World War 1 History Notes PDF

History Notes World War 1 Schlieffen Plan Germany was planning to go through Belgium, assuming they wouldn’t fight back, and attack Paris to take over. Things went wrong when Belgium fought back and held Germany two weeks back and Russia was prepared for war faster than predicted....

History Notes World War 1 Schlieffen Plan Germany was planning to go through Belgium, assuming they wouldn’t fight back, and attack Paris to take over. Things went wrong when Belgium fought back and held Germany two weeks back and Russia was prepared for war faster than predicted. Canadian Contributions to the War Effort And Mobilizing: Mobilizing the military: Moving the soldiers to the fronts -Sam Hughes was commanding the Canadian army Conscription - forcing men to be in the army -Farmers produced 4 times more crops in 1918 than in 1913 -This food was required to feed the soldiers overseas, as well as the allies, since Europe -young boys worked in the farm to replace male farmers that went to couldn't grow a sufficient amount of food -Younger men assister farms to replace the aged men so that they could go fight in the war, as well as farmettes, or female farmers -Rationing is to limit the amount of food someone can purchase -Sugar tea and coffee isn’t able to reach Canada -Citizens were encouraged to grow their own food/crops -3000 nurses, or bluebirds, took care of wounded soldiers. Woman would also be ambulance drivers -As more men joined the armed forces, so they put women into labor factories -By 1918, The war was costing over one million dollars per day -In total, Canada pend 1.3 billion dollars on the war by 1919 -In 1917, the government introduced the first income tax on citizens who earned over two thousand dollars per year., or anyone who would be making 40 dollars per week. -Many Canadians volunteered for the red cross, or volunteered to donate money to the red cross Dorcas club was made of single women, providing clothing, and sent them to the troops -23000 Canadians served in the air force, but 1563 died in the war. Victory bonds- give government a loan to fund the war Roy brown shot down red baron -After the war, 425 000 canadians served overseas, 60 000 were terminated, and 172 000 wounded The Reality Of War: -Propaganda concealed the truth about war -There were spies during the war, intolerance, prejudice, and greed “Loose lips” -Pacifist and conscientious objectors -Enemy aliens people born in central power countries -Conscription and the election of 1917 Khaki Election: The election of 1917, is also known as the Khaki election, since it was a wartime election, battled over conscription (Khaki was the greenish brown color of the soldiers uniforms). The election tore the heart and soul of Canada. Election meets were full of tirades, and sometimes riots would start. The French were suspected of being cowards and supporting Germany. The English were seen as Prussian dictators. Borden's attempts to rig the vote created long term bitterness. The Unionist won 153 seats, but only 3 in Quebec. Lauriers Liberals won 82 seats. And 62 Quebec. The countries were bitterly divided along language lines. Although conscription passed and Borden was elected again, conscripting soldiers overseas was gonna be a challenge. In Ontario, 12750 of the first 118128 conscripts applied for exemption. In Quebec, the figure was 115507 of 117104. In the end, 100 000 were successfully conscripted, but only 50 000 made it overseas and only 25000 actually got to the front lines before the war ended. Summarized: Before, Prime Minister Bordon said he would not force men to go fight in the war. But in the Khaki Election, Prime Minister Bordon had to say that if he was voted in, he would pass the law of conscription. To put all odds in his favor, he allowed female relatives to be soldiers and took away the ability of people born in enemy countries to vote. War Measures Act WarTimes Elections Act: Gave female relatives of soldiers to vote Took away the vote from people born in enemy countries and conscientious objectors Vote for Canadian nurses serving in the Forces Military Service Bill 1917: The act gave conscription a law Response to shortage of troops Mandatory military service for males 20-45 Leads to rift between French and English Canadians Censorship: Bias Limit information in News and Mail Propaganda Banned publication and distribution of books, magazines, and newspapers in enemy languages Anti-Profiteering Act: Rationing There were finite prices and wages so that people would not be able to profit during a time of crisis Leading to black market Conclusions: While some people received rights during this time, much of the WMA was abused by the feds Sets a precedent for world war 2 The End Of The War And The Spanish Flu Pandemic: Henry Norwest, was a sniper, who was known as a great canadian sniper, with 115 confirmed kills, and fought in the Vimy ridge battle, but sadly passed from a bullet that shot him. The number 2 construction battalion were all black Canadians. Most of the soldiers were around ages 16 to 18. There were over 700 black Canadians in this platoon. There have been sikh Canadians that have joined World War 1. Bukham Singh , was a hero in the war, who has been forgotten for many years. He signed up to the army in 194. In 1917, the Us joined the war, bringing recruits and weaponry Russia abandoned the war to deal with a governmental coup and revolution The easter success at vimy ridge was used an example of success, rallying the weary troops 1918, Germany experienced some major gains, but their resources were dwindling while the allies were reinforced by the americans TheCanadian corps had such a positive reputation that their presence would alert the enemy that an incursion was eminent, so they moved with secrecy and strategy The Canadian corps were moved toward Ypres, causing alert among the Germans Secretly they moved back to France for the real attack, taking the Germans by surprise The allies pushed at the Germans until at last they were defeated The Official armistice was signed on November 11, 1918 17 million people died and twenty million people were wounded It was the deadliest war in history to that point Infrastructures, agricultural lands, bridges, factories were demolished Germany was the one to blame, since austria-Hungary was an empire but impecunious, Germany had more money, and Serbia was also impecunious, and Germany was recognized as an Aggressive company. In 1919, The victorious nations gathered at the palace of Versailles in France to determine the punishment for Germany Participating countries had various points of view on how to punish Germany Germany agreed to accept the new map of europe, accept any decisions made by the new league of nations, limit the size of its army and navy, give up its colonies, accept blame for the war, and pay thirty three billion dollars for repairs The aftermath of ww1 caused Hitlers rage to build up, and eventually that rage turned into power, and rised in ww2 (Hitler was mostly made because of the exaggerated consequences for Germany to cause the war). Unit 2: The War Aftermath The Treaties: Treaties that were signed amongst the league of nations Canada was able to get a seat at the conference, and became an independent country after the signing of the treaties Roaring Twenties: The 1920’s were called the Roaring Twenties because many new things were brought in Canada (Music, new inventions, autonomy) They were also called the “Prosperity Years” Canada's population increased after the world war, and caused urbanization (Urban Sprawl), with Montreal, Toronto, and Winnipeg to the largest cities More of Canada’s population lived in urban sectors than in rural sectors since there were less farmers that were needed because of mechanization Thirty percent of Canada’s population was less than thirty year olds More than half of families had three or more children Twelve percent had more than five children Arthur Meighen becomes prime minister on July 1 1920, and came at the wrong time, with strikes, unemployment, inflation, regional divisions, and lost the election in 1921, and Mackenzie king becomes PM Inflation caused higher prices, wages did not increase, and people started to join unions, and labor protest One big union workers, included trained and untrained workers, they demanded higher wages for employees, advocated a general strike, and government was afraid of this, and apprehended communism The Winnipeg general strike lead to protest, violence, economic shutdown, and death Conscription left french canadians bitter, and after 1917, no french canadian ‘s were conservative MPs They felt alienated from the rest of the country Many left the province in search of work Government encouraged American capitalist to invest in Quebec (growth in mining, pulp and paper and hydroelectricity) The maritimes felt alienated, declined in demand for fish and coal strained the economy Borden broke promise not the conscript, and many farmers mechanized during the war, but after the war there was less demand for wheat and many faced debt, and new political parties emerge The progressive party, known as a farmers party, was looking after the concerns of farmers in the west and Angus Pacphail was the first woman elected in Parliament. Elections of 1921, and 1925, held balance of power in the Minority governments The Road To Independence: Chanak Crisis - 1922: King refused to send troops to help British in Chanak, which is a strait between Europe and Turkey Wants to debate it in parliament, different from the usual policy of helping when Britain ask Meighan, wanted to send troops, and by the time the issue is debated in parliament, the war ended King had made his point, and Canadian Parliament decide what role Canada would play in foreign affairs Canada no longer agrees automatically The Halibut Treaty - 1923: Protection of Pacific halibut fishery with the U.s King insisted the treaty be signed by Canadian fisheries minister No british countersignature In the end