ORAL-COMM-MIDTERM.pdf

ORAL COMM REVIEWER ❖ PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT – refers to the mood and feelings of the NOTE TO REMEMBER! communicators ❖ CULTURA...

ORAL COMM REVIEWER ❖ PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT – refers to the mood and feelings of the NOTE TO REMEMBER! communicators ❖ CULTURAL CONTEXT – includes the beliefs and norms of the participants COMMUNICATION – it is the process of (this can be the sender or the receiver) sharing and conveying information from one person to another BARRIER – is what affects the flow of Communication can be done through face to communication face, phone interaction, a group meeting and more. NOISE – causes breakdown to the process NATURE OF COMMUNICATION of communication 1. COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS COMMUNICATION NEEDS TO BE 2. COMMUNICATION OCCURS BETWEEN UNDERSTOOD TWO PEOPLE a. SPEAKER ❖ Unless the message is understood, we/ b. RECEIVER cannot say communication has taken 3. COMMUNICATION CAN BE place EXPRESSED THROUGH VERBAL AND COMMUNICATION IS SOCIAL NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION INTERACTION THROUGH MESSAGES VERBAL – can be done through oral communication. ❖ We are sharing our experiences or feelings to someone else NON-VERBAL – through actions and facial ❖ Social interaction is always done through expressions of body language. messages ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION MODELS OF COMMUNICATION SPEAKER – the source of information ❖ LINEAR - is a one-way process where a message is sent from a sender to a MESSAGE – the idea, thought, or receiver without any feedback. In this information being conveyed by the speaker situation. ENCODING – the process of converting ❖ TRANSACTIONAL - is a dynamic the message into words process where both parties are simultaneously senders and receivers, CHANNEL – is the medium or means used engaging in a back-and-forth exchange it can be either personal or non-personal, of messages. verbal or non-verbal. ❖ INTERACTIVE - maintains a more ENCODING – is the process of interpreting sequential and less immediate exchange the encoded message of messages. RECEIVER – the recipient of the information or message SOURCES OF MODELS FEEDBACK – the response or reaction SHANNON-WEAVER OF provided by the receiver COMMUNICATION – it is also referred to as the "Mother of Communication” or "The CONTEXT – is the environment where Standard Model". This summarizes the view communication takes place of communication as sending and receiving messages. This model has no feedback. ❖ PHYSICAL CONTEXT – refers to the time, place, and environment and ❖ SENDER distance between communicators ❖ CHANNEL ❖ SOCIAL CONTEXT – refers to the ❖ RECEIVER relationship of the communicators  SCHRAMMS MODEL OF 5. Examples: COMMUNICATION – In this model the source at one time can be the receiver, while Classroom Teaching: A teacher asks the receiver can be the sender. Alternately question, students respond, and the teacher encoding and decoding transmitted addresses their responses. messages from one to the other. Customer Service: A costumer sends an inquiry, receives a response, and may reply THE SMCR MODEL OF with further questions or feedback. COMMUNICATION – It expands the Shannon-Weaver Model, as it includes the 6. Communication Dynamics: elements that may affect the communication. Less Simultaneous Interaction: The This model shows that the communicator communication is less dynamic compared to must have skills, right attitude and adequate transactional models, with less immediate knowledge. This means that both the sender and simultaneous exchange. and receiver should have common understanding. In this model all five senses are considered as Channel. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION The difference between Transactional and 1. Structure: Interactive Models of communication may seem confusing. Here is a comprehensive differentiation Simultaneous Flow: Communication is between the two: continuous and simultaneous. Both parties acts as senders and receivers at the same INTERACTIVE MODEL OF time, creating a more fluid and dynamic COMMUNICATION exchange. 1. Structure: 2. Feedback: Sequential Flow: Communication flows in a linear sequence with a sender and a receiver. Immediate Feedback: Feedback is instant Feedback is provided, which influences the and continuously exchanged, allowing for subsequent communication but occurs in a real-time adjustments and responses during turn-taking manner the conversation. 2. Feedback: 3. Interaction: Delayed Feedback: Feedback from the Mutual Influence: Both parties influence and receiver is given after the sender has are influenced by each other continuously finished their message. This feedback may throughout the interaction. The conversation influence future interactions but is not evolves based on ongoing exchanges. immediate. 4. Role of Context: 3. Interaction: Integrated Context: The context is Turn-taking: Participants alternate roles dynamically integrated into the between sender and receiver. Communication may involve pauses and communication process. Both parties wait times between exchanges. continually adapt their messages based on the evolving interaction and context. 4. Role of Context: 5. Examples: Contextual Influence: The context and environment play a role in shaping the Negotiation: A buyer and a seller discuss message and feedback. However, and adjust terms simultaneously, with communication primarily remains linear in ongoing feedback influencing the its structure. negotiation process.  