguarding the rights of children and families Greater emphasis on rehabilitation and preventive social welfare  United States 1965 amendments to the act – expanding medical and health care system in the US Medicare Encompassed a compulsory hospital insurance plan and a voluntary supplemental medical insurance Medicaid Provided medical care to low income people  United States 1898 The Charity Organization in New York initiated a summer training course on social work education 1904 The course developed inhto a one-year training program within the New York School of Philantrophy  United States 1921 The American Association of Social Workers was created, the first major professional social work body 1955 National Association of Social Workers was created based on the amalgamation of 7 smaller specialized social work associations As of 1977, it had 154,000 members 1995: NASW’s 40th anniversary  United States 1974 The CSWE approved the accreditation of the undergraduate programs in SW or social welfare  Philippines Pre-historic period Social welfare centered on mutual protection and economic survival among the people in the “barangays”  Philippines Spanish Period Communities were formed into “pueblos” creating large concentrations of people in an area resulting in: Health and sanitation problems Personal maladjustments Economic dislocation Destitution or indigency due to the punitive methods of the Spanish conquerors  Philippines Encomenderos provided the sick and the poor with aid Primary motivation: religious: to do good to others for the salvation of their souls. This was the underlying philosophy behind all social welfare activities in the country  Philippines The Spanish missionaries administered Hospitals Orphanages Asylums Schools 1885 The Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, an asylum for girls, was established  Philippines 1565 Parochial School of Cebu – the first school to be established Other school were soon established  Philippines 1589 Colegio de San Ignacio 1595 San Ildefonso College 1601 Colegio de San Jose 1717 College de San Felipe 1754 Artillery School 1859 Ateneo de Manila (out of the original school: Obras Pias in 1817) 1694 Santa Isabel 1750 Santa Rosa 1696 Santa Catalina  Philippines After the 1850s, public school started to be put up in the country 1867 There were 593 primary schools in the country Hospitals, asylums, orphanages and schools were subsidized by the Spanish gov’t with some donations from philantrophic individuals  Philippines The outbreak of the revolution against the Spanish government in the country led to efforts that were directed mainly at the sick and wounded Filipino soldiers who needed medical care “Hermanos”, a religious order and women Provided leadership in nursing the wounded in the battlefields particularly after the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal on Dec. 30, 1896  Philippines 1899 The National Association of the Red Cross was organized Provided medical supplies and food to the revolutionaries in the provinces of Luzon  Philippines American Period 1899 The Philippines was occupied by America New educational system New health methods Religious freedom  Philippines 1902 The Insular Board was created following an epidemic of bubonic plague, cholera and small pox Function: to coordinate and supervise private institutions engaged in social work  Philippines 1908 The Philippine General Hospital was established 1915 Public Welfare Board legislative act no. 2510 To coordinate the welfare activities of various Charitable organizations  Philippines 1910 School for the deaf and blind 1917 Associated Charities of Manila Functioned as a “community chest”, centralized the receipt and distribution of donations to different charitable organizations 1905 Philippine chapter of the American Red Cross  Philippines 1907 La Gota de Leche furnished child-caring institutions with fresh cow’s milk. Offered free consultation clinic for mothers 1910 Philippine Anti- Tuberculosis Society 1911 Tuberculosis Sanitarium in QC  Philippines 1913 Association de Damas Filipinas Helped destitute mothers and their children founded a settlement house on Rizal Ave in Manila chronic illness, accidents, broken homes  Philippines 1921 Office of the Public Welfare Commmissioner (PWC) Under the Department of Interior Absorbed the functions of the Public Welfare Board Coordinating and intensifying the activities of child welfare organizations and agencies  Philippines 1933 A law was passed requiring any person, corporation, organization or association desiring to solicit or receive contributions for charitable or public welfare purposes 1924 The associated charities had become an independent agency under the supervision of the PWC  Philippines 1924 Phil Legislative Act No. 3203 Care and custody of neglected and delinquent children There were reformatories in Manila for boys and for girls under PWC 1926 Welfareville – a 50-hectare compound in San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong) under PWC Divison of Dependent children  Philippines “Congragate system” of the division: Wards were grouped in separate cottages based on children’s needs and problems 1933 Frank Murphy became governor general Scholarship grants for professional training in social work in the US were made available  Philippines Other developments during the administration of Murphy: Maternal health centers in each town Social health centers in selected communities First housing committee that undertook the study of slums (31 houses in Tondo) Private colleges and technical schools National Economic Protectionism (NEPA) established to promote home industries  Philippines Unemployment Committee which recommended the creation of a National Emergency Relief Board to relieve distress caused by unemployment and to reduce unemployment; later extended to typhoon victims Women suffrage campaign – signed a law enfranchising women in 1933 that took effect in 1937  Philippines Prominent Persons: Dr. Jose Fabella – Director of PWC Josefa Jara Martinez – obtained a diploma in social work from the New York School of Social Work in 1921; she worked for the Public Welfare Board where she started to introduce the scientific approach in social work and then was detailed to the Associated Charities  Philippines Frank Murphy It was during his administration that the government took full responsibility for the relief of the distressed due to any cause.  Philippines Commonwealth Period (Manuel L. Quezon) Filipinos took over the government Rural charity clinics A home for mentally defective children and for the aged in Welfareville Anti-usury laws 8-hour labor law; minimum wages Laws related to insurance, pensions, women and child labor  Philippines Commonwealth Period (Manuel L. Quezon) Housing projects Relief boards and other bodies Creation of the Department of Health and Public Welfare  Philippines Japanese Occupation Medical care and treatment and provision of food and clothing to the wounded soldiers, prisoners and civilians during World War II Relief work was undertaken by volunteer organizations Workers of the Philippine war relief, Inc. organized in the US accompanied the liberating army when it landed in Leyte  Philippines Bureau of Public Welfare was closed during the war and reopened in 1946. 1947 it became the Social Welfare Commission under the Office of the President This signified the formal recognition of social welfare as a responsibility by the state  Philippines Bureau of Public Welfare was closed during the war and reopened in 1946. 1947 it became the Social Welfare Commission under the Office of the President This signified the formal recognition of social welfare as a responsibility by the state  Philippines Three Categories of Services of the Commission: 1. Child welfare work (probation and parole, institutional care) 2. Public assistance (relief and casework) 3. Coordination and supervision of all public welfare activities  Philippines 1948 Pres. Quirino created the President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) Gave relief assistance to the hungry, the homeless and the sick. UNICEF – United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund was created in 1946 by the United Nations general Assembly (maternal and child health)  Philippines 1949 Council of Welfare Agencies of the Phils Community Chest of Greater Manila Early 1950s Philippine Youth Welfare Coordinating Council (PYWCC)  Philippines 1951 The Social Welfare Commission and PACSA were fused into one agency called Social Welfare Administration Responsibility for relief was taken over by its Division of Public Assistance Was concerned with the need for a more professional administration of public tax supported welfare programs Accepted field practice students and conducted surveys  Philippines 1968 Marcos signed RA 5416 Social Welfare Act elevating the Social Welfare Administration into a Department 1970s Martial Law (1972) Marcos set up a crisis government Developmental decades (1960s and 1970s) The UN called on nations to focus on developmental efforts aimed at improving the quality of life of people  Philippines 1976 The Dept of Social Welfare became the Department of Social Services and Development (DSSD) From the traditional, institution-based social welfare to community-oriented programs and services which underscored people’s own capacities for problem-solving 1978 Conversion of departments into Ministries  Philippines 1976 The Dept of Social Welfare became the Department of Social Services and Development (DSSD) From the traditional, institution-based social welfare to community-oriented programs and services which underscored people’s own capacities for problem-solving 1978 Conversion of departments into Ministries  Philippines 1980s The Ministry of Social Services and Development (MSSD) banner program: the Self-Employment Assistance case management system  Philippines 1987 Pres. Corazon Aquino signed Executive Order No. 123 reorganizing the MSSD and renaming it Department of Social Welfare and Development “evolving from mere welfare or relief agency to the greater task of development”  Philippines 1990s-Early 2008 October 10, 1991 RA 7160 or the Local Government Code was passed The DSWD devolved its functions, programs and services, direct services workers, budget and assets and liabilities to the local government units starting 1992.  Philippines The national DSWD became leaner and more responsive Four categories of social services: Center-institution based services Community-based programs and services Locally funded and foreign assisted projects Disaster relief and rehabilitation augmentation  Philippines In the 90s, the DSWD moved from its traditional image of service provider to one that leads in social welfare policy and program development, provision of technical assistance, capability-building and augmentation support to local government units (LGU), non-government organizations (NGO) and people’s organizations (PO)  Philippines Vision of the DSWD Poverty eradication and empowerment of disadvantaged individuals, families and communities with capability to improve their quality of life through the provision of assistance to LGUs, Pos, NGOs, NGAs (other national government agencies) and other members of civil society  Philippines The NGOs They supplement government efforts Defined as “private, non-profit, voluntary organizations that are committed to the task of socio-economic development and established primarily for service” The number of NGOs began to grow after the EDSA Revolution in 1986  Philippines NGO Classifications: 1. Primary NGOs – also called POs, direct organizations of the beneficiaries themselves 2. Secondary/intermediate – composed of different professions providing services to the beneficiaries 3. Tertiary – usually a network of NGOs established for mutual assistance or for special purposes  Philippines 1999 Philippine Council for NGO Certification was launched by NGO networks to regulate the operation of NGOs Certifies NGOs applying for donee institution status based on specific standards: professionalism, transparency and accountability Has certified 858 applicants out more than 1,500 applications over a period of 9 years  The Development of the Social Work Profession in the Philippines  Philippines The mother of the SW profession in the Phils: The Associated Charities (1917) First to use casework First to use social workers as full