Nutrition and Gas Exchange PDF

NUTRITION AND GAS EXCHANGE  TYPES OF ORGANISMS BASED ON NUTRITION 01 Autotrophs (Self-Feeders) Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food Examples: plants, chemosynthetic bacteria 02 Heterotrophs Organisms that c...

NUTRITION AND GAS EXCHANGE  TYPES OF ORGANISMS BASED ON NUTRITION 01 Autotrophs (Self-Feeders) Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food Examples: plants, chemosynthetic bacteria 02 Heterotrophs Organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from other organisms Examples: animals, fungi  PLANT NUTRITION Nutritional Requirements Plants need water, Nutrient Plants may die if the Oxygen is also carbon dioxide, absorption occurs soil is compacted or produced during and sunlight to via specialized saturated with water, photosynthesis make proteins in the as this makes the soil and used by carbohydrates plasma unavailable to plants for cellular (glucose) through membrane of root provide necessary respiration photosynthesis cells oxygen  ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS MACRONUTRIENTS (0.5% MICRONUTRIENTS OF DRY WEIGHT) (TRACE AMOUNTS) Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Chlorine, Iron, Manganese, Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium, Zinc, Boron, Copper, Magnesium, Phosphorus Molybdenum  NUTRITIONAL ADAPTATIONS Symbiosis of Symbiosis of Parasitism Predation plants and soil plants and fungi (parasitic plants (insectivorous plants microbes (e.g. (fungi enhance depend on host attract and digest nitrogen-fixing phosphorus and for survival) insects) bacteria) transfer nutrients)  ANIMAL NUTRITION Feedinf mechanisms Substrate- Filter-feeders: Fluid-feeders: Bulk-feeders: feeders: aquatic animals animals that suck eat relatively large animals that live in that feed on food fluids containing chunks of food and or on their food particles or small nutrients from a have adaptations like source organisms from living host jaws, teeth, tentacles, (e.g. earthworms, water (e.g. mosquitoes, claws, etc. to secure caterpillars) (e.g. whales, leeches, aphids) and tear food coelenterates) (e.g. snakes, cats, humans) STAGES OF FOOD PROCESSING 1. Mechanical Processing/Ingestion 2. Secretion of enzymes and other digestive aids 3. Enzymatic hydrolysis 4. Absorption 5. Elimination THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Food is broken down and nutrients are absorbed in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine Accessory organs like the liver and pancreas aid in the digestion process The large intestine absorbs water and mineral salts from undigested food, and the remaining waste is expelled as feces THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. Mouth: Digestion begins in the mouth where saliva (containing amylase) softens food and the teeth break it down. The tongue helps form the bolus, which is swallowed into the esophagus. 2. Esophagus: Peristaltic movement pushes the food down from the pharynx to the stomach in about 5-10 seconds. 3. Stomach: Food stays in the stomach for 2-6 hours. Gastric juices continue digestion here.  THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 4. Small Intestine: Food moves through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum). Complete digestion occurs with bile (from the liver) and enzymes (from the pancreas). The small intestine absorbs nutrients through villi into the bloodstream.  THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 4. Small Intestine: Food moves through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum). Complete digestion occurs with bile (from the liver) and enzymes (from the pancreas). The small intestine absorbs nutrients through villi into the bloodstream.  THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 5. Accessory Organs: Liver: Produces bile to help break down fats. Pancreas: Produces hormones like insulin to regulate blood glucose. Gallbladder: Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine to aid fat digestion.  THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 6. Large Intestine: Absorbs water and mineral salts. Any remaining material forms feces, which is expelled via the rectum and anus (defecation).  NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ANIMALS Water: natural solvent that aids digestion, regulates body temperature, maintains pH, keeps tissues moist Carbohydrates: major energy source, 4 Calories/gram Proteins: building blocks for cells, muscles, bones, 4 Calories/gram  NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ANIMALS Fats: build cell membranes, insulate tissues, energy source, 9 Calories/gram Minerals: maintain homeostasis (e.g. calcium for bones/teeth, trace minerals) Vitamins: organic molecules required for normal metabolism (fat-soluble A, D, E, K and water-soluble B, C)  COMPARISON OF PLANT AND ANIMAL NUTRITION Characteristics PLANTS ANIMALS Heterotrophic Feeding Autotrophic (consume other Mechanism (self-feeding) organisms) Nutrient Through roots Through digestive Absorption and leaves system  COMPARISON OF PLANT AND ANIMAL NUTRITION Characteristics PLANTS ANIMALS Water, carbohydrates, Nutrient Macronutrients proteins, fats, minerals, Requirements , micronutrients vitamins Photosynthesis Mechanical, enzymatic. Digestive