Oral Communication Review PDF

ORAL COMMUNICATION S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | 1ST SEM | 1ST QUARTER communication 1.0 UNIT 1: NATURE OF - includes gestures, mannerisms, eye...

ORAL COMMUNICATION S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | 1ST SEM | 1ST QUARTER communication 1.0 UNIT 1: NATURE OF - includes gestures, mannerisms, eye contact, and facial expressions COMMUNICATION - Chronemics - refers to the role of time in the communication process - Haptics - the use of touch to convey 1.1 UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION meaning in a conversation - often dependent on culture Vocabulary Words Other non-verbal : signs and symbols, 1. Stimulus - an idea or concept that a physical appearance, posture, silence sender would like to convey. 2. Sender - the person who encodes 3. Paralanguage/paraverbal - the the message inflection, pacing, pitch, volume, and 3. Receiver - the person who decodes tone of speech of a speaker’s voice the message - It is not by what one says, but how 4. Decode - interpret one says it 5. Feedback - the response of the - includes sighs and gasps receiver to the given message of the sender 6. Noise - any barrier or hindrance that 1.2 ELEMENTS AND MODELS OF obstructs the understanding of the COMMUNICATION message Communication - the transmission of ideas Participants - the communicators, can be both and emotions between or among persons senders and receivers using verbal and nonverbal cues. - Sender - transmits the information to - helps people adapt to or survive in the the receiver place they live in. - Receiver - decodes the message to - the exchange of thoughts, formulate a response expressions, and observations among people. Context - refers to the interrelated conditions - comes from the Latin word communis, that affect the message; these include which means “common.” physical, psychological, social, and cultural Stimulus → sender encodes message → factors decoded by receiver → feedback - Physical context - refers to the interrelated conditions that affect the Forms of Communication message; these include physical, 1. Verbal - use of words or speech in psychological, social, and cultural sending messages and transmitting factors ideas or feelings. Example : The way you communicate - Can be oral or written with a friend inside the library may be 2. Nonverbal - communication without different from the way you the use of spoken language communicate with him or her on a - gestures, facial expressions, playground. eye contact, posture, tone and - Social context - based on the speed by which someone relationship of the communicators. talks, as well as their Example : You most likely do not speak particular environment with your parents in the same way that Types of Non-Verbal: you speak with your friends. - Proxemics (distance) - how the space - Psychological context - refers to the or distance between the sender and moods and feelings of the the receiver affects their communicators. communication Example : Emotions such as hunger or - includes intimate distance, personal sadness may affect the way that you distance, social distance, and public express your thoughts and ideas. distance - Cultural context - includes the beliefs - Kinesics - the use of body language in and norms of the participants. This comes into play when you are ORAL COM 1ST QUARTER | 1ST SEM | Prepared by Kars Lyca Caipang REVIEWER PAGE 1 template by @wonrika  ORAL COMMUNICATION S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | 1ST SEM | 1ST QUARTER speaking with someone who is of a different gender, age, social status, MODELS OF COMMUNICATION religion, or nationality Example : When speaking about DEFINITION EXAMPLES technology to someone who is already in his seventies, you may have to Linear - Information -Public speeches explain in detail some concepts that Communica- flows through a -Radio are already considered common tion channel from the broadcasting knowledge by your peers. (one-way) sender to the -Announcements receiver. -Advertisements - It involves a -Podcasts Message - the main point of having passive receiver, communication whose only role - the main idea or information that the sender in the process is would like to convey to the receiver to accept - It is important for the message to be stated information clearly and in a way that is understandable to -Mother of all the receiver. communication models Channel - the means of delivering the - Has no message Feedback - can be a face-to-face conversation, a letter, a phone call, an email, or social media Interactive -The sender and -Text messages Model the receiver -Emails Feedback - the response of the receiver (two-way) engage in a -Social media - helps the sender of the message determine back-and forth whether the message was understood by the process, taking receiver turns to play - If the participants of the conversation each other’s continue giving feedback, the flow of roles. communication continues. -Circular rather than linear Encoding - the process of converting the message into tangible forms such as words, Transaction -Simultaneous -Face to face actions or forms that the receiver understands al Model activity (talking conversations at the same -Group Decoding - the process of interpreting the time) discussions encoded message sent by the source to the -Both the sender receiver and receiver are identified as Barrier/Noise - any factor that inhibits the participants conveyance of a message; that is, anything -Communication that gets in the way of the message being is dynamic accurately received, interpreted and responded to 1.3 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Models of Communication - refers to a conceptual representation that is used to Culture - is the way you think, act, and interact explain the communication process. - Created, learned, and shared - Model - is a representation of real-world phenomenon. We use Intercultural communication - It is the sharing models to simplify the concepts of of information on different levels of awareness communication process in a graphical and control between people with different form cultural backgrounds - interaction between two or more ORAL COM 1ST QUARTER | 1ST SEM | Prepared by Kars Lyca Caipang REVIEWER PAGE 2 template by @wonrika  ORAL COMMUNICATION S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | 1ST SEM | 1ST QUARTER people from different cultures; shows voice inflection, gestures, and facial the dynamics of culture and expression. Establishing relationships communication is an important part of communicating - Develops self-awareness and interacting. - influenced by ethnicities, religions, and sexual orientations Identity has a profound influence on - How cultural groups differ from one intercultural communication processes. another Mistaken identities are often exacerbated and Why is the relationship between culture & can create communication problems. communication complex? 