Inflammation Notes PDF

Cardinal sign:- The word "cardinal" comes from the Latin cardinalis, which means "principal" or "pivotal." is cardinal, fixed, and mutable. Signs associated with disease. Che·mo·tax·is; Movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing o...

Cardinal sign:- The word "cardinal" comes from the Latin cardinalis, which means "principal" or "pivotal." is cardinal, fixed, and mutable. Signs associated with disease. Che·mo·tax·is; Movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance. entity in response to a chemical stimulus. where the bacteria accumulate around the origin of the attractant, and away from the origin of the repellent. The aberrant chemotaxis of leukocytes and lymphocytes also contribute to inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, asthma, and arthritis. Phagocytosis: A host defense and pathogenesis of autoimmune, malignant and metabolic disorders. phagocytosis, human neutrophils form pseudopod-like pedestals before engulfing a target particle. Frustrated phagocytosis occurs when phagocytic cells are exposed to an opsonized surface and spread as if trying to engulf it. allowing for the observation of phagocytic spreading and the biochemical events that directly precede it.. Furuncle: boil, bacterial colonization of skin or nares, hot and humid climates, and occlusion or abnormal follicular anatomy (eg,comedones in acne). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common cause. Furuncles are common on the neck, breasts, face, and buttocks. oil, carbuncle is a red, swollen, and painful cluster of boils that are connected to each other under the skin. A boil (or furuncle) is an infection of a hair follicle that has a small collection of pus (called an abscess) under the skin. Usually single, a carbuncle is most likely to occur on a hairy area of the body such as the back or nape of the neck. But a carbuncle also can develop in other areas of the body such as the buttocks, thighs, groin, and armpits. carbuncle common cause staphylococcus aureus. Cellulitis: skin is swollen and inflamed and is typically painful and warm to the touch. Cellulitis is usually a superficial infection of the skin (left). But if severe (right) or if left untreated, it can spread into the lymph nodes and bloodstream. Types of cellulitis by cause Cellulitis is the result of bacteria. The type of bacteria at fault may influence your course of treatment. Although mostTrusted Source cases of cellulitis develop from different strains of Staphylococcus, you can get cellulitis from many kinds of bacteria. Staphylococcus: Staphylococcus aureus is a majorTrusted Source cause of cellulitis. Staphylococcus (staph) infections are sometimes called “purulent cellulitis,” as pus, fluid, or abscesses are often among the symptoms. Streptococcus: Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most commonTrusted Source causes of cellulitis. Cellulitis from Streptococcus can happen after an incision, burn, wound, or trauma. Pasteurella multocida: Cellulitis from these bacteria usually occurs within 1–2 daysTrusted Source of an animal bite or scratch. Capnocytophaga: These bacteria naturally live in the mouths of people, cats, and dogs but can cause an infection under the right circumstances. Infections in humans are commonTrusted Source after dog bites. Vibrio vulnificus: These infections can start in open wounds that come in contact with salt water or undercooked seafood and sometimesTrusted Source require hospitalization.  Aeromonas: Various speciesTrusted Source of Aeromonas are responsible for wound and soft tissue infections like cellulitis, as well as gastrointestinal illness. Haemophilus influenzae: These invasive bacteriaTrusted Source can cause cellulitis and other illnesses like meningitis and infectious arthritis. Pseudomonas: These bacteria cause infections after surgery, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa most likelyTrusted Source to cause cellulitis. Types of cellulitis by location : Any area of your skin can have cellulitis. classify cellulitis based on which part of body it affects. Lower limb (leg) cellulitis Cellulitis most frequentlyTrusted Source affects the legs, and usually just one leg. Group A Streptococcus bacteria usually cause lower limb cellulitis, but staph infections may also be at fault. Risk factors for developing lower limb cellulitis include: wounds leg ulcers lymphedema or leg edema excoriation disorder athlete’s foot obesity previous cellulitis Perianal cellulitis Perianal cellulitis develops in your anal area and is typically due to streptococcal infection. Also known as perianal streptococcal dermatitis, this type primarilyTrusted Source affects children under the age of 10 years. It’s also two to three times more common in male children. Treat perianal cellulitis with a combination of oral and topical medications. Orbital cellulitis. Orbital cellulitis affects the fat and muscles around eyes. It usually develops from a bacterial sinus infection that spreads to the area just behind eyes. It’s most common in children. Antibiotics for 2 weeks are usually enough to treat orbital cellulitis, but severe cases may require surgery. Periorbital cellulitis: Also known as preseptal cellulitis, periorbital cellulitis affects eyelid or the skin around eye. Like orbital cellulitis, it may be due to a sinus infection, but it can also be due to a wound. Staph and strep infections are often, mostly affecting children. Periorbital cellulitis is less serious and more common than orbital cellulitis. However, it may progress to orbital cellulitis without treatment. It usually resolves after 5–7 days of antibiotics. Facial cellulitis Haemophilus influenzae was a common cause of cellulitis affecting the face, most often in children under age 5 years. However, increased vaccination rates have made this condition less common. But other bacteria can also cause facial cellulitis, including bacteria in mouth Source that contribute to cavities. In such cases, a dentist may need to extract the affected tooth. Breast cellulitis Although it can develop from a wound, breast cellulitis typically occurs after breast cancer surgery, breast augmentation, or breast reduction. According to a 2018 research review, 3–8%Trusted Source of people develop cellulitis after breast cancer surgery. But that number may be higher as some cases go unreported. While cellulitis often develops within weeks after a wound, breast cellulitis can develop months after surgery. What are the most common locations of cellulitis on the body? Adults usually get cellulitis on one leg or foot. Children tend to get the infection on their neck or face...... Erysipelas is a skin infection that does not affect the deeper layers of skin like cellulitis. Stem cells: Stem cells are a special type of cells that have two important properties. 1- they self-renew. 2- And they can become other cells that do different things in a process known as differentiation. Stem cells found in almost all tissues of the body. And they are needed for the maintenance of tissue as well as for repair after injury. Why is there such an interest in stem cells? 1-Increase understanding of how diseases occur. 2-Generate healthy cells to replace cells affected by disease (regenerative medicine). Stem cells already been used to treat diseases? Stem cell transplants use adult stem cells or umbilical cord blood. performed stem cell transplants, also known as bone marrow transplants. In hematopoietic stem cell transplants, stem cells replace cells damaged by chemotherapy or disease or serve as a way for the donor's immune system to fight some types of cancer and blood-related diseases. Leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma often are treated this way.... Interferons (IFNs), Interferons are named for their ability to "interfere" with viral replication. are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines. to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that help eradicate pathogens.