Nutrition: From Science to You PDF - Chapters 18 & 19

Nutrition: From Science to You Fourth Edition Chapters 18 & 19 Life Cycle Nutrition: Toddlers through Older Adults...

Nutrition: From Science to You Fourth Edition Chapters 18 & 19 Life Cycle Nutrition: Toddlers through Older Adults Instructor: April J. Stull, Ph.D, RDN, FAND Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Learning Outcomes Chapter 18. Nutrient needs for toddlers through adolescence Chapter 19. Nutrient needs of older adults  Toddlers and Preschoolers Toddlers-1 to 2 years old Preschoolers-3 to 5 years old Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Young Children Parents should avoid encouraging kids to eat more than they need – Serve child-appropriate portion sizes ▪ Child-sized plates and cups Need to eat frequent, small meals and nutrient-dense foods Avoid choking hazards – Offer bite-sized pieces of food – These items may be problematic for very young children ▪ Hot dogs, nuts or seeds, chunks of meat, whole grapes, hard candy or gum, popcorn, raw vegetables etc Children should be in the sitting position when they eat Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Young Children Need adequate macronutrients Need adequate micronutrients – Calcium, iron, vitamin D Need adequate fluid – Preferred beverage is water; monitor milk intake; limit sugary drinks Limit added sugar Iron deficiency: most common nutrient deficiency among young children (6 months – 3 years) Iron toxicity: usually from overdose from iron-containing dietary supplements and medications Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  School-Aged Children School age children: 6 to 12 years Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  What Factors Affect School-Age Children’s Nutrition Food Choices; MyPlate can help guide food choices Fruit and vegetable intake; most children need to eat more fruits and vegetables Food allergies remain a concern Poverty influences children’s nutritional status School lunches contribute to children’s nutritional status Breakfast is important Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved School Lunches Contribute to Children’s Nutritional Status National School Lunch Program (NSLP) – Serves nutritious, low-cost, or free lunches to 30 million low- income school-aged children each day – NSLP nutrient guidelines have specific recommendations – Children who participate in the NSLP have lower intakes of sugar- sweetened beverages and eat less low-nutrient density foods than nonparticipants. All food groups Whole-grains Fat-free or low-fat milk Reduced sugar Low-sodium Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Breakfast is important Eating breakfast may be associated with healthy body weight among children and adolescents Many schools with the NSLP also offer a school breakfast Eating breakfast may benefit: – Cognitive function, including memory – Academic performance – School attendance – Psychosocial function – Mood Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Adolescents Adolescents: 9 to 19 years Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Nutritional Needs of Adolescents A healthy diet is necessary to ensure adequate kilocalories and nutrient intake, especially: – Calcium and vitamin D – Iron Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Adolescents Nutritional Intake Adolescents want to have control over their food and lifestyle decisions Social factors can influence teens’ health habits – Influence of family, peers, and media Adolescents are sometimes at risk for disordered eating – May be linked with poor body image, low self-esteem, emotional issues, or peer pressure Teens often adopt unhealthy habits – Skipping meals – Using food substitutes – Taking diet pills or nutritional supplements – Purging through vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics Important: Establish good eating habits early Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Learning Outcomes Chapter 18. Nutrient needs for toddlers through adolescence Chapter 19. Nutrient needs of older adults  What Are the Nutrient Needs of Older Adults? The Dietary Reference Intakes for Older Adults considers the specific needs of adults over 50 years of age – Nutrient recommendations have been designed for males and females 51 years of age and older The AMDR ranges do not change Copyright Acceptable © 2019, Distribution Macronutrient 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Range (AMDR) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Older Adults Need to Stay Hydrated Hydration is important for older adults – Body’s ability to conserve water is decreased – The thirst mechanism decreases with age – Chronic diseases increase dehydration risk – Certain medications may cause the body to lose water Urinary incontinence (loss of bladder control) increases with age Dehydration can lead to constipation Recommend 13 cups of fluid per day – Same recommendations as younger people – Preferred beverages include water and milk Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Older Adults May Benefit from Nutritional Supplements 35% of older adults use supplements with the intention of preventing deficiencies, improving health, and delaying age- related chronic disease Many elderly people are on medications that may deplete them of certain nutrients, and they may require dietary supplements even if their appetite is adequate May need to take vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin B12 Older adults should consult their health care provider to ensure appropriate nutritional supplement use Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved