The Spanish Invasion PDF

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Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. CI-IAPTER 6 THE SPAN IISH l1NVASl,Q et us tty for a mom ot to m gine. the I.it Ram6n lg! ia i'fOte. "the astonishmen.t of U e: inhabitants of a small island called GuaD.dnaT1Yone morning, ,hen they heheld tlu:ee 1h p s out mer in th waw-, three i mens bulb. out of hl h i d I. ,. of Light oom.plcxion, th.cir faces CJ red with h.~ and thcir bodi~... covered wtth brics of diverse pattern and c:olot: 1 We mightswmjse that, in 1492, the llativcs of the.Garibbean f.utd d Columbus nd hi men ingly strang beings. The invaders al ur- prlsed but even more disappointed, for they found linle sign of the: precious meuds,. valuable: spia!s1 and oth th th had ught. and no indi atl.o n ofthe fabul. ian kingdoms they had anticipated. 1h native inhahit:anB, whom they nonetheless. called "Indians," were swiftly relegated ll the of 01he:rs " fess worthy of respect, SPA.NISH LEG CilE S A O C..\RIBBE.A TRIAU unavoyages to'the "Ne\.¥ World" (or the: 1ndies dampened even the most optimistic spm. Co , y, th Caribbean islands atttamd rclatidy few sdtlm as expeditions.~ nnanred "th Oi:rtn,\l'erl capital that cnU:ld note.asily p id'hack in th abs.ea. of profitable tra e goods. Columh. who was happia- sailing about than ~ n g waspish colonists,. lrt adminisuatiw rum sli thus "vin 1h panis _ ap f. r rem ·ng him gov m r of to Doming. the: name of the ~e\Y 'orld e::olony. and revoking the genemw tmns earlier granted him. Ultimately, the great disc:ovcn:lr was sent baclt to the mot.he. countty in chains. Royal offici Is then rook charg but th bickering continued. Nearby islands were __ ~ plore:d, some were settled, and Indians were put to work washing the streams for gold, which provided lu ti in om r a fow in th arly years. Beyond tha1 and mall p , ts from agriculture, thae seemed little oppornmity. Others began to explore elsewhere-up to the wast offtorida, to Central Ameri.rn and down to.outh America.. 1 lmmon lglfiia, Cahwibus. Coms ,maOther~ trans. and ed. Les!ey B. Simpson (Bedceley, CA. 1969 ), a ,s Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  7'6 COLLI Ll I "C WORLD "Well, the look pretty rmdocmm:r, 1 I n fl m 1 ~ itn ~ID n lg Ll wn p.11 l , Ill hi tc - '. an J'Om l. us Lrns, u gu -.' 1 i lfth century). llllf World ventnrt: wo u ue:e:n. stile. strengthened by lo ing r m.mdo o in wotkxl \ 10 m lcl judi in~stt tive institul.io in ten un. pow o no ' ility and ition of mllllidpaJ autonom. Tem ioll!I ber.i'e£ll 1.h monan:b , the nobility, an. Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  to ns utd 1 me Lim in the peni ula while in 1.h Ame i I.he rapidly cunaiJed lb entitlements and amonom of its earl But fl in 1 ·w ' dd 1h·.n l n s. influenced by e Remnqui:.sm (Reconq , hich h. nl 11 finaJiz.ed in l 2 wi Rt.'C h i-me:tli J us ad tion of booty and proprny were inexmcabl 1 rh e in \ non Jar military conqu Church in advancing th goals lo bwn dtlh m changin,g economic milieu. 8y d1e en pitalism m ,ml lhJI th ~ pmng expclltiom.. 