to produce and chemical Process glucose breakdown of food  GAS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS Plants do not "breathe" like animals, but rather undergo respirat Gas exchange in plants occurs through: Stomata in leaves Lenticels in stems Root hairs and pneumatophores in aerial roots The carbon dioxide produced during plant respiration may be used photosynthesis Plants lack respiratory pigments like hemoglobin found in animal  GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS Animals have specialized respiratory organs that facilitate gas exchange Invertebrate respiratory structures include: Integumentary exchange (e.g. flatworms, earthworms) External gills (e.g. aquatic insects, mollusks, crustaceans) Tracheal system (e.g. insects, spiders)  GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS Vertebrate respiratory organs include: External gills (e.g. larval amphibians) Internal gills (e.g. fish) Lungs (e.g. reptiles, birds, mammals)  GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS Factors affecting animal gas exchange: Respiratory surface area and permeability Partial pressure gradients Surface-to-volume ratio Ventilation mechanisms Respiratory pigments  BREATHING MECHANISMS IN VERTEBRATES Amphibians use positive Birds use a Mammals pressure unidirection use al airflow negative breathing system with pressure air sacs breathing  COORDINATION OF GAS EXCHANGE AND CIRCULATION Oxygen Carbon dioxide diffuses from diffuses from Nervous system alveoli into blood into regulates blood, binds alveoli to be breathing rate to hemoglobin exhaled and depth  RESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS High altitude: Diving: Larger Slower Humans at hearts/lungs heartbeat, high altitude: , hemoglobin reduced More alveoli with high O2 circulation and affinity except to capillaries in brain lungs  RESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS Asthma: Bronchiole Emphysema: Pneumonia: muscles Damaged Lung contract, alveoli, inflammation increasing reduced and fluid airflow respiratory buildup resistance function  COMPARISON OF PLANT AND ANIMAL NUTRITION sTRUCTURE FUNCTION Stomata Gas exchange in plant leaves Lenticels Gas exchange in plant stems Root hairs Gas exchange in plant roots /Pneumatophores  COMPARISON OF PLANT AND ANIMAL NUTRITION sTRUCTURE FUNCTION Integumentary Gas exchange through body exchange surface in some invertebrates Gas exchange structures in External gills some invertebrates and larval amphibians  COMPARISON OF PLANT AND ANIMAL NUTRITION sTRUCTURE FUNCTION Gas exchange system in insects Tracheal system and other arthropods Internal gills Gas exchange structures in fish Gas exchange organs in Lungs reptiles, birds, and mammals  sTRUCTURE FUNCTION Stomata Gas exchange in plant leaves Lenticels Gas exchange in plant stems COMPARISON Root hairs/Pneumatophores Gas exchange in plant roots OF PLANT AND Gas exchange through body surface in some ANIMAL Integumentary exchange invertebrates NUTRITION External gills Gas exchange structures in some invertebrates and larval amphibians Gas exchange system in insects and other Tracheal system arthropods Internal gills Gas exchange structures in fish Gas exchange organs in reptiles, birds, and Lungs mammals  5 COMMON HEALTH CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES RELATED TO NUTRITION AND GAS EXCHANGE: 1. Malnutrition: Caused by inadequate intake of essential nutrients, leading to stunted growth, underweight, or deficiencies such as anemia.  2. Diabetes: Often linked to poor dietary habits, it affects the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar, leading to complications like heart disease and nerve damage. 3. Hypertension: Linked to poor nutrition (high salt/fat intake) and can lead to cardiovascular diseases. 4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Often caused by long-term exposure to pollutants like smoke or dust, affecting gas exchange in the lungs. 5. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that affects breathing, common in populations with poor immunity or malnutrition.  TOP 3 MORBIDITY (LEADING CAUSES OF ILLNESS) IN THE PHILIPPINES (RELATED TO NUTRITION AND GAS EXCHANGE): 1. Pneumonia: Pneumonia is a leading cause of illness, particularly among children and the elderly.  2. Hypertension-related Diseases (Heart Disease, Stroke): Hypertension affects a significant portion of the population, often due to poor diet and lifestyle. 3. Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases (including COPD): COPD and other chronic respiratory conditions lead to a significant healthcare burden due to prolonged illness and disability. TOP 3 MORTALITY (LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH) IN THE PHILIPPINES (RELATED TO NUTRITION AND GAS EXCHANGE): 1. Pneumonia: Pneumonia is one of the top causes of death due to respiratory failure, especially in vulnerable populations.  2. Hypertension-related Diseases (Heart Disease, Stroke): Hypertension-related complications, such as heart attacks or strokes, are among the leading causes of death. 3. Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases (including COPD): Chronic respiratory diseases are a top cause of death, often exacerbated by poor air quality and smoking. THANK YOU!