treaty was not approved by the U.s, but king made his point King/Byng Crisis - 1926: Byng vs king How much power does governor general have Who should decide? Prime minister or representative of Britain? More autonomy for Canada Ban of alcohol led to this Balfour Report: Imperial conference in 1926 Canada is now free, to make its own foreign policy decisions Governor general’s powers more clearly defined Statute of Westminster - 1931: By 1931, Canada almost gain full independence over all laws by British Parliament, only if canadian governments wanted trade agreements Britain did have some control over Canada’s affairs, with highest court of appeal, till 1949, and the amendments to the constitution, till 1982 The Road to Greater Equality For Women: Suffrage was in the Canadian government before world war 1 Carinne Wilson WAS NOT a “Famous Five” Upper Chamber is the Senate of CDA?? Inventions: Electricity was founded in 1920 The rogers batteryless radio was made, to listen to music, or to be informed or entertained The assembly line was established, with cars at the price of 2500 dollars by the 1920’s. Henry Ford wasn’t the one who invented cars, he invented the assembly line, and gave workers 5 dollars a day The Ford model T went 60 km/hour Highly durable, and is able to endure rough terrains Stock Market: You could either buy off a loan or buy on margin Overproduction of Goods was also a problem since the companies had to find extra space to place these goods which costs money Laissez-Faire was when the government didn’t do anything about the economy during this time The bank needed to know you had collateral (If you wanted to get $1000 in loan, you had to prove that you had $1000 worth of stuff [Basically you gave them ownership of that stuff so if you couldn’t pay them back they could take that stuff and sell it]) On July 1929, everyone sold their shares which crashed the stock market King would not care about the economy Unit 3: The 1930s And WW2 The Great Depression: The great depression hits hard Tuesday October 29, 1929 The stock market crashed, because of the economic decisions made by companies and people America was the first to have their stock market to crash, which then affected Canada Companies lost value, and some shutdown 16 million shares were traded on that day, and hoped for a recovery People lost their property since they couldn’t afford it Buying on credit created false demand Dust bowls hit Canada hard, with droughts and lost of crops, as well as damages to property which residents couldn’t afford The stock market didn’t really cause the great depression, but more of a effect Lack of Financial regulation: Banks weren’t that regulated well, and allowed them to use their money in the United States Shrinking demand: Trading across other countries or Canadian citizens purchase less products Economic ties: Economic trading relationship with country’s. America reduced it’s demands with Canada Protective tariffs: Canada put a protective tariff on farming products that were coming from America Banks failed, and shutted down Residents lost their homes, farmers lost their farms, and people had to use piano boxes or cardboard houses to build a makeshift shelter Solutions to the depression: King was the leader of Canada in 1926 to 1930 King was a wealthy bachelor whose investments were not impacted by the crash He thought the stock market crash was temporary and will recover by itself King proposed lowering tariffs to Britain and other commonwealth countries He refused to increase taxes or borrow money to help the working poor and unemployed (basically the 5 cent speech) His fortune teller assured him that his approach was correct and that he would be re-elected The Laissez faire let the economy recover by itself R.B Bennett considered minimum wage, and unemployment insurance Bennett replaced king as PM in the 1930, basically winning the election Bennett was too a wealthy bachelor and out of proximity of the damage of the depression Bennett promised Canadians he would take action Bennett promised he would establish unemployment insurance, establish social insurance, set minimum wage and limits of hours in work Abolish child labour Control prices so businesses could not over charge Created the bank of canada to control inflation and the value of canadian money Increased taxes on the wealth people Bennett spent 20 million dollars on emergency aid He passed laws to assist the farmers, which established the Canadian wheat board in 1935 He extended unemployment relief payments Bennett planned to get the economy going by creating jobs for the unemployed through massive public works projects such as railway buildings, which are relief camps, to provide drifters and unemployed men (hoboes) with useful work. Lots of national parks were created from relief camps Bennett wanted to maintain a balanced budget His approach was action, but with restraint His efforts were not enough to improve the situation Citizens became frustrated with him The Communist party