time, paid employees The first to hire a trained social worker as its Executive Secretary (Josefa Jara Martinez then later Asuncion A. Perez who was also educated in the US)  Philippines 1947 The seven or eight social workers who had gone to the US before the war to pursue formal social work education formed the Philippine Association of Social Workers (PASW) Nurturing the development of the social work profession  Philippines 1950 The Philippine School of Social Work was established One-year program: Master of Arts in Social Administration – Josefa Jara Martinez was the school’s first director 1951- graduate program expanded to two years and the degree changed to Master of Social Work  Philippines The University of the Philippines and Centro Escolar University also started offering social work courses at the grduate level 1956 The Civil Service Commission gave an examination for social workers  Philippines Early 50s The following offered a bachelor’s degree in social work: Philippine School of Social Work Centro Escolar University University of the Philippines University of Santo Tomas  Philippines A big boost to the professionalization of social work was the launching of the UNICEF- assisted Social Services Project of the Social Welfare Administration in July 1961. Improvement of child welfare services by upgrading the competence of family and child workers (seminars, study grants, pilot projects) leading to the upgrading of SWA personnel salaries  Philippines 1965 Passage of RA 4373, An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the Philippines Completion of Bachelor of Science in Social Work degree 1,000 hours of supervised field practice Passing of a government board examination in Social Work for licensing or registration as a social worker  Philippines Creation of a board of examiners (now called Board for Social Workers) that will administer its provisions Empowered the Department of Social Welfare and development (DSWD) to license and accredit public and private organizations for social welfare work The law had a desirable effect of making those already occupying social work positions undergo professional social work education  Philippines The passing of RA 4373 is generally considered as the formal recognition of social work as a profession in the Philippines As of December 2006 – 16,134 licensed social workers in the Philippines  Philippines The Philippine Association of Social Workers, Inc. (PASWI) The national organization of social workers in the country Founded on Nov. 12, 1947, incorporated on April 18, 1948, re-incorporated with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1988.  Philippines As of 2007 - 36 active chapters in different regions of the country 429 lifetime members 1,036 regular members A member of the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) There are 1.5 million professional workers in practice globally  Philippines PASWI’s Objectives: Promote and maintain a professional standard of social work practice Strengthen the members’ competence Work for better understanding, acceptance and recognition of the profession Work for social legislation in social welfare and development Expansion through local chapters and linkages  Philippines PASWI’s Accomplishments: Adopted the Phil Soc Work Code of Ethics in 1964, revised in Nov. 1998 Nominated members of the Board for Social Workers (to the President) since 1965 Worked for the passage of RA 4373 in 1965 and its amendments with RA 5175 in 1967 Supported the passage of the SW Act elevating the SWA to DSW in 1968  Philippines PASWI’s Accomplishments: Served as core of the Phil organizing committee for the SW symposia in the Phils in 1970 Took a stand on issues such as family planning, integration of cultural minorities into society, etc. Submitted proposals to the 1971 constitutional convention  Philippines PASWI’s Accomplishments: Initiated proposal to merge the DSWD and the Department of Health in the 1980s Supported the package of the Magna Carta for Public Social Workers (RA 9433 on April 11, 2007)  Philippines Magna Carta for Social Workers For all registered social workers in government service Positions in government for social workers Upgrading of salaries Code of conduct Professional development  Summary: Europe Situation of the poor (simple to complex) Presence of laws Role of the parish church Evolving programs and services Public responsibility was emphasized: use of public tax to help the poor; from district units to a nationwide concern Administration by the state From plain charitable work to an organized and systematic way of helping the poor  United States From volunteer to paid staff Charity organizations Welfare societies The rise of the profession of Social Work Social work education; medical social work The number of trained social workers increased rapidly at the turn of the 20th century National Association of Social Workers (NASW) became the cenrtal professional body Council on Social Work Education – a national educational body for setting standards  Prominent Persons Mary Ellen Richmond (1861-1928) A social work pioneer Worked as Treasurer of the Charity Organization Society The first to develop a structured social work Published “Social Diagnosis” in 1917 – formalized a communicable body of techniques in different settings where social workers were found  Prominent Persons Dr. Abraham Flexner An authority on graduate education who had made a penetrating study that led to major changes in medical education  Prominent Persons Dr. Abraham Flexner An authority on graduate education who had made a penetrating study that led to major changes in medical education  Philippines From charity and relief to social development and empowerment From the sick and homeless to individuals, families and communities Developments in social welfare under the Spaniards, the Americans, the Japanese The professionalization of Social Work Social work education Supportive laws The rise of NGOs and POs as partners Networking and Alliance-building The evolution of the DSWD PASWI  Social Work is committed to the pursuit of social welfare There is a continuity in the development of social welfare and social work in the Philippines Thank you!