Nursing 9th Note PDF

Urinary System Dr.Öğr.Üye. A. Taha Demirbaş Functions Blood filtration - Removal of waste products - Maintenance of appropriate electrolyte concentrations - Maintenance of acid-base balance Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure Activation of vitamin D Production of erythropoietin...

Urinary System Dr.Öğr.Üye. A. Taha Demirbaş Functions Blood filtration - Removal of waste products - Maintenance of appropriate electrolyte concentrations - Maintenance of acid-base balance Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure Activation of vitamin D Production of erythropoietin Urinary system organs The urinary system serves primarily to cleanse the blood of metabolic wastes and eliminate them in the urine It consists of six principal organs: Two kidneys Two ureters The urinary bladder And the urethra  Kidneys Located in the upper part of the posterior abdominal wall, on either side of the columna vertebralis The right kidney is positioned at the level of T12 to L3, while the left kidney is located at the level of T11 to L2 The left kidney is situated higher than the right kidney  The hilum renale is a fissure located on the medial surface of the kidney, through which structures entering and exiting the organ pass It is approximately at the level of the L1 vertebra The hilum renale opens medially into a region called the sinus renalis Within the sinus renalis, there are calices minores et majores, the pelvis renalis, blood vessels, nerves, and a certain amount of adipose tissue in between  Cortex Medulla 1.Calyx minor → 2. Calyx major → 3. Pelvis renalis → 4. Ureter Medulla renalis: Contains 8-18 pyramidal structures, with their bases oriented toward the cortex renalis and their apices directed toward the calices minores Cortex renalis: Comprises the outer one-third of the renal mass and houses the glomeruli and Bowman's capsules  The kidneys are composed of functional units called nephrons Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons Stages of Urine Formation 1. Filtration: The passage of plasma fluid from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule, occurring at a rate of 120 mL/min 2. Reabsorption: The active and passive transport of beneficial substances such as water, glucose, and certain electrolytes back into the bloodstream 3. Excretion: The process by which metabolic waste products are transferred from capillaries into the tubules at various parts of the nephron, becoming part of the urine  A. renalis - Arises from the aorta abdominalis V. renalis - Drains into the vena cava inferior  Renal artery - Segmental artery - Interlobar artery - Arcuate artery - Interlobular artery - Afferent arteriole - Glomerulus - Efferent arteriole Ureters The ureters are channels approximately 25-30 cm long that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder The ureter passes through the linea terminalis to enter the pelvis minor It travels along the lateral wall of the pelvis to reach the bladder Bladder (vesica urinaria) Functions as a reservoir for urine Located posterior to the symphysis pubis In females, it is positioned anterior to the uterus, while in males, it is anterior to the rectum The normal capacity is approximately 220 mL, but it can hold up to 500 mL of urine An empty bladder lies within the pelvis minor, but when full, it can extend up to the level of the umbilicus Bladder Apex vesicae Located in proximity to the symphysis pubica or the anterior abdominal wall Fundus vesicae Triangular in shape. On its internal surface, there is a triangular area called the trigonum vesicae. The upper corners are where the ureters (ostium ureteris) open. The lower angle gives rise to the ostium urethrae internum Corpus vesicae The largest part, located between the apex and the fundus Cervix vesicae The narrowest part of the bladder In males, it rests on the prostate gland In females, it is surrounded by the pelvic fascia Urethra In males, the urethra is 15- 20 cm long, while in females, it is approximately 3-5 cm M. sphincter urethrae internus M. sphincter urethrae externus  Pars prostatica Pars membranacea Pars spongiosa