1. Culture influences communication and Labels of particular identities should not exist is enacted and reinforced through outside of their relational meanings. communication. 2. Communication also may be a way of Social and Cultural Identities contesting and resisting the dominant 1. Gender identity (man or woman) culture. 2. Sexual identity (male or female) 3. The context also influences 3. Age identity communication: It is the physical and 4. Religious identity social setting in which communication 5. Social status/class identity occurs or the larger political, social, - Ascribed social class - and historical environment. determined by birth 4. Power is pervasive and plays an - Achieved social class - talent enormous although often hidden, role and hard work in intercultural interactions. Cultural Context - is a concept developed by 1.4 BARRIERS AND 7 C’S cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall. In his - Difficulty in transmitting and interpreting model, context refers to the stimuli, messages is not the only problem that affects environment, or ambiance surrounding an the success of communication between event people - Low-context cultures - (such as those - Adler and Towne (1978): → the concept of in North America, Scandinavia, and noise can help describe the factors that can Germany) depend little on the context disrupt information of a situation to convey their meaning. - They assume that listeners know Other Barriers in Communication: very little and must be told practically Language barriers everything. different languages - Low-context cultures tend to be unfamiliar accent logical, analytical, action oriented, and unfamiliar words and jargon concerned with the individual. Idioms Cultural barriers: differences in principles, - High-context cultures - (such as those views, and beliefs in Japan, China, and Arab countries) Physical barriers: noise, lighting, and distance - The listener is already “contexted” Prejudging: a person believes he or she already and does not need to be given much knows the message even before it is delivered background information. Information overload - High-context cultures are more likely Lack of interest and attention to be intuitive, contemplative, and concerned with the collective. Barriers to Communication: - Communicators pay attention to 1. Physical noise - refers to conspicuous more than the words spoken – they distractions in the environment that also pay attention to interpersonal make it difficult to hear or pay relationships, nonverbal expressions, attention physical settings, and social settings. →e.g., unbearable weather, distracting - Cues are transmitted by posture, visual aid, noisy environment ORAL COM 1ST QUARTER | 1ST SEM | Prepared by Kars Lyca Caipang REVIEWER PAGE 3 template by @wonrika  ORAL COMMUNICATION S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | 1ST SEM | 1ST QUARTER 2. Psychological noise - originates from mainly used by persons in authority or the emotional and mental state, and representing authority to regulate or direct psychological makeup of a person others under them 3. Physiological noise - “bodily Control - the power to influence or direct conditions” that compromise the people’s behavior or the course of events, ability of a person to send or receive mostly one way messages ✓ Peace and order is achieved and 4. Semantic noise - anything related to maintained when people abide by the the meaning of words that distorts or rules and regulations that are well masks a message and confuses the disseminated. listener 2. Social Interaction 7 C’s of Effective Communication - refers to the acts, actions or practices of two 1. Completeness - It should convey all (2) or more people mutually oriented towards facts that the audience needs to hear each other’s selves; that is, any behavior that for him/her to respond, react, or tries to affect or take account of each other’s evaluate properly. Apply 5 W’s and 1 H subjective experiences or intentions. 2. Conciseness - means brevity. Make - It refers to “spontaneous verbal exchanges the message direct and straight to the occurring in natural settings that are typically point; insignificant or redundant familiar to the interactants” information should be eliminated. Categories of Social Interaction: 3. Consideration - stepping into the 1. Exchange - the most basic type of shoes of others social interaction; 4. Clarity - specific message or one goal - when individuals interact with at the time. A clear message makes effort to receive something, use of exact, appropriate and concrete e.g. a reward or a return for words their actions; 5. Concreteness - Implies being - reward can be material or particular and clear rather than fuzzy non–material and general; A concrete message is 2. Competition - The process by which supported by facts, data, figures, and individuals make an effort to achieve a real-life examples and situations; goal, and that goal can only be 6. Courtesy - Implies that message show attained by one or two; the sender’s expression as well as it ✓ (+) results: can motivate people to should respect the receiver; achieve goals; 7. Correctness - there are no ✓ (–) results: can lead to grammatical errors in communication; psychological stress, lack of The message should be exact, correct cooperation in social relationships, and well– timed inequality, and conflict 3. Cooperation - the process in which people work together to achieve 2.0 UNIT 2: FUNCTIONS OF shared goals 4. Conflict - the process by which there COMMUNICATION occurs an active disagreement between people with opposing Functions of Communication opinions or principles Regulation and Control 5. Coercion - the process by