Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of bacteria commonly causes cellulitis in the lower limbs?
Which type of bacteria commonly causes cellulitis in the lower limbs?
Perianal cellulitis primarily affects adults.
Perianal cellulitis primarily affects adults.
False
What is the typical cause of orbital cellulitis?
What is the typical cause of orbital cellulitis?
Bacterial sinus infection
Cellulitis from __________ usually occurs within 1–2 days of an animal bite or scratch.
Cellulitis from __________ usually occurs within 1–2 days of an animal bite or scratch.
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Match the type of cellulitis with its common cause:
Match the type of cellulitis with its common cause:
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What is a common risk factor for developing lower limb cellulitis?
What is a common risk factor for developing lower limb cellulitis?
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Vibrio vulnificus infections can only occur from fresh water exposure.
Vibrio vulnificus infections can only occur from fresh water exposure.
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List one common treatment approach for perianal cellulitis.
List one common treatment approach for perianal cellulitis.
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What is the most common location for cellulitis in adults?
What is the most common location for cellulitis in adults?
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Periorbital cellulitis is more serious than orbital cellulitis.
Periorbital cellulitis is more serious than orbital cellulitis.
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Name one common bacterial cause of facial cellulitis in children.
Name one common bacterial cause of facial cellulitis in children.
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Breast cellulitis can typically develop after _________ surgery.
Breast cellulitis can typically develop after _________ surgery.
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How long do antibiotics usually need to be administered for periorbital cellulitis?
How long do antibiotics usually need to be administered for periorbital cellulitis?
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Match the type of cellulitis to its cause or characteristic:
Match the type of cellulitis to its cause or characteristic:
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Stem cells can only self-renew and cannot differentiate into other cell types.
Stem cells can only self-renew and cannot differentiate into other cell types.
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What is one reason for the interest in stem cells?
What is one reason for the interest in stem cells?
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Which of the following terms describes the movement of motile cells in response to a chemical stimulus?
Which of the following terms describes the movement of motile cells in response to a chemical stimulus?
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Furuncles and carbuncles are both types of bacterial infections affecting hair follicles.
Furuncles and carbuncles are both types of bacterial infections affecting hair follicles.
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What major bacterial strain is known to cause cellulitis?
What major bacterial strain is known to cause cellulitis?
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A __________ is a painful cluster of boils beneath the skin.
A __________ is a painful cluster of boils beneath the skin.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What condition occurs when phagocytic cells try to engulf an opsonized surface but cannot?
What condition occurs when phagocytic cells try to engulf an opsonized surface but cannot?
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Abnormal follicular anatomy can contribute to the development of furuncles.
Abnormal follicular anatomy can contribute to the development of furuncles.
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Name one inflammatory disease that can result from aberrant chemotaxis of leukocytes.
Name one inflammatory disease that can result from aberrant chemotaxis of leukocytes.
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Study Notes
Cardinal Signs
- Cardinal comes from Latin "cardinalis" meaning "principal" or "pivotal"
- There are cardinal, fixed, and mutable signs
- Signs are associated with disease
Chemotaxis
- Cell movement in response to a chemical stimulus
- Bacteria accumulate around attractant and away from repellent
- Aberrant chemotaxis of leukocytes and lymphocytes contributes to inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, asthma, and arthritis
Phagocytosis
- A host defense
- Plays a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, malignant, and metabolic disorders
- Human neutrophils form pseudopod-like pedestals before engulfing a target particle
- Frustrated phagocytosis occurs when phagocytic cells are exposed to an opsonized surface
Furuncle
- Also known as a boil
- Bacterial colonization of skin or nares
- Occurs more often in hot and humid climates
- May be caused by occlusion or abnormal follicular anatomy such as comedones in acne
- A common cause is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Common on the neck, breasts, face, and buttocks
Carbuncle
- A cluster of boils connected under the skin
- Usually single
- Most likely to occur on a hairy area of the body such as the back or nape of the neck
- May also develop in other areas of the body such as the buttocks, thighs, groin, and armpits
- A common cause is Staphylococcus aureus
Cellulitis
- Skin is swollen and inflamed, typically painful and warm to the touch
- Usually a superficial infection of the skin
- May spread into the lymph nodes and bloodstream if left untreated
- Caused by bacteria; most cases develop from different strains of Staphylococcus
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Types of cellulitis by cause:
- Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of cellulitis
- Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most common causes of cellulitis
- Pasteurella multocida typically occurs within 1-2 days of an animal bite or scratch
- Capnocytophaga naturally lives in the mouths of people, cats, and dogs
- Vibrio vulnificus can start in open wounds that come in contact with salt water or undercooked seafood
- Aeromonas is responsible for wound and soft tissue infections
- Haemophilus influenzae can cause cellulitis, meningitis, and infectious arthritis
- Pseudomonas causes infections after surgery; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is most likely to cause cellulitis
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Types of cellulitis by location:
- Lower limb (leg) cellulitis: most frequently affects the legs, usually just one
- Perianal cellulitis: develops in the anal area, typically due to streptococcal infection
- Orbital cellulitis: affects the fat and muscles around the eyes, usually develops from a bacterial sinus infection
- Periorbital cellulitis: also known as preseptal cellulitis, affects the eyelid or the skin around the eye
- Facial cellulitis: Haemophilus influenzae was a common cause, but increased vaccination rates have made this less common
- Breast cellulitis: typically occurs after breast cancer surgery, breast augmentation, or breast reduction
Erysipelas
- A skin infection that does not affect the deeper layers of skin like cellulitis
Stem Cells
- Special type of cells with two important properties:
- Self-renewal
- Differentiation (become other cells)
- Found in almost all tissues of the body
- Needed for tissue maintenance and repair after injury
Interest in Stem Cells
- Increase understanding of how diseases occur
- Generate healthy cells to replace cells affected by disease (regenerative medicine)
Stem Cell Transplants
- Use adult stem cells or umbilical cord blood
- Also known as bone marrow transplants
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of cardinal signs in relation to cellular movements like chemotaxis and phagocytosis. It also delves into conditions influenced by these biological processes, including inflammatory diseases and skin infections. Test your understanding of these pivotal concepts in health and disease.
