Oral Comm Finals Notes PDF

ORAL COMM FINALS WEEK 1 COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES - the plans of course of actions or methods to convey information effectively. - used to attain a specific social, linguistic, or psychological goal. Nomination - open a new topic/ introduces a topic - when you are presenti...

ORAL COMM FINALS WEEK 1 COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES - the plans of course of actions or methods to convey information effectively. - used to attain a specific social, linguistic, or psychological goal. Nomination - open a new topic/ introduces a topic - when you are presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is relevant Restriction - any limitation - constrain or restrict the response Turn-taking - who takes the conversational floor. - chance to speak. Topic Control - question-answer formula - take turns, contribute ideas, and continue the discussion. Topic Shifting - one part of a conversation ends and another begins. - changes the topic. Repair - overcoming communication breakdown - recouping lost rapport - Repeating & recasting Termination - ends the interaction through verbal and non-verbal messages - fast and brief. ORAL COMM WEEK 2 FINALS Communicative Competence - by Dell Hymes in 1960s - the ability to use language appropriately in various social context LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE - unconscious knowledge that we have about our language. - Rules of grammar, the meaning of words & how to form sentences. - Understanding and producing language correctly without thinking about it - Ability to understand and use the grammatical rules, vocabulary and sounds language correctly. Unconscious Knowledge - we don’t need to consciously think about grammar rules when we speak or write. Grammar and Syntax – knowing how to structure sentences properly Vocabulary – knowing the meaning of words and how to use them appropriately SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE - how to adjust your language based on who you’re talking to, the setting, the topic - understanding of social norms and cultural context DISCOURSE COMPETENCE - to organize and connect ideas in coherent, logical manner when speaking or writing - making sure sentences flow meaningfully - ability to organize sentences and ideas cohesively STRATEGIC COMPETENCE - strategies to overcome communication difficulties or breakdowns - ex. Paraphrasing, clarification, adjusting speed - use of strategies to manage communication breakdowns ORAL COMM LESSON 3 FINALS SPEECH- produced when air is expelled from the lungs to the bodily systems and structures that create sound waves. SPEECH PRODUCTION - thoughts are translated into speech. - the selection of words, the organization of relevant grammatical forms and then the articulation of the resulting sounds by the motor system using the vocal apparatus. PROCESS IN SPEECH PRODUCTION ✓ Respiration ✓ Phonation ✓ Resonance ✓ Articulation RESPIRATION- happens when you inhale, and let in air to your lungs, which will then be expelled out to produced sound waves.  natural respiration = natural speech  large amount of air + great amount of voice = loud voice  small volume of air expelled = whisper or soft voice PHONATION - happens when producing sound waves and the air is pushed through the vocal cords. - When you speak, the muscles around the voice box places stress on the vocal cords, which then produces the tone of the voice. RESONANCE- occurs when the voice is amplified as the sound passes through chambers and structures such as the upper part of the larynx, the throat, the oral, and the nasal cavities. ARTICULATION- the way in which you pronounce words or produce sounds using the different speech apparatus. ASPECTS OF VOICE USAGE VOLUME- the loudness or the softness of the voice. RATE - the speed of one’s speech or how fast or slow one speaks. - The ideal speaking rate is 140-160 words per minute. PITCH- the highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice. FLUENCY- the smoothness or effortlessness of one’s speech. - Verbal Fillers: use of words like “um”, “uh”, and “like”. - Fluency Hiccups: it is the unintentional pause in speech. - Filled Pauses: are the repetition of syllables and words. ARTICULATION- the clear production of sound words. PRONUNCIATION- producing the sounds of the word accurately. EMPHASIS- the value or prominence given to a particular word in a sentence. VOCAL VARIETY- the change in vocal volume, rate, and pitch which makes the speech more interesting to listen to. ORAL COMM LESSON 4 &5 TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY  MANUSCRIPT SPEECH  IMPROMPTU SPEECH  EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH  MEMORIZED SPEECH EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH - speaking with limited preparation - guided by notes or outline - delivered conversationally - most popular type MANUSCRIPT SPEECH - speaking with advanced preparation - planned and rehearsed speech - reading aloud a written message. MEMORIZED SPEECH - speaking with advanced preparation - planned and rehearsed speech - reciting a written message word-for-word from memory. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE  INFORMATIVE SPEECH  INSPIRATIONAL SPEECH  PERSUASIVE SPEECH  ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH INFORMATIVE SPEECH - aims to educate the audience on a specific topic by presenting facts, data, and explanations. - speaker's goal is to increase the audience's understanding or knowledge of the subject INSPIRATIONAL SPEECH - designed to motivate, uplift, and encourage an audience by sharing meaningful ideas, stories, or messages. ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH - intended to amuse, engage, or bring enjoyment to the audience through humor, storytelling, or lighthearted content. - provokes emotions - to entertain while occasionally making a thoughtful point. PERSUASIVE SPEECH - to CONVINCE the audience to adopt a certain opinion, take a specific action, or change their beliefs Three Persuasion Appeals (According to Aristotle) 1. ETHOS - Appeals to the speaker’s authority, character, or expertise to establish trust. 2. PATHOS - Appeals to the audience’s emotions, creating a connection through feelings. 3. LOGOS - Appeals to reason and logic through facts, evidence, and rational arguments. ORAL COMM D1 FINALS SPEECH WRITING- the process of writing something that is generally meant to be delivered to a large audience.  2 OBJECTIVES Make a good impression Leave your audience with 2 or 3 takeaways (The rest is just entertainment) PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING 1. Choosing the Topic 2. Analyzing the Audience 3. Researching 4. Outlining and Organizing Content CHOOSING THE TOPIC  The topic must interesting to both writer and audience.  The topic is based on brainstormed ideas or other reliable sources.  You have a clear purpose or stand about the chosen topic.  You have developed a good thesis statement as your main idea. ANALYZING YOUR AUDIENCE  Audience Interest - (Required to listen or genuinely interested)  Audience Purpose - (Goals)  Audience Demographics - (Broad sociocultural categories such age, gender, race, sexual status, etc.) RESEARCHING - Source of gathering information:  Library Research  Internet Research  Interview  Personal Observation  OUTLINING AND ORGANIZING CONTENT  OUTLINING - An outline is a list that clearly states the purpose of the speech, thesis, topic, the structure of ideas or even the citations  ORGANIZING CONTENT - A well- organized speech is easier to comprehend and to be remembered by the audience. It must follow a logical order.  DEVELOPING THE BODY – It entails providing support for the main idea through details and examples.  WRITING THE INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION – It comprises less than 20% of the entire speech but equally important with other parts of the speech. ORAL COMM D2 FINALS 3 PARTS OF SPEECH WRITING 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BODY 3. CONCLUSION 1. INTRODUCTION / OPENING  The opening of the speech needs to be attention-grabbing and captivating.  This is where the main idea is given as preview.  The best start is to create an opening line that states the intent of the speaker or to pose a question or a shocking statistic. 2. BODY  The middle is where the speaker gets into the full swing of their argument.  It is the main bulk of the speech.  You should include a series of reasons and arguments as to why the audience needs to agree with you. PATTERNS IN ORGANIZING CONTENT Time Pattern - Information is arranged in chronological order. Space Pattern - Information is organized according to space, area or structure. Problem-solution Pattern - This arrangement is divided into two parts: the problem, and the solutions. Cause-effect Pattern - This pattern is commonly used in persuasive speeches Topic Pattern - Arrangement is based on categories or topics. Motivated Sequence - It is constituted by 5 steps: attention step, the need step, the satisfaction step, visualization step, and the action step.  DEFINITIONS - make the key terms of the speech clear. ILLUSTRATIONS - examples used to demonstrate processes, concepts, or ideas. ANALOGIES - It indicates similarities and differences between two ideas. Can be literal or figurative comparisons. ANECDOTES - personal experiences or brief stories that aim to prove a point. STATISTICS - numbers or proportions gathered from credible quantitative research. TESTIMONIES - You can use quotations from famous people or information taken from studies. 3. CONCLUSION / ENDING  reviewing the thesis and the key points, ending and giving a strong and final remarks.  It is imperative that the audience hear the speaker and never forget them or the message they pose to the audience.