which Social Interaction people oblige or induce other people Motivation to do something against their will Information which is usually done through force Emotional Expression 3. Motivation 1. Regulation and Control - the act or process of giving someone a Regulation - a rule or directive made and reason for doing something; the condition of maintained by an authority; Communication is being eager to act or work; a force or influence that causes someone to do something when ORAL COM 1ST QUARTER | 1ST SEM | Prepared by Kars Lyca Caipang REVIEWER PAGE 4 template by @wonrika  ORAL COMMUNICATION S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | 1ST SEM | 1ST QUARTER individuals interact with effort to receive something, e.g. a reward or a return for their 3.0 UNIT 3: COMMUNICATIVE actions; Raising Motivation Through Communication: COMPETENCE STRATEGIES IN 1. Stimulating awareness VARIOUS SPEECH SITUATIONS 2. Giving a reason for doing something 3. Setting a goal 4. Setting a good example 3.1 SPEECH CONTEXT 5. Communicating clearly what must be done Speech context - refers to the circumstances 6. Patting one’s shoulder/giving surrounding the delivery of the message. feedback - refers to the situation or environment Intrinsic motivation - the and the circumstances in which person realizes that the communication occurs. achievement of a goal - Context includes: depends upon himself, and ✓ Physical environment not through others ✓ Events Extrinsic motivation - when a ✓ Audience person hears praise or Categories of communication compliment from others Formal communication - This occurs mostly in a workplace or in an 4. Information organized environment. - It consists of facts, figures, and data - uses an organization’s formal arranged as per the different purposes. channels, such as letters, People communicate to share and gain memorandums, or e-mails. It information. may, however, also be done - Information is power. Effective sharing of face-to-face. information reduces uncertainty and - more systematic, misunderstanding. documented, and planned than informal communication. 5. Emotional Expression Informal communication - This occurs - Emotions are hard to define. in non-organized situations. - Emotions are basic to human beings and - Everyday conversations, communication. chatting, and spontaneous - Scholars believe that most or all emotions interactions are just some are socially constructed to a substantial examples of informal degree. communication. - Emotions are processes that are shaped by - This form of communication physiology, perceptions, language, and social is also considered more experiences. authentic and not systematic. - Communication facilitates people's expression of their feelings and emotions. Three types of speech context: Tools for communicating emotions: 1. Intrapersonal speech context - takes Facial expressions place within one person (e.g talking to Vocal cues yourself) Gestures 2. Interpersonal speech context - Verbal cues Involves two (2) individuals or two (2) Reasons why emotions may not be expressed: groups of individuals sharing each Social expectations other’s ideas while assuming the roles Vulnerability of a sender and a receiver. Protecting others - Interpersonal cooperation - Social and professional roles One’s ability to understand Ineffective expressions of emotions: another person’s needs and Speaking in generalities willingness to develop Not owning feeling mutually satisfying goals Counterfeit emotional language ORAL COM 1ST QUARTER | 1ST SEM | Prepared by Kars Lyca Caipang REVIEWER PAGE 5 template by @wonrika  ORAL COMMUNICATION S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | 1ST SEM | 1ST QUARTER ritual Types of Interpersonal Context: Examples: marriage vows, Dyad Communication - occurs judicial sentencing, allegiance between two (2) individuals sharing to the country or flag, prayer each other’s ideas, thoughts, feelings, interests, dislikes, etc. According to 2. Formal - Generally used in formal communicators this type of speech events or talks about serious context is the BEST. problems such as in formal speeches Small Group - involves 3 or more and official meetings people but not more than 12 who - Inform and captivate the consistently interact with and attempt audience to influence each other in a group by - Generally used in formal performing their tasks in order to situations, where there is the accomplish a common goal least amount of shared background and the 3. Public communication - Message communication in this style is requires to be delivered before or in largely oneway with little or no front of a group feedback from the audience. - Heart of the Economy, Society, and Examples: court rooms, Politics pronouncements by the judge, - For informational or persuasive business meetings, sermons, purposes graduation speech, - Channels used are more exaggerated announcement in schools 3. Consultative - Used in group 3.1 SPEECH STYLES discussions, regular conversations in Speech styles - The form of language that the school, workplace, or trade speech speaker uses which is characterized by the conversation degree of formality from the most formal to - There is an EXPERT to consult the least formal style. for the purpose of seeking - It is the way in which something is assistance said, done, expressed, or performed, - Used in semi-formal and corresponds to specific speech communication contexts; - A style that shows our norm - People can speak very formally or for coming to term with very informally, depending on the strangers who speak our circumstance. language but whose personal - Styles are analyzed along a scale of stock of information may be formality. different. Five types of speech styles (language 4. Casual - The style used among friends registers): and co-workers in an informal setting Intimate 5. Intimate - Occurs among members of Casual family or friends or intimate Consultative individuals; Formal - may use short utterances and does Frozen not need a complete sentence; sometimes ungrammatical Levels of Speech Styles: 1. Frozen - A style which is intended to be remembered and used in formal settings. - Uses language that never changes or remains “frozen” in time - Prescribed by law, custom, ORAL COM 1ST QUARTER | 1ST SEM | Prepared by Kars Lyca Caipang REVIEWER PAGE 6 template by @wonrika