11'1 need lo recoup ili.cir · to Jaim Lh Cllllt , d po In ti pen in:sul s fL".!, ut ulal:io I gl'ea.t weaJth. I.'. n un 1 Oil ma" Ut in l of. 0 Th \' h I de.ri , anisans and n.s am. 1Jrch a n now asricuhur.d ~- rodu ru: I, and win &:on ml , ed to a mOJe. m ncm com via govem_mrnt bond , 1 01 tinu- ~~ romm th ~b d tential offe:red led by minor nobl s as su tcnsio w d bm From the Caribbean, th crown conductoo the fust experiments in imposing and inventing t m nd in citut o m m 1h ~ 1 land o anto min , but the ]rug r island m· ed in l5ll. uba p owd di. p- pointin. 8ut d m l g emmmt m:lioned th.JD in Litution called Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  78 COLLILll "C WORLD nie ILld tlrn1 r.rded am qui:!FD witJ1 the groups. At ]east in th Ind th had oat dest..ev r, n f th 1 t. th rnp 1i b · use i l.h ed' lndian popu Ill ~ hl , uez of Cuba senc out an.. o trading and r fndia lavad Il d.rd ,rt of &: ii thought at first to be an island. funhe:r explora re rg.1ulzcd than th h uh till cl pr pemus ficlds and lived in ston house. I e p,an.iards h ard o g Id a crifu Ali.er a utious riors; in rhe e n r cl th· paoi r plU'Su I. w1 ' four · hj d eager m dlti CH um. fD ll gdom in me im.eriar do , ted by a gre.tl M i n m- _qu l mand FERN DO CORTlS 1 i~ o 1h. rid pr v an f om vhi h conquistadors ca , onorahle fa. r nt hi " N 1 d in i s.l nunei vi 1 · , i ~~1Ded mfi. ,. tcb a ship to the I) on: th nq 1511, on antiago de Ba li toe an, mined eoougb gold for I im l int tr.1ding nncnhip,.11 n in I l go · mm as a secure and respected member of the community. I lad it not been or th in th h nand would l1kel ml ' in Con( lint na ofi..ill.,n 1-1-1,in or H nan bul he Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  egao.recrultin a ompany men£ llowing the pauem o up O - tor , m tao enlerp -. con p in t nf a: r ,1 u ive about and! 1h edi I orde piri, ' ,m~ r, d d hi n, r ' I ry, l immediatcl _At muster, he fifty mm, sailot , alo ' n I ~ on e. ensi'> ma Gllln.on. d.u d hi. m' 15]9, th bl nth m _ TH E IN TI AL REC EPTI O N (\ f!l w em, Jeroni.u · a 1 ant Doming1. rh oth 'r \ r ,. ove · a ,r ustoms f L1l f,..l anacked s un en. it n lhr Id g accepted g ma· den j te with t · fai:y in the conquest prm ed gnifi n. oh m ·can. , h ~ tr l !er his is o crchat ho old he 0 native Nahuatl but one of the Maya pas Ing n 1r.1.nslaL t th Indian. Mb had his men p norm p s. th m. J k f t , , nd and to LeU th Indian ruJer tha ID travcl to. L ougb 'f..m ndr; , runn r.; q l um , d ln~ad d dr. thei ship. aoi:sh accounts propagated the myth that h rear d lhat Qu tzalcoau, Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  8,Q COLLI Ll I c WORLD ha 01 ·11l I : w- fmlar p;lJliMl lu!l'.lUllf) w,11ho f ti ~IA; ·111h uni s 1 1 An elabora Spanim tim1p ol Uk -erub IJIIies ru.."ffi ii1l ca:pca:in and fu.m n contra Th. kn wn ri in. or the 10\"11 II o hi. t lo them all the suppli put him ind Ink ping~ hh icy o the oment., th"e men aNCed lba1, after the g' share o O percent-the. on o ll r mainu ·poil l'usb.ihg on to the otonac city of aJi were enthusiasti be.trin a ~· and ruiL that h , m I in det ripllon o· ' aim of the oppressors. ord ta uibut e bearinp: main in ill, wm.1 th kin1,, L Hing og