NRAN80323_BIOCHEMISTRY_FALL23.pptx

BIOCHEMIST RY Gregory Collins, DNP, CRNA PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN NURSE ANESTHESIA NRAN 80323 1 BIOCHEMISTRY OBJECTIVES: READING: CARBOHYDRATES Shubert / Chapter 12 / Enantiomers 351-403 LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS METABOLIC PATHWAYS 2 CARBOHYDRATE S Contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen...

BIOCHEMIST RY Gregory Collins, DNP, CRNA PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN NURSE ANESTHESIA NRAN 80323 1 BIOCHEMISTRY OBJECTIVES: READING: CARBOHYDRATES Shubert / Chapter 12 / Enantiomers 351-403 LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS METABOLIC PATHWAYS 2 CARBOHYDRATE S Contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) General formula is Cx(H2O)y Have C=O and –OH functional groups Classified based on: • Size and base carbon chain • Number of sugar units (bridged by GLYCOSIDE BONDS) - Monosaccharides: single sugar unit - Disaccharides: two sugar units - Oligosaccharides: 3-10 sugar units - Polysaccharides: more than 10 sugar units • Location of C=O 3 CARBOHYDRATE S POLYSACCHARIDES Carbohydrate POLYMERS Storage Polysaccharides • Starch and glycogen Structural Polysaccharides • Provide protective walls or lubricative coating to cells • Cellulose and mucopolysaccharides Structural Peptidoglycans • Bacterial cell walls 4 STEREOISOMERI SM GEOMETRIC ISOMERS ENANTIOMERS 5 CHIRAL CENTER ENANTIOMERS Must contain at least one ASYMMETRIC CARBON Creates CHIRAL CENTER around which molecule rotates Allows for formation of ENANTIOMERS or mirror PAIR OF ENANTIOMERS: molecules Designated by D-image or L- before the name Based on ability to rotate a plane of polarized light Dextrorotatory (D-) • Rotates light to RIGHT • Sometimes designated with “S-” symbol Levorotatory (L-) 6 ENANTIOMERS 7 LIPIDS HYDROPHOBIC, more soluble in organic solvents than water Wide range of biological purposes: energy storage, chemical signaling, CELL MEMBRANES, etc. FATTY ACIDS: Long-chained monocarboxylic acids General formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH, size range from C12-C24, always even number SATURATED fatty acids: NO DOUBLE BONDS 8 LIPIDS EICOSANOIDS: Polyunsaturated fatty acids Derivatives of ARACHIDONIC ACID Have 20 carbon chains Some are ESSENTIAL fatty acids (linolenic, linoleic acids) Significant groups: PROSTAGLANDINS LEUKOTRIENES THROMBOXANES 9 LIPIDS PROSTAGLANDINS: Many complex biologic functions… • Stimulation of smooth muscle • Regulation of steroid production • Inhibition of gastric secretion • inhibition of hormone - sensitive lipases • Inhibition / stimulation of platelet aggregation • Sensitization to pain • Mediation of inflammatory responses 10 LIPIDS THROMBOXANES: Promotes CLOTTING and PLATELET AGGREGATION Direct metabolite of prostaglandin 9 10 11 8 O O 12 1 COOH 15 20 OH Thromboxane A2 11 LIPIDS LEUKOTRIENES: Involved in SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION (airway), modulation of immune response Occur primarily in leukocytes Not a direct metabolite of OH OH prostaglandin 12 5 1 COOH 20 Leukotriene B4 12 LIPIDS CHOLESTEROL: Most ABUNDANT and most IMPORTANT Vital component of PLASMA MEMBRANES Precursor to all steroid hormones andHO bile acids PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS: • • • • Chylomicrons Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) Low density lipoproteins (LDL) High density lipoproteins (HDL) 13 LIPIDS GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS: Also called phosphoglycerides Found almost exclusively in plant & animal CELL MEMBRANES Contain GLYCEROL, two FATTY ACIDS, & one PHOSPHATE ESTER • Fatty acids are usually