of Canada was founded in Guelph, 1921 Wanted a workers revolution to overthrow democratic governments based on capitalism, the private ownership of wealth Communist wanted to eliminate private ownership of business and property They blamed big business and capitalism for the great depression The leader, Tim Buck was arrested by Benett, and accused of plotting to overthrow the government The social credit party won 56 out of 63 seats in Alberta in 1935 Co-Operative commonwealth Federation Co operative commonwealth federatio pu,n, attacked capitalism, and was founded in 1933 It supported socialism, which is a system in which the means of production and distribution are owned, managed and controlled by a central democratic elected authority The social credit party had a western solution to the depression The CCF wanted more social and economic reforms (more control) The CCF became more powerful and expanded its influence in western provinces and Ottawa in the years that followed The CCF introduced he first human right laws and brought hydro to rural places In the 1960s, the CCF introduced health insurance In 1961, the CCF joined with Canadian labour congress to form the NDP They plan to put money into distribution and change the credit system in Canada They wanted government to print more money and give a monthly cheque of 25 dollars to every adult The idea was rejected by the liberals and the conservatives, stating that if the government printed more money, then it would become worthless The party was a fail, in the 1990s, a new party emerged called the reform party that also gave a voice to the west in Canadian politics Elise macgill was gifted electrical engineer who designed modular planes called the hurricane to fight in ww2 The Union Nationale The union nationale was a political party from quebec in 1933 It was led by Maurice duplessis and Gouin They wanted to save capitalism from itself with government intervention They promised higher minimum wages, workers compensation, and a provincially owned hydro system Tyday, we have the parti quebecois, a more radical french party that supports separation from Canada The great depression continued to create a division between the french and the english canadians through the union nationale party During the Great depression, Canadians were caring and supported each other. People had to work very hard while still barely making a living. It taught future generations to appreciate everything they had Indigenous people were still not treated the same as everyone else in Canada. Governments unsanctioned Indigenous people to go back to their traditional ways of life, and received less relief than city families All the negative effects of the Great depression set the precedence for Canadian culture, compassionate citizens and new politics, depicting the importance of how the Great depression was to Canadian history The On to Ottawa trek had 1 kia, 100 arrested and many injured The Treks purpose was to fight for working wages The Dictators Of Europe And The 1930s: The three main dictators were Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Mussolini European dictators were elected into power League of nations was intended to prevent wars, but Japan invades Manchuria in 1931, and Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935, breaking the league of nations When the great depression hitted in germany, Hitler promised to bring germany back to its power Hitler won 32 seats, but still lost When Hindenburg died, Hitler took power of German When Hitler was in power, he tripled the armies size He placed a law where jews are not able to vote, or have rights When Hindenburg died, he named himself fuhrer When Jews immigrated to Germany, they were isolated like they were enemy aliens, and that they did not belong in Germany When Hitlers subversion of the government plan failed, Hitler was sentenced to 9 months and increased more notoriety When Hitler was arrested, the nazi party was banned In 1933, a member of the nazis set parliament building on fire, and Hitler gained emergency powers Anti semitism usually means hatred towards Jews Canada was not an important member of the league, and didn’t care about what's happening outside The league of nations was weak, since USA never joined, and many countries broke treaties, such as attacking over provinces or countries, colonizing and taking land and resources Hitler broke the treaty of versailles, causing militarism Isolationist attitudes become increasingly popular Blame is placed on immigrants and minority groups In 1935, Hitler began to implement his plans ton conquer europe In 1936, Italy, Japan and Germany signed an agreement to support each other and would assist each other colonize territories, and thus the axis powers were created. Hitler planned to colonize RhineLand, also known as Alsace Lorraine, and weren’t supposed to implement military troops, but the League of nations didn’t do anything Hitler promised not to attack Austria-Hungary Forced takeover was