him n, and ending most o I.be. ttea tm: a umulated l th l poinL Ht: added that h ne d J h, Ip, requ. ing fin,:mdaJ si t nee. Th town coundJ , mt not.her leu r to tht> king, Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted..15.king t.ha.1 Lh o omfirmed bi ilh h. leu tr sur and E o d legate aile uJy 1519. nll rin -dsh 1h i;p 0 Cuban gov. , aed Ill lnal an co f th h ru an was regai: I ri n noa.lc _ o tructed loyal pilots 10 , n uglulh n sanity; but by this bold stroke he Y noquestion ra:niarcb" ou 1h , tdd h u r m1 i m 1h u mi Cortes led his m£ll and ind.i en us allie into the heart TH I: TLAXCALA.NS A D REPORTS TO M OCTE ZU A :unia'. 0 nly l:igbLly exaggerated, m, r s. on rougl. 1.d ~t- [ Aztec th ,m 0 th ·1 empemr hilllliel '. ·ng h nlan wn , d or s me 1 le ~o own o · ul th , mn uni icio skinnishe:s I Jth t th m rta a o ~ffinn the eml){'ro s fl · ' n 11 , i h l'I ezwn n drink l l lh n.: tiv Llle d ripti ru m- pared bones to Me.I and lso depicted beasts who snorted and bellowed as their muzzles with nl Althuugl C 10 h v utiHz ·d " rd w Jin! in h nt , th unds an hu masciffi, which eighed s much s 200 pound!ii, intimidated the niitive , on of\ hom record d that I.heir dDg§ are enorm \'ith1111 &\Ill MJd o n g , l d a n g l i n g The: ola r of du1r ~ n g u is a b u r n i n g } r l l o w ; l h c i r !Lish re nd oot o ks. Their bdli. re hollow, tbei.r flanks Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  84 COLLI Ll I "C WORLD I ng and n,,'1rn:J!, Th are tlrel ml ve:iypawerful They bound here and tJ.1 piinting, with thrinongu~ hanging out. And they re spo ttd, li kP jagl.lllL They rai'le'.d thm: mll7..zle:i high; th lirlft! Li\ 'I muul - I th wind. l'h '. ti on be fl?\'\,'flh Hv. drippi fi th ii.VS. Recciving cl U, strange and unoerving th·. monl'd p. iu o I p th rd. 1 ! st ,. · c he commanded l le , p -feather onial clothing. nd my 110th m ' pi nL d tried Lo manipul ~ · ntrnt of tribuw- h n. t , dth o are ohh ,.. n ·com dao In lit Ill THE CHOLULA. A.SSA CH : - waited m I ¼d ed in a - kn 'ha 1519, a tl1 pr d 11 Conner Tiax- mi dby ·veci him in ttl w ,g m l...n.L:tD on ya r : W t reasor1s r d ion m c ,CJ · Lailill l a , stunned e. aniard ' h ;v~ d pair d of stoppm Lb m from rnterin och litJ.m. 3 Migu I Lwn !'anilb , ln.i Bmh'n. flt' 11. rhll' C r of.laJ u, uam. [; amlrr u ( Bt liln, tA. l'.> 7'). I. I Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  (h l (Li. ~ 'lbual.a.. t TO HE V.LL1EY OF ANAHUAC Th p.ini h mm,in ·r and hi incredulous natives, one of whom later ' b;mle a:ml)': as co in w hlrlwi.ods on the roads; I.heir in the cl fluu fwJ likt! ha. '111 - made I ud mo in lh ts nl-,d. m th m were ~ed in gli~tening iron lh \' I of J1 po- carep · · ·.·. th in lh d t;inc l tl i -. n Oil of 1a a ·t ense a , p lU realiza. Li 10th p ·1. I ll.11.I, l Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  86 COLLI Ll I c WORLD o prominent lords th 1h fill m ' th he m- i.sh ' JOO , gs th the bridge that gave aceiess to lhe city and J u~od ·db inu th he anm ft -tbcd in go - clig,,ified mie , hair. a sparse , nd cha ~ n rJ, rv. nt pl. n 11 r un so Lhat lh royal ndals did nm touch I.be eanh_ Follm ing him \ ';IS magnificent pro es- i,h n.1.1:'m r nd bright llur n ' ti , dh.m u.ntetl and scrod uma: but th no ·ncd him. ignifying tha1 th mp r ' - r 1 ll r b Ill t t ,r J ch ged gifts. Tum Moctezuma roune.owl; recrivro ,ones and offered the. p,alli.ards pala- u:d acc.ommod,nion. Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  A TES'T OF WllLS B incr~bJ good fortwJe,. hav~ mad their way into th Mexica stronghold, the pan- iards spen seve.ral day. WM.1derin about the city, l2king in the: marvelous sights, mnch like anytoudsls in a foFei,gn land. They adm.iml the palac-es with the:iT cedar-lined chambers, the ard ns. an.d 1h can Is. 0th r h d quJ th. pp h , ff«t: th a t t th gr;mt rack festom1ed with human skulls, and the priests, tbcir long hair maned with dried blood , were repulsive ro them. The visitors were proper! fascinated zoo, as Berna Dfaz d Castillo noted, but as for ·the irui rnal noi when the lions an oared, and die jackals and foxes h ~ed, and the serpents hissed, it was, horrible 10 ·sten to and it em d like hell' Moctezuma and his nobles visited their guests' quarta5 often- to see to their nttds. This ancntion and gracious h pitality notwithstanding, the pm! o th sit.uation was not lo on.ortl!s, who reatiz d that they w re in fact trappeJ-1f Mo a chose t.o make it o. Outside thcir luxurious pal.ace the SpaniMds were surrounded by a multirude of Indians vho u1d rl on signal lo na them. Th ~ n h soldi m nifi t d th anxi to Cortes, who considered making Moctezuma a Jmst;agc.. Cortes himsdf repo rtro that he acmsed oct'CZllllla of preparing to massaae th · aniards in Tenochtitlan and made him. prisoner. Th emperor uld cnn nu to rul his p pt nd uld b tr 'th the gJieatest resl)ect teantime: he ,vas to counsel calm and patience among his people ecause an· outbreak ofho tiliti · wouI result· i death. Whether or when Con too Moa· zuma prisoner is nm certain, but empuorcontmued to interact with th£ Sp.miard:& while also meeting with his ad,--isors and worshiping at the great temple. In circumstances of un- predictability, h counsded nd continu d to treat with on p need him elf as a powemd frlen shorn nearby city-states defect from their allian :e with Tenochtitlan. Many in th high Aztec nobility of warrior and pri. did share octe.zuma's ap- proach of enermhy. hospitality to the p aniards. They ere incensed at Cones' d mands that human sacrific:e cease and pagan i.dols be smashed, to be replaced by crosses an i rnages o ugin Mary, ~ om on trag d pri roused th popul.a and jomed the: \13.IDors in calling for an armed offms· e against the Spaniards. Moctezuma a iscd ,es, with the gnratest urgen. to I aVI!. Cd. The pleased rul to ld Cortes that th iards could lea i:mmediatel.y-h h d rec.eiv: word that fleet of eleven bjps stood off the shore at Vuaauz. tHE NARVA EZ 1EX PE DITION In ub , o· o lizqu thed with ,ngerapinst.Conis nd grew more bitter with news of bis protege's sumess.. To Velaz.quez, Cortes's d~-eds l"'epm.ented a blatant act ofrebdlion. He as.sembJcd a 1mg force ta pursu th rebel captain and au t him. Under the command of Pmfilo de. arriez, the expedition iru:lurled not only a sizable complement of fo ot sol- diers but also eighty ho~. 