Nutrition PDF

LESSON 2: NUTRITION ( PLANT AND ANIMAL )  NUTRITION- is the intake of food from various sources and the process that converts food substances into living matter. Is also a requirement for the growth and maintenance of an organism. Food is essential as it provides the energy required...

LESSON 2: NUTRITION ( PLANT AND ANIMAL )  NUTRITION- is the intake of food from various sources and the process that converts food substances into living matter. Is also a requirement for the growth and maintenance of an organism. Food is essential as it provides the energy required for growth, repair and other life processes. WHAT IS NUTRITION? - The word “nutrition” comes from the Latin word which means to “nourish” or to “feed” Nutrition covers many areas including: The science of food Why people /animal choose certain foods What foods are made of The nutrients in food How the body uses food Food digestion Food functions WHY DO WE NEED FOOD ? - Provides energy, carbohydrates and fats provide the most - Growth and repair of damaged tissues- protein - Regulation of body processes- vitamins, water and minerals - To help fight disease and keep our body healthy WHAT IS NUTRIENTS? -Are the substances that provide the energy and biomolecules necessary for the different functions of the body to be carried out. -It also need for proper functioning and development. THERE ARE SIX CLASSES OF FOOD. THEY ARE 1.CARBOHYDRATES 2.PROTEINS 3.FATS AND OIL 4.VITAMINS 5.MINERALs 6.WATER CARBOHYDRATES - Are food nutrients made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in ratio 1:2:1 - There are 3 types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides;disaccharides;polysaccharides - Provides the body with energy for daily activities - Serve to build exoskeleton and chitin in the body of arthropods - Produce heat needed for maintaining body temperature - Energy giving substances PROTEINS - Are food nutrients made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen or any of these Sulphur or Phosphorus. - The simplest unit of protein is amino acid - Mainly used as building materials for cell structures, parts of muscles and bones. - Helps to grow, repair worn out cells and tissues - Primarily from dairy products, poultry, fish, meat, and grains. FATS AND OILS - Fat and oil are food nutrients made up of carbon, hydrogen and little oxygen - The simplest units of fat and oil are fatty acids and glycerol - Used to build cell membranes, steroid hormones and other cellular structures. - It is also used to insulate nervous system and serves as an energy source. - Fats are obtained from oils, margarine, butter, fried foods, meat and processed snack foods. VITAMINS - Are food nutrients that help to keep the body healthy and are needed in small quantity. - Examples of vitamins include: Vit. A, B, Vit.D, Vit. E and Vit.K - Organic molecules required in small amounts for normal metabolism. - Fat soluble vitamins- A,D,E,K ; Water soluble vitamins- B, B2 and B3. MINERALs - Needed by the body to maintain homeostasis. - Calcium is an important minerals for building bones and teeth as well as for normal muscle functions, and blood clothing. - Examples of minerals that need to consume in trace amounts of iodine, cobalt, zinc, manganese and selenium. WATER - A natural solvent that helps the body digest food and eliminate waste products, regulates body temperature, maintains blood pH and keeps the skin and internal respiratory surfaces moist. - People are required to drink 8-10 glasses of water to replace what is lost in respiration and urination. ANIMAL NUTRITION  How do animals obtain their nutrition? ❑Why is nutrition important for animals? ❑What are the two important modes of nutrition?  A Calorie is a unit of energy that indicates the amount of energy contained in food. It specifically refers to the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg (2.2 lb.) of water by 1oC (1.8oF). The greater the number of Calories in a quantity of food, the greater energy it contains (Johnson and Raven, 1996). Animal nutrition involves the intake of food its digestion, absorption and assimilation into the body in order to supply energy and makes the body healthy. This type of nutrition is called heterotrophic nutrition. Animals are therefore also known as heterotrophs. Remember that animals cannot synthesize their own food but depend on plants for food. Therefore we can say that animals feed on food. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION - In this mode, species use simple inorganic materials such as water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to synthesize food. - In other words, to transform light energy into food such as glucose, the photosynthesis mechanism is used. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION - Each organism is unable to prepare food on its own. For their nutrition , such species rely on others. - Is the mode of nutrition where the organisms is unable to prepare its food and hence, depends upon plants or other organisms for nutrition. AUTOTROPHS- make their own food. Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food. - Include plants, some protists and bacteria HETEROTROPHS- cannot make their own food, must obtain energy from other organisms. - Includes animals,fungi and some bacteria. - Food that heterotrophs eat need to be broken down first into simpler soluble nutrients. Animals as consumers can be categorized based on the kind of food they feed on. They are grouped into three which are; 1. HERBIVORES- these are animals that feed on plants like grasses,seeds, grains. Vegetables fruits etc. 2.CARNIVORES- these are animals that feed on meat/flesh of other animals such as beef, chicken, insects; eat other animals 3.OMNIVORES- these are animals that feed on plants/fruits and meat.  DETRITIVORES are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients from decaying bodies of plants and animals called detritus by breaking them into smaller sizes before decomposition acts on it. For single celled organisms they process their food inside the cell.- the process is called intracellular digestion. For multicellular organisms- they undergo the process of Extracellular digestion- wherein the intake food particles are broken down into smaller components outside the cell. FEEDING MECHANISMS IN ANIMALS 1. SUBSTRATE-FEEDERS- animals that live in or on their food source. Examples: Earthworms( feed to the soil) Caterpillar( eat through the leaves) 2. FILTER-FEEDERS – include many aquatic animals that feed on food particles or strained small organisms from water. Examples: Whales and coelenterates 3. FLUID-FEEDERS- sucks fluid containing nutrients from a living host. Examples: mosquitos, leeches, head lice, aphids 4. BULK-FEEDERS- eat relatively large chunks of food and have adaptations like jaws, teeth, tentacles, claws, pincers etc that help in securing the food and tearing it into pieces. Examples: snakes, cats, man PLANT NUTRITION  What do you think are the nutritional requirements of plants so that they can survive in this environment? - Well, if you can observe plants need water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to make carbohydrates(glucose) in their bodies. - Since plants are autotrophic organisms, the process of photosynthesis is a requirement by which organisms convert the energy from sunlight into chemical energy.  Aside from glucose(C6H12O6) oxygen is also produced during photosynthesis. Oxygen is used by plants for cellular respiration to release energy from chemical bonds in the sugar to support their growth and maintenance of the bodily processes. Nutrient absorption occurs via specialized proteins in the plasma membrane of root cells.  Plants may die if the soil is compacted or saturated with water and the soil would be unavailable to provide necessary oxygen. Plants get oxygen from the air spaces between soil particles. So plants need to be cultivated and with proper care.  Just like other organisms, plants need essential nutrients or elements to grow strong and healthy. Plants required 0.5% of macronutrients, ( carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus ) for dry weight.; and trace amounts for.  Micronutrients ( chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper and molybdenum). Failure to receive right amount of nutrients in plants may lead to the formation of discoloration or stunted growth. MACRONUTRIENT FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS MAGNESIUM CHLOROSIS; DROOPING LEAVES COMPONENT OF CHLOROPYHLL; ACTIVATION OF ENZYMES NITROGEN CHLOROSIS OF LOWER LEAVES, NEEDED BY PLANTS FOR THE STUNTED AND SLOW GROWTH, AND PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS, NECROSIS OF OLDER LEAVES IN NUCLEIC ACID(DNA AND RNA) AND SEVERE CASES CHLOROPHYLL PHOSPHORUS TURN DARK GREEN( BOTH LEAVES COMPONENT OF ADP AND ATP, AND STEMS) AND APPEAR STUNTED. NUCLEIC ACIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND SEVERAL COENZYMES MACRONUTRIENTS- nutrients which are needed in large quantities for good plant growth MICRONUTRIENTS- essential for plant growth but in smaller quantities. PRIMARY MACRONUTRIENTS: NITROGEN- largest