Therapy Session: A therapist and client The given situation falls under engage in a real-time exchange of thoughts Transactional communication. and feelings, continually adapting their Explanation: communication based on each other’s responses. Transactional communication is a dynamic process where both parties are 6. Communication Dynamics: simultaneously senders and receivers, Highly Dynamic: Communication is highly engaging in a back-and-forth exchange of interactive, with both parties engaging in a messages. This real-time interaction with constant exchange of messages, feedback, feedback and adjustment on both sides is the and adjustments, making it more complex hallmark of transactional communication. and fluid. Situation 4: A job interview where the interviewer Identify whether the given situation falls under and the candidate engage in back and forth Linear communication, Interactive communication, conversation. or transactional communication. Explain your The given situation falls under answer. Transactional communication. Situation 1: A public service announcement on the Explanation: radio about an upcoming blood donation drive. In a job interview, both the interviewer and The given situation falls under Linear the candidate take turns sending and communication. receiving messages, engaging in a back-and- Explanation: forth conversation.. This continuous exchange, where both participants are The radio station (sender) broadcasts the simultaneously senders and receivers, is message, and the listeners (receivers) characteristic of transactional receive it. There is no immediate feedback communication. or interaction between the sender and receivers, making it a linear communication Here are five situations that exemplify model. Interactive communication: Situation 2: A company sending out an email to all 1. Classroom Teaching with Q&A its employees with new policy updates. 2. Customer Service Chat. The given situation falls under Linear 3. Forum Discussions communication. 4. Feedback Session. Explanation: 5. Parent-Teacher Conference: In this case, the company (sender) is delivering a message (new policy updates) These situations involve an exchange where to all its employees (receivers) through an feedback is expected and integral to the email. This is a one-way communication communication process, but it’s not as simultaneous process where the message is sent, and the or dynamic as transactional communication.\ receivers read it without any immediate opportunity for feedback or interaction, CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION characteristic of linear communication. culture (noun) — a system of knowledge, customs, Situation 3: A live Q and A session with the and beliefs shared by a group comprised of a celebrity on a social media platform. relatively large number of individuals Even a subgroup within a nation has its own particular culture. Confucian (adjective) — pertains to the teachings of Western cultures: hugging is acceptable; Confucius, a Chinese philosopher maintaining eye contact is a sign of respect Confucian teachings are still practiced in East Asian Middle East: public display of affection is taboo; countries. men and women are not supposed to have eye contact hierarchy (noun) — a system of social order wherein people or groups are classified as higher or Latin American cultures: prolonged eye contact lower than the others may mean rudeness Traditionally, companies follow a clear hierarchy to NON-BINARY INDIVIDUALS establish a clear chain of command. do not subscribe to the male-female dichotomy honorifics (noun) — terms used as a sign of respect usually prefer the pronouns they or them when addressing AGE others Age-related communication reflects culture. Honorifics are usually attached to names of elected officials. ❖ ○Philippines: po and opo; pagmamano ❖ ○Turkey: kissing the right hand of elders save face (verb) — an action meant to avoid losing ❖ ○Korea: adding yo in the statement respect for oneself Ageism, or discrimination based on age, should One way of saving face is offering gifts to people be avoided. whom we have offended. SOCIAL STATUS AND RELIGION GENDER AND AGE 1.social status (noun) — a person’s position in “characteristics of women, men, girls and boys society that are socially constructed” We should not base decisions on whom we should different from sex, which is biological hire on social status. effect on gender on communication 2.religious belief (noun) — belief in the existence of ❖ men-only conversations a supernatural or spiritual aspect of a religion ❖ women-only conversations Learning how to respect each other’s religious ❖ mixed-gender conversations beliefs can lead to peaceful coexistence. 3.peers (noun) — friends or people who belong to the same organization or group Respect among peers is very important in any workplace. 4.subscribe (verb) — to follow a certain norm or belief Even in the 21st century, many Filipino families still subscribe to Catholicism. 