5 Bernal Dfaz del Cntillo, 7lle Jrue Him,ry of!Ji~ Ctmques1 of 1ew S I517 l 52l , trans.. A..P. Mauds!ay, in.tm. l.tvin: uomi:rd {. York. , , 195 ). 2l3. Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  88 COLLI Ll I c WORLD rt at amiz,.nraa ord~ed. U i and pri t ID lh g.mi do m capable Gonzalo de demand submission I n f t h m rid Ml then o ,f lo I'll ~ , i lf p poala, , here the Totonacs, assuming be assori- z. c mp alans u u.. ·r lb l, alt Corte p ry and the emperor rould ag;lin rule bf "" m I ru hi A h< cl-lock pi. I o.l th' unttnlh t.:enw Thi ne b lo toawk \ ~ Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  n :6 t I ming f th la pediti n o orebo was ice a lar-g a hi n, LO hi. id. mu. l I told th ·m. lh 1sh orro Lhem by insul trymg to steal what they The cap.-iirl ·t'I Cla.i u compan hi l safi ty ol' 11.i. nd.. Lea ing a men in 1.h c a. Con ·.c:lepaned. or thecoasu , e h. b on hundr d 1w ty h1 h d th I ·er Cul.fcoa.sL rm, i.nm e ome:r.; k il in th end red. Tit ,ifta: '' Li d nhanc lus ires Cl :I.Ill tJ p!omaLic kill and bribery, Cortes now showed generosity m r I ' , kn wn in uba. 01 :y t ~h I j in him wh n 1h p tbt: polls..Bm a n e renun to nochtitl.ln. b 11 o di e d Alv.a.rad and h is companion THE SPANIAR:0 S BES I GE-D D THIE. NIGHT OF SORRO Tenochtitlan to ccle ponarn esti al, tJLTh rd ging nd d n Ing. sacrinct:'. There are co f the t.ragedy thaL g.irris 11 \.1. dgy. ting th m m rehd h dete.m:1ined ut basi. olula. "ti ed che ro 1 , c 'ow. n.s, u un..rm pe, had Jiule , Iu n. ~ m. - ~ gri n and enraged Indians. led wi 11- in , he t:I li cy. cannon and wa b ar Tenoc.hl.idan un pposed with Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  90 COLLI Ll I " C WORLD abm1t on thousands ld"d!S, n h undred a bymen, antl L\ tJ1 US3n J:'I lao ;ir. riors. Ahhou ithout diffirulty, jt n became lear that th Az~ h d ~I ,111 1. i de open spaces , here they. oy their guns I an 1110 n my ranks. ntine ' mmed n by in a t th , -_ Azc made repeale. , · 1.s ui put t im th s, htfuJ toll- and s ·w ith d ! windl I h~ d ho ta i L own n , th..-nh h ps pl stahb o i~M ~ o -iliat motivated rhe empemr, but · e be.fore.. ur i we construction es wrapped in ~ flgur the od1e rbri n.h m.an dral'>ing water at n oun kn rriors fl onJ 1 I th r ln ,. The pan · lions broke as ea man Wi tt d br ch, but und · "n o tl ei, d al win into onfusion a. Cofl£!l and bis c ced for dt ma.irdand, forced Lo \vim di Printed by: [email protected]. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.  rea. we a - J'h u.mt rn \! as lh r guard, r lt ec charge. 1 ar-ado' al!en undc.r him and he no r r d h king Id ~ dos , w a powerfuJ p ·nted coward th last oprn chan- ll is la1 rdi mad a tr m :ndou v: u h 1h I cam d h Ln thai. the us pa l ~ u1 hundred fi mci t. d teadfast Indian allies fell Fo rses ra 5urvi eel the main i:ng to tradition, h tJt, t h s. l nd L 11 niards and from Vera them, h t monlhs ta1.7 THE SPANIARDS REGROUP d th VO 11 ld Ai d Lh u exim iruected with b not decimal tp a n:ph w ffi ial m urn.in 6 Rem. J D.12 dd Mll lu, how 1, w h,n on 1h Ni hi a S, n ing ¼1lich th