quantities, most noticeable and quickest effect on plants Leaf green and dark green leaves Phosphorus- required in less amount than N and K Strong root systems, brighter and more beautiful flowers and rapid growth POTASSIUM(K) third primary macronutrient * Produces and matures the seed, improves fruit keeping quality and decreases the water requirement NITROGEN- is often called BUILDER. - It helps plants stay green by building strong stems and healthy green leaves. - Helps the plants we eat become good for us by adding proteins we need to grow and be strong PHOSPHORUS- is referred to as the ENFORCER. - It helps the plant trap and use the sun’s energy to make food( photosynthesis) - Plants also need P to grow healthy root systems POTASSIUM (K) – is also called PROTECTOR. - Protects plants against diseases and helps them stay healthy when it is cold or dry. - It also helps plants move nutrients and water in the plant to where its needed most. NITROGEN – is needed for vegetative growth and dark green color. Deficiency signs- reduced growth and yellowing of lower leaves Yellowing is called CHLOROSIS POTASSIUM Deficiency: - Reduced growth, shortened internodes and some burn, scorched mark( brown leaves) PHOSPHORUS (P)- important for seedling and young plant growth and develop good root system Deficiency signs: - reduced growth, poor root systems, reduced flowering. - Also thin stems and browning or purpling of foliage. SECONDARY MACRONUTRIENTS - Needed in smaller quantities than primary macronutrients but larger quantities than micronutrients CALCIUM (Ca)- promotes root formation SULFUR(S)- promotes root growth MAGNESIUM (Mg) affects the intake of plant nutrients  MICRONUTRIENT FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS CHLORINE ROLE IN ROOT AND WILTING; CHLOROSIS SOME SHOOT GROWTH, AND LEAVES DIE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS THE CENTRAL MOLECULE INTERVEINAL CHLOROSIS MAGNESIUM AND LEAF MARGINS IN CHLOROPHYLL AND IS AN IMPORTANT CO-FACTOR BECOMING YELLOW OR FOR THE PRODUCTION OF REDDISH-PURPLE WHILE ATP THE MIDRIB REMAINS GREEN MOLYBDENUM NEEDED FOR ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE PLANT STUNTED GROWTH; AND FOR NITROGEN CHLOROSIS,PALE LEAVES FIXATION THAT MAY BE SCORCHED,CUPPED OR ROLLED. LEAVES MAY ALSO ❑Autotrophic plants – are plants that make their own food through photosynthesis. - they can feed themselves without assistance from other organisms. PROCESS: Autotrophic plants use light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, and the oxygen is released into the atmosphere.  PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the process by which plants prepare their food. To allow plants to make their food by converting light energy from the sun into chemical energy. In this process green pigment in plants known (as chlorophyll) helps leaves to capture the energy of the sunlight. This energy is used to synthesize (prepare) food from carbon dioxide and water. ❑Leaves contains small pores called STOMATA- structures which help in the exchange of gases and water between the plant and the environment. ❑It facilitates the entry of carbon dioxide into the plant and removal of oxygen from the plant. ❑Opening and closing of the stomata occurs by the guard cells present in them ❑Chlorophyll- is a pigment that gives plants their green color; is responsible for trapping the energy from the sunlight. ❑ Chloroplasts – is a sac-like organelle that contains the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that captures sunlight and converts it into useful energy , thereby releasing oxygen from water.  PHOTO means light and SYNTHESIS means to combine.  CHEMOSYNTHESIS – is a process of producing food by the process of oxidation in the absence of sunlight. - occurs in bacteria and other organisms, involves the use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food. - biological process that uses chemicals as an energy source to create food. NUTRITIONAL ADAPTATION OF PLANTS A.Symbiosis of plants and soil microbes. The most important source of nitrogen-fixing bacteria is the symbiotic interaction between soil bacteria and legume plants. The NH3 resulting from fixation can be transported into plant tissue and incorporated into amino acids, which are then made into plant proteins. B.Symbiosis of plants and fungi. It is common in some vascular plants. The presence of fungi serves as an extension of the root system. The fungi are responsible for the enhancement of phosphorus and transfer some nutrients such as zinc and copper C.Parasitism. A parasitic plant depends on