palmitic, stearic, or oleic acids • Fatty acid on carbon 2 of glycerol is always unsaturated • Phosphate ester of low-molecular-weight alcohol HO NH2 OH Sphingosine O O CH2 O CH oleic acid O (CH2 ) 12 CH3 (CH2 ) 12 CH3 HO palmitic acid O NHCR OH A ceramide (an N-acylsphingosine) - O CH2-O-P-O O (CH2 ) 12 CH3 HO O NHCR - O + OPOCH2 CH2 N(CH3 ) 3 O A sphingomyelin SPHINGOLIPIDS: Contain SPHINGOSINE, an amino alcohol glycerol 14 LIPIDS PREDOMINANT LIPIDS IN CELL 15 PROTEINS Polymers of AMINO ACIDS joined by PEPTIDE BONDS POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS ranging in length form innumerable proteins from only 20 amino acids AMINO ACIDS: Contain two organic functional groups: AMINE GROUP + CARBOXYL GROUP Identity determined by side chain Naturally occurring amino acids are L-isomers Exist as electrically neutral but with a weak acid end 16 PROTEINS PEPTIDE BONDS: CONDENSATION reaction leading to polymerization of amino acids Condensation reaction between the CARBOXYL GROUP of one amino acid with the AMINO GROUP of the second and the ELIMINATION OF WATER Results in directional peptide chain with free amino group (N-TERMINAL) on one end and free carboxyl group (C-TERMINAL) on the other 17 NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA: 2-Deoxyribose + NITROGENOUS BASE forms NUCLEOSIDE Four DNA nucleoside bases (ADENOSINE, GUANOSINE, THYMIDINE, CYTIDINE) Nucleoside + phosphate ester forms NUCLEOTIDE Base pairing through HYDOGEN BONDING forms double helix RNA: Ribose + NITROGENOUS BASE Four RNA nucleoside bases (ADENOSINE, GUANOSINE, URIDINE, CYTIDINE) 18 METABOLIC PATHWAYS ENERGY METABOLISM: Larger molecules broken down into smaller, more simple structures CARBOHYDRATES simple sugars LIPIDS fatty acids & glycerol PROTEINS amino acids Each step must be a carefully controlled process ATP is basic ENERGY TRANSFER UNIT Large molecules then replenished/rebuilt 19 METABOLIC PATHWAYS CATABOLISM vs ANABOLISM 20 METABOLIC PATHWAYS GLYCOLYSIS: Breakdown of GLUCOSE resulting in RELEASE OF ENERGY Glucose oxidized into PYRUVATE or LACTATE (AEROBIC=pyruvate/ANAEROBIC=lactate) Two distinct phases of glycolysis: • ENERGY-REQUIRING phase: 2 units of ATP SPENT • ENERGY-RELEASING phase: 4 units of ATP + 2 units NADH CREATED 21 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/ METABOLIC OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION: PATHWAYS NADH produced from TCA CYCLE used for REDUCTIVE BIOSYNTHESIS ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM creates series of OXIDATION/REDUCTION reactions which promote OXIDATION of NADH and PHOSPHORYLATION of ADP to form new units of ATP 22 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-respiration-ap/a/oxidative- SUMMARY UNDERSTANDING: Carbohydrates are made up of what elements and organic functional groups? How many sugar units are present in mono-, di-, oligo-, poly- saccharides? List the primary functions of long-chain polysaccharides. Describe an asymmetric carbon and chiral center. Define enantiomer and differentiate dextro- from levo- isomers. What are the components and general structure of lipids? Define and differentiate saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. What are eicosanoids? Differentiate prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. List and define the primary lipids involved in biologic cell membranes. What are proteins composed of and how are the built? Which two functional groups form amino acids? Describe the bonding of amino acids, including byproducts. What are nucleic acids composed of and how to they interact to form base pairs? Describe the two phases of glycolysis. 23 What are the components, basic steps, and products of oxidative