5.custom (noun) — a habit that reflects the values of a certain culture Gender-related communication styles differ from culture to culture. Offering food to visitors is an important Filipino custom SOCIAL STATUS ❖ Idioms Standing in the society Cultural barriers: differences in principles, views, and beliefs Determined by: Physical barriers: noise, lighting, and distance ❖ ○background ❖ ○education Prejudging: a person believes he or she already ❖ ○income knows the message even before it is delivered ❖ ○social habits Information overload May affect the way we communicate with others Lack of interest and attention Two elements of social class WAYS TO ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE ❖ Ascribed social class: determined by birth COMMUNICATION ❖ Achieved social class: result of talent and Be focused. hard work, among others Speak intelligibly. RELIGION Listen with your ears and eyes. Conflicts may arise if people have opposing or different religious views Minimize distractions. Openness may lead to mutual respect and REGULATION OR CONTROL AND SOCIAL understanding INTERACTION Examples of how religion influences culture: Regulation or control and social interaction are functions of communication that are used by ❖ Christianity: following the Ten individuals based on different situations they are in. Commandments ❖ Buddhism: anger is considered a poison Communication is used to regulate or control the ❖ Islam: forbids eating pork (haram) pace and flow of conversations or the speaking of a ❖ Hinduism: cows are sacred participant so that interruptions and awkward silences between speakers are avoided. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS NONVERBAL CUES communication breakdown (noun) — happens when the message is not clearly understood by the ❖ Eye contact receiver ❖ Head shaking jargon (noun) — words or phrases that are used by ❖ Raising of index finger ❖ Leaning back members of a particular group or trade and may not be understood by outsiders MOTIVATION idioms (noun) — phrases or expressions that convey Steps you can do to motivate others: meaning other than their literal meaning 1. Walk the talk. heritage (noun) — an object, tradition, or identity 2. Actively listen. handed down from one generation to the next 3. Make a person feel that he or she makes a difference. BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION 4. Communicate clearly and with compassion. Language barriers INFORMATION ❖ different languages You provide information to others in various speech ❖ unfamiliar accent situations, such as when delivering an informative ❖ unfamiliar words and jargon speech, when someone asks for directions, and ❖ To Entertain when getting to know someone. Other types: EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS 1.Mass Communication – Communication which Emotions help humans communicate their ideas and makes use of broadcast to reach a larger amount of feelings toward certain situations audience 4 BASIC HUMAN EMOTIONS 2.Organizational Communication – This deals with interactions and personal relationships between ❖ Happy - This is experienced when a person superiors and subordinates in a proffesional setting is content, pleased, delighted, or excited. ❖ Sad - This is usually characterized by 3. Intercultural Communication – Interaction among feelings of despair, sorrow, loss, people with different cultures hopelessness, disappointment, or even CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION depression. ❖ Surprised - This is usually felt when 1. INFORMAL something unexpected occurs. It is also 2. FORMAL characterized by a feeling of shock or amazement. SPEECH STYLE ❖ Angry - This is usually experienced when a WHAT IS A SPEECH CONTEXT AND STYLE? person feels intense frustration. It is also felt when he or she feels offended, irritated, The speech context refers to the situation, the topic, humiliated, threatened, disrespected, or the environment where the speech occurs and our provoked. relationship with the person we are talking to which dictates and affects the way we communicate which SPEECH CONTEXTS results to our choice of the type of speech style that Speech context refers to the situation or is most appropriate to be used. environment and the circumstances in which 1. Intimate communication occurs. - This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or intimate There are three main types of speech context: individuals. The language used in this 1.Intrapersonal Speech Context – Communication speech style may not be shared in public. within one’s self Examples of Intimate: - A conversation between a husband and wife 2.Interpersonal Speech Context – Communication about their plan for their wedding that occurs between two people anniversary 2. Casual ❖ Dyad - composed of two participants taking - This style is common among peers and turns as speaker and listener in the friends. Jargon, slang, street language, communication process gay language or vulgar words are used. ❖ Small Group - composed of three or more Examples: participants who engage in discussion to - Lily and Luz sharing each other their plans achieve a common goal like problem for the weekends solving, performing a task or deciding on 3. Consultative something - This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in 3.Public Communication – Communication in this style. which an Individual communicates to a large Examples: audience involves - Communication between teachers and ❖ To Inform students ❖ To Persuade 4. Formal  - This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way; that means there is no feedback coming from the receiver of the message. Examples: - sermons by priests and ministers 5. Frozen - This style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies. Examples: - Preamble to the Constitution