NSE 111 Week 2 IPAC - 1 HOUR SESSION - DM - students F23 (2).pptx
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NSE 111 WEEK 2 (PART 1) INFECTION PREVENTION & CONTROL 1 2 A quick note: This is a very heavy week of content, but contains essential information for your work as a nursing student. The content of the two slide decks this week will set the foundation for your learning about infection preven...
NSE 111 WEEK 2 (PART 1) INFECTION PREVENTION & CONTROL 1 2 A quick note: This is a very heavy week of content, but contains essential information for your work as a nursing student. The content of the two slide decks this week will set the foundation for your learning about infection prevention and control (IPAC). Please take the time to move through this content carefully. Make notes along the way – approach the material in chunks - do whatever works for you. There are extra video resources and worksheets to help you solidify this learning. NSE 111 Week 2 Objectives 1.Explain how an infection develops in relation to the elements that make up the chain of transmission. 2. Explain how the body protects itself against infection. 3. Describe what a Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) is, how they develop, and relate the development of HAIs to clients who are most susceptible. 4. Explain what an antimicrobial resistant organism (ARO) is. 5. Differentiate between medical and surgical asepsis/ technique and recognize practices that are consistent with both. 6. Explain the rationale and demonstrate the practices of routine and additional precautions including contact, droplet, airborne, combination, and COVID precautions. 7. Explain the psychological effects a person on isolation precautions might experience, and how the nurse could decrease the risk. 8. Examine a risk assessment approach for decision-making related to the use of isolation precautions. 9. Discuss the role of the nursing process and clinical judgment to determine infection prevention and control strategies. In Person Lab Outcomes and Activities: a. Perform proper procedure for hand hygiene and properly don and remove personal protective equipment (PPE) i.e. mask, goggles, gown, & gloves. b. Distinguish how routine practices and isolation precautions break the chain of transmission. 3 Your primary resource for IPAC!! 4 Introduction to Infection Prevention and Control Practices for the Interprofessional Learner Open Educational Resource https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/introductiontoipcp/ Please read the ONLINE version so that you may benefit from the interactivity of the OER!! Watch how easily infection can spread… 6 Why should we examine infection control and prevention measures? What do we mean by infection? What is the “chain of infection”? • The chain of infection is made up of 6 different links • Infections occur when all 6 links within the chain occur in this order • Infectious agent • Reservoir • Portal of exit • Mode of transmission • Portal of entry • Host • Need to understand how to break the chain of infection so that infections don’t develop 7 Chain of Infection: Infectious Agent Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa The skin has resident or transient flora or microorganisms Survive & multiply without causing harm Transient microorganisms can spread between surfaces Transient microorganisms can cause disease when There are sufficient numbers The microorganism is virulent Can enter & survive in the host The host is susceptible 8 Chain of Infection: Reservoir A site where pathogens can survive, but may or may not multiply The most common reservoir is the human body (skin, fluids, cavities) Other reservoirs include animals, food, water, insects Pathogens require an ideal environment for their survival Food Oxygen Water Temperature pH Minimal How do these factors contribute to the growth of pathogens? light 9 Chain of Infection: Portal of Exit The path by which the pathogen leaves the reservoir The pathogen is needs to find an exit to cause disease in another host Exit routes in the human body include: Body openings Breaks in the skin Breaks in the mucus membranes Blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions 10 Can you provide examples of these exit routes? Chain of Infection: Modes of Transmission Route of transmission by which the pathogen travels from the reservoir to a host Routes include: Direct contact Indirect contact Droplet transmission Airborne Vehicle transmission transmission Vectorborne Transmission 11 Chain of Infection: Modes of Transmission Contact ◦ Direct: between inflected individual & host (skin to skin) ◦ Indirect: between host & contaminated object (intermediate object) Droplet ◦ Organism (large droplets) travels from respiratory system of infected source to host through air up to 2m 12 Chain of Infection: Modes of Transmission Airborne Vehicle Vectorborne • Organism (small droplet nuclei) travels from respiratory system of infected source to host & propelled through air greater than 1 m • A single contaminated source transmits infections to multiple hosts • Microbes transmitted to humans from insects or pests 13 Chain of Infection: Portal of Entry Is the path by which a pathogen can enter the body through the same routes they use for exiting Includes body openings, mucous membranes and breaks in the skin 14 Chain of Infection: Susceptible Host A person who acquires an infection, depends on susceptibility – degree of resistance to a pathogen Consider virulence of organism and number of organisms Need to also consider: Normal defenses against organisms Status Patient of defense mechanisms susceptibility 15 16 Normal Defenses Against Infection The body has several mechanisms to defend itself from infection If systems fail, an infection can develop & quickly progress Immune system: cells & molecules in the body that help the body to defend itself against disease Normal flora: microorganisms the live outside & inside the body that do not cause disease & help to protect a person from pathogens Inflammatory response: vascular & cellular protective response of the body to injury or infection Body System Defences: several organ systems in the body (skin, mouth, eyes, respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, vagina) have unique defences against infection (see table 33.3 on p 688 in P & P) Identify the unique ways in which body systems can prevent the Status of Defense Mechanisms & Patient Susceptibility 17 Identify & describe how the following factors can influence a person's susceptibility to infection Age Nutritional Status Stress Disease processes (immune system, chronic diseases) Certain drug & medical therapies Take a look at Box 33-5 & 33-6 on p 692 in Potter & Perry Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) 18 ‘A healthcare-associated infection (HAI), also known as nosocomial infection or iatrogenic infection, is an infection acquired after admission to a health care facility that was not present or incubating at the time of admission’ Hospitals harbour a high population of virulent microorganisms Hospitalized patients, especially older persons are at increased risk Clostridium difficile and Antibiotic-resistant organism are common HAI’s ++ cost to the healthcare system What conditions would promote transfer of nosocomial infection and what can be done to reduce them? Antimicrobial-Resistant Organisms (ARO) Result when microbes adapt to their environment and alter their genetic make up Develop resistance to the antimicrobials that previously eliminated them & make treatment difficult May develop from the use of antimicrobials in humans, animals, or plants and overuse or inappropriate use can increase development Proper hand hygiene is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of acquiring an infection Breaking the Chain of Infection 20 Breaking one of the links in the chain of infection is the key to the prevention and control of an infection Breaking the chain of infection involves a variety of strategies Identifying patient’s at risk & implementing appropriate strategies are important in preventing the spread of infection 21 Minimizing the Onset & the Spread of Infection Asepsis The process for keeping away disease-producing microorganisms Medical Asepsis – “Clean technique” Procedures used to reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms Surgical Asepsis – “Sterile technique” Procedures used to eliminate all microorganisms, including pathogens and spores, from an object or area Controlling or Eliminating Infections Agents To reduce & eliminate microorganisms, proper cleaning is required Cleaning Disinfection Sterilization 22 23 Controlling or Eliminating Infectious Agents To reduce & eliminate microorganisms, proper cleaning is required Cleaning Physical removal of foreign material including microorganisms using water, mechanical with cleaning products Disinfection Includes the elimination of all pathogens except bacterial spores Usually includes chemical, hear or ultraviolet light Items must be cleaned prior to disinfection Sterilization Includes the destruction of all microorganisms including bacterial spores Uses moist heat (steam), chemicals, gas & boiling water 24 On to Part 2… Breaking the chain of infection Routine practices/precautions Additional precautions (contact, droplet, airborne) Risk Assessment Psychological impact of isolation precautions 25
