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## Mometrix - **Normal values:** 4-12 mm Hg - **Increased pressure** may indicate left ventricular failure, mitral insufficiency or mitral stenosis ### EKG ![EKG Image Description: A wave pattern with labels for A, B, C and D.] ### Pulmonary artery pressure #### CENTRAL VENOUS/ RIGHT ATRIAL PR...

## Mometrix - **Normal values:** 4-12 mm Hg - **Increased pressure** may indicate left ventricular failure, mitral insufficiency or mitral stenosis ### EKG ![EKG Image Description: A wave pattern with labels for A, B, C and D.] ### Pulmonary artery pressure #### CENTRAL VENOUS/ RIGHT ATRIAL PRESSURE Central venous pressure (CVP) (right atrial), the pressure in the right atrium or vena cava, is used to assess function of the right ventricles, preload, and flow of venous blood to the heart. The CVP catheter may be placed during surgery or inserted via the internal jugular (usually under ultrasound) or external jugular, subclavian (higher risk of pneumothorax), or femoral vein (higher risk of infection). Heparin flush is used to prevent clotting. Normal pressure ranges from 1-7 mm Hg in children but may be elevated after surgery. Incorrect catheter placement or malfunctioning can affect readings: - **Increased CVP** is related to overload of intravascular volume caused by decreased function, hypertrophy, or failure of the right ventricle; increased right ventricular afterload, tricuspid valve stenosis, regurgitation, or thrombus obstruction; or shunt from left ventricle to right atrium. It can also be caused by arrhythmias or cardiac tamponade - **Decreased CVP** is related to low intravascular volume, decreased preload, or vasodilation #### INTRA-ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING AND MAP Intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring is done for systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) for conditions that decrease cardiac output, tissue perfusion, or fluid volume. A catheter is inserted into an artery (such as the radial, dorsalis pedis, femoral, or axillary) percutaneously or through a cut-down. Before catheter insertion, collateral circulation must be assessed by Doppler or the Allen test (used for the hand). In the Allen test, both the radial and ulnar artery are compressed and the patient is asked to clench the hand repeatedly until it blanches, and then one artery is released, and the tissue on that side should flush. Then the test is repeated again, releasing the