its host for survival. Some parasitic plants have no leaves. Example : dodder D.Predation. Is when one species eats another. Example : Venus flytrap Mode of nutrition in Plants ( Heterotrophic) SYMBIOTIC NUTRITION- organisms which live together, they share shelter and food SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION- organism obtain nutrients from dead and decaying organic substances PARASITIC NUTRITION – organisms obtain nutrient from other organisms body PARASITIC PLANTS - Some plants use modified roots that help them to get nutrients from another plant. These plant are called parasites. - A parasite is an organism that gets its nutrients from another living organism. - The living organism from which the parasite derives its nutrients is known as the HOST. The type of nutrition is called parasitic nutrition. - Examples dodder and mistletoe. STAGES OF PROCESSING FOOD IN THE BODY 1.INGESTION- the process of taking food or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it. - The act of eating or feeding; this is coupled with the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces allowing for a greater surface area for chemical digestion. 2. DIGESTION- mechanical and chemical processes in the body change the food to a soluble form. - Breakdown of food into particles. 3. ABSORPTION- the food that was digested are absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine. - Movement of small food molecules from intestine into blood. 4. ASSIMILATION- cell absorb nutrients from the blood and use it to build new cell structures and compounds. 5. EGESTION- when undigested remains are removed from the body during defecation in the form of feces. - Passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed through the anus. What is the Digestive System? Digestive system definition refers to the combination of various body parts which work together as a unit to complete the process of digestion. The mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, and anus are the organs that make up the human digestive system. Each of these parts performs its functions in multiple ways, making digestion possible. Mouth: Mouth is that part of the body where digestion begins. It consists of teeth, tongue, salivary glands, and other internal organs. It produces a lubricating material known as mucus with the help of a membrane called the oral mucosa. Mucus is a lubricant that helps to soften food molecules when food is being chewed Salivary glands: Salivary glands produce many kinds of liquids necessary to keep other parts like teeth and tongue healthy, but the main substance produced is saliva. Saliva is similar to mucus, but it initiates the digestion or breaking down of starchy substances and fats while softening food molecules. Pharynx: The pharynx is divided into three parts, out of which two are a part of the digestive system. These parts are known as the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The pharynx is responsible for transporting food from the mouth to the esophagus. Esophagus: It is also described as a food pipe at times. The esophagus connects the mouth and the stomach through the pharynx, and the main function is to deliver food molecules to the stomach Stomach: The stomach is one of the most important organs in the human digestive system. It produces gastric acid, which along with other chemicals, turns food into a more soluble liquid known as chyme. Chyme enters the small intestine after more chemicals are mixed into it, and this process continues. Liver: This organ has many functions, such as producing glucose and maintaining sugar levels in the blood, but its main function during digestion is breaking down carbohydrates. It also produces bile juice which is supposed to break down fats and produce fatty acids. Gallbladder: The gallbladder is tasked with storing bile produced by the liver Pancreas: Pancreas helps in digestion, but its main aim is to control the sugar level in the bloodstream.. Small Intestine: It is a major part of the human digestive system. It extends up to 6 meters and is longer than the large intestine. Chyme produced by the stomach enters the small intestine, and the small intestine soaks up all the nutritional elements in the food. A major part of the process is completed within the small intestine. Large Intestine: Digestion is almost complete before it reaches the large intestine. It is responsible for absorbing any remaining nutrients, water, and salts and producing and pushing feces towards the rectum for excretion. This is how the digestion process is completed.