Normal Gait: Fundamentals of Biomechanics & Exercise Therapy PDF

NORMAL GAIT FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS & EXERCISE THERAPY:- Index  Definition of gait & normal gait  Purpose of gait  Prerequisites of gait  Gait cycle  Events in gait cycle  Gait terminology  Factors affecting gait  Joint motion in 3 plan...

NORMAL GAIT FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS & EXERCISE THERAPY:- Index  Definition of gait & normal gait  Purpose of gait  Prerequisites of gait  Gait cycle  Events in gait cycle  Gait terminology  Factors affecting gait  Joint motion in 3 planes  Gait analysis DEFINITION:-  Human gait may be define as “ the translatory progression of the human body as a whole, produced by coordinated, rotatory movements of the body segments” is known as gait or human locomotion  Gait is the medical term to describe human locomotion, or the way that we walk.  Every individual has a unique gait pattern. Normal Gait:- Series of rhythmical, alternating movements of the trunk & limbs which result in the forward progression of the center of gravity & the body. Fundamental Purposes of gait:-  Support of the HAT.  Maintenance of upright posture & balance of the body.  Achieve safe ground clearance & a gentle heel or toe landing.  Generation of mechanical energy to maintain the present forward velocity or to increase the forward velocity.  Absorption of mechanical energy for shock absorption & stability or to decrease the forward velocity of the body. Prerequisites of gait:- There are (4) major criteria essential to walking.  Equilibrium: The ability to assume an upright posture and maintain balance.  Locomotion: The ability to initiate and maintain rhythmic stepping  Musculoskeletal Integrity: Normal bone, joint, and muscle function  Neurological Control: Must receive and send messages telling the body how and when to move. (visual, vestibular, auditory, sensori-motor input)  Forces for gait: Muscular force. Gravitational force. Forces of momentum. Floor reaction force. Gait cycle  Describe the complex activity of walking, or our gait pattern.  This cycle describes the motions from initial placement of the supporting heel on the ground to when the same heel contacts the ground for a second time.  Defined as the period of time from one heel strike to the next heel strike of the same limb.  Gait Cycle = – Single sequence of functions by one limb – Begins when reference foot contacts the ground – Ends with subsequent floor contact of the same foot on the ground. One gait cycle consists of two phases 1) STANCE PHASE (60%) 2) SWING PHASE (40%) EVENTS IN STANCE PHASE:-  Heel strike  Foot flat  Mid-stance  Heel off  Toe off EVENTS IN SWING PHASE:-  Acceleration  Mid swing  Deceleration Stance Phase:-  Heel strike phase: Begins with initial contact & ends with foot flat It is beginning of the stance phase when the heel contacts the ground.  Foot flat: It occurs immediately following heel strike It is the point at which the foot fully contacts the floor  Mid stance: It is the point at which the body passes directly over the supporting extremity.  Heel off: The point following mid-stance at which time the heel of the reference extremity leaves the ground.  Toe off: The point following heel off when only the toe of the reference extremity is in contact with the ground. Swing Phase:-  Acceleration phase: It begins once the toe leaves the ground & continues until mid- swing, or the point at which the swinging extremity is directly under the body.  Mid-swing: It occurs approx when the extremity passes directly beneath the body, or from the end of acceleration to the beginning of deceleration  Deceleration: It occurs after mid-swing when limb is decelerating in preparation for heel strike.  GAIT TERMINOLOGIES Temporal Variable  Stance time  Single limb & double limb time  Swing time  Stride & Step time  Cadence  Walking Speed Distance Variable  Stride length  Step length  Step Width  Degree of toe-out