Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which aspect characterizes Aristotle's communication model?
Which aspect characterizes Aristotle's communication model?
- It includes multiple communication elements
- It is speaker-centered (correct)
- It involves a two-way process
- It emphasizes receiver feedback
What does the 'S' in Berlo's S-M-C-R model represent?
What does the 'S' in Berlo's S-M-C-R model represent?
- Synaptic Transmission
- Systematic Process
- Source of Communication (correct)
- Sender
Which element is NOT part of Wendel Johnson's communication model?
Which element is NOT part of Wendel Johnson's communication model?
- Sensory stimulation
- Symbolic form transformation
- Pre-verbal neurophysiological state
- Channel (correct)
How does Schramm's model depict communication?
How does Schramm's model depict communication?
What is considered a type of non-verbal communication?
What is considered a type of non-verbal communication?
Which type of body movement can directly translate into words?
Which type of body movement can directly translate into words?
What does paralanguage refer to in communication?
What does paralanguage refer to in communication?
In the Helical Model of communication, which concept is emphasized?
In the Helical Model of communication, which concept is emphasized?
Which body type is associated with being more talkative and sympathetic?
Which body type is associated with being more talkative and sympathetic?
What factor is primarily determined by the loudness of speech?
What factor is primarily determined by the loudness of speech?
In proxemics, what distance is considered 'Social Distance'?
In proxemics, what distance is considered 'Social Distance'?
Which aspect of communication is characterized as the highness of sound?
Which aspect of communication is characterized as the highness of sound?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ectomorphs?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ectomorphs?
What does body adornment encompass?
What does body adornment encompass?
What type of communication primarily focuses on interactions between different cultural backgrounds?
What type of communication primarily focuses on interactions between different cultural backgrounds?
Which body type is described as adventurous and strong?
Which body type is described as adventurous and strong?
What is the first stage in the communication process?
What is the first stage in the communication process?
Which element of communication is responsible for decoding messages?
Which element of communication is responsible for decoding messages?
What role does 'Noise' play in the communication process?
What role does 'Noise' play in the communication process?
What does Cross-Cultural Communication primarily focus on?
What does Cross-Cultural Communication primarily focus on?
What challenge in intercultural communication involves the interpretation of messages based on cultural background?
What challenge in intercultural communication involves the interpretation of messages based on cultural background?
Which of the following is NOT a type of non-verbal symbol in communication?
Which of the following is NOT a type of non-verbal symbol in communication?
Which principle proposes that unrestricted communication leads to cultural uniformity over time?
Which principle proposes that unrestricted communication leads to cultural uniformity over time?
In which stage are ideas encoded into language symbols?
In which stage are ideas encoded into language symbols?
What is the purpose of the 'Channel' in communication?
What is the purpose of the 'Channel' in communication?
What is the main function of communication that focuses on regulating or controlling situations?
What is the main function of communication that focuses on regulating or controlling situations?
The Communication Accommodation Theory emphasizes which of the following?
The Communication Accommodation Theory emphasizes which of the following?
Which of these factors is considered a type of psychological noise?
Which of these factors is considered a type of psychological noise?
In the context of intercultural communication, what is typically blamed when misunderstandings occur?
In the context of intercultural communication, what is typically blamed when misunderstandings occur?
What is the effect of using abstract ideas in communication?
What is the effect of using abstract ideas in communication?
Which function of communication is primarily concerned with keeping individuals and groups informed?
Which function of communication is primarily concerned with keeping individuals and groups informed?
What does intercultural adaptation explain about communicators?
What does intercultural adaptation explain about communicators?
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Study Notes
Definition of Oral Communication
- Communication is the creation and sharing of meaning among individuals.
- Oral communication involves the processes of speaking and listening, represented through sound.
The Process of Communication
- Communication occurs mutually among individuals in response to a stimulus.
- Stimulus: Anything triggering a response in the nervous system or emotions.
- Stages of Communication:
- Stage 1: Presence of Stimulus.
- Stage 2: Brain receives the idea.
- Stage 3: Ideas encoded into language symbols.
- Stage 4: Speaker prepares to externalize thoughts.
- Stage 5: Message transmitted through sound waves.
- Stage 6: Message reaches the receiver.
Elements of Communication
- Sender/Speaker: Initiates the conversation.
- Receiver/Listener: Decodes the messages.
- Message: Vital to communication; can be verbal or non-verbal.
- Channel: Route through which the message travels.
- Feedback: Reaction observed in sender and receiver.
- Noise: Disturbances that lead to misunderstandings.
- Types of noise include psychological factors like trauma and depression.
- Setting: Venue where communication occurs.
Models of Communication
- Aristotle's Model: Simplistic model emphasizing a speaker-centered communication process.
- Wendel Johnson's Model: Involves a sequence from source stimulation to verbal formulation.
- Berlo's Model: S-M-C-R framework focusing on Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver components.
- Helical Model of Communication: Represents communication as an evolving process akin to a helix.
- Schramm's Model: Emphasizes the interactive role of message encoders and decoders.
Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
- Non-Verbal Communication: Sharing ideas without words, encompassing:
- Body movements, facial expressions, appearance, gestures, and tone of voice.
- Types of Non-Verbal Communication:
- Body Movements: Includes emblems, illustrations, regulations, displays of feeling, and adaptors.
- Paralanguage: Refers to vocal elements like rate, pitch, volume, and quality.
- Body Types:
- Ectomorphs: Ambitious but often tense and nervous.
- Endomorphs: Warm-hearted but more dependent and talkative.
- Mesomorphs: Athletic and adventurous.
- Attractiveness: Influences positive responses.
- Body Adornment: Clothing, makeup, jewelry, and hairstyle impact communication.
- Space and Distance (Proxemics): Various personal distances include intimate, personal, social, and public distances.
- Touch: Communicates relationship dynamics.
- Time: Punctuality reflects personal values.
Effective Communication Skills
- Intercultural Communication: Involves sharing information across diverse cultures.
- Cross-Cultural Communication: Understanding behaviors and perceptions across different places.
- Challenges in Intercultural Communication:
- Message transmission may cause different interpretations.
- Attribution can lead to misinterpretation of behaviors.
- Principles of Intercultural Communication:
- Cultural Convergence: Unrestricted communication promotes uniformity, while restrictions lead to diversity.
- Communication Accommodation Theory: Focuses on adjusting communicative distances using linguistic strategies.
- Intercultural Adaptation: Adapting to each other in culturally significant encounters.
- Co-cultural Theory: Interaction between underrepresented and dominant groups.
Functions of Communication
- Communication serves various functions:
- Regulation/Control: Establishes rules and maintains control in situations.
- Social Interaction: Maintains stability within individuals, societies, or organizations.
- Motivation: Can be internal (personal) or external (influenced by others).
- Information Function: A mechanism for informing individuals about daily occurrences.
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