called Anschluss They were strong enough to oppose Germany German troops marched in March 12, 1938 Hitler specifically wanted the Sudetenland, because of the natural resources, and had many mountains for fortresses and protection During these times, a man named Chamberlain, who is the leader of Britain, is invited from Hitler to discuss the matter in Munich They promised not to make any more demands if Britain or France agreed to the takeover of Sudetenland After two more visits Chamberlain agreed Hitler invaded Poland on September first, 1939, and agreed with the Soviet Union to split conquered land between countries The Christie pits riot was caused because of the assumption of Jews to take all the jobs and for the purpose of a scapegoat Canada declares war on Germany on September 19 1939 Blitzkrieg was a tactic to make a battle end quickly, with the 3 divisions; Luftwaffe, the air force, who went in first and bombed the enemy The PANZER, the armored division, went second and sheared the force out of them with shells Finally, the WEHRMACHT, the infantry went in and cleaned up the remaining resistance The Luftwaffe's planes were stukas, and panzers with the tiger tanks, Sitzkrieg meant a phony war, during september 1939 to spring 1940, with allied and axis armies armed themselves, preparing for the struggle ahead April 1940 denmark and norway fall to the blitzkrieg May 1940 Holland Belgium were attacked, beginning the invasion of France The maginot line was the line of Frances protection, protecting it with tanks By June 1940, most of the patrol troops had surrendered France was in Nazi hands On May 27 - June 4, 900 ships and boats left England to collect escaping soldiers German armies stopped advancing on Dunkirk allowing the escape to take place 140 000 French and 200 000 english soldiers escaped On May 10 1940, Winston Churchill is the new prime minister of england Winston Churchill said to fight back, it takes Victory through blood, toil tears and sweat Hitler ordered massive air strikes against British cities, airfields and industrial areas Their mission was to destroy fighter planes, factories and the morale of British people The RAF (royal air force) responds with determination Radar system allowed for distance, direction and speed of unseen objects to be determined The blitzkrieg tactic was used on London in September and October, 1940 Quick response time, easy to locate targets Eventually the attacks subsided, Hitler forced to retreat from Britain King George VI and Elizabeth remained at Buckingham palace Many children, pregnant woman and teachers were evacuated to rural areas of england and to homes in Canada, the US, Australia, South Africa, and the Caribbean, This was code named Operation Pied Piper When Hitler joined forces with the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, they formed the axis alliance, and signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union. These two countries agreed not to take military action against one another for 10 years In September 1st, 1939, Poland was invaded by the third reich with the blitzkrieg tactic, thus was the start of the second world war On March 1939, Hitler dismissed the munich agreement, remarking it as a scrap of paper, and invaded Czechoslovakia On September 3, 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany When Britain declared war, Canada was at war as well, and now that Canada has full control of their foreign policies, they needed to discuss the responsibility it had to stop Hitler and the spread of facism in Europe French Canadians supported this declaration of war, but opposed compulsory military service, or conscription War in Europe threatened national unity here at home During the great depression, Canada’s armed forces deteriorated, and by 1939, there were only 8000 personnel in the army, with the navy and air force combined and there were few modern naval ships or military aircraft. When a German submarine torpedoed the Lusitania (the british passenger ship) on September 3rd, killing over 100 passengers, including a young Canadian girl, her death fueled the fire of people to join the war On September 10, 1939, Canada officially declares war on Germany, and this was the first time Canada has ever declared war as an independent nation The period between September 1939 and May 1940, was known as the phony war, with little real combat as both sides built up their armies and arsenals Hitler used the blitzkrieg tactic in the spring of 1940, and quickly occupied Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg France was the next target of Hitler, but with France having a In My 1940, the western half of Europe was in the hands of the german dictator, only the english channel and the powerful british navy separated britain from the new German Empire Hitler was convinced that Britain had no choice but to seek peace Winston Churchill had always opposed the policy of appeasement, and didn’t trust Hitler, nor was about to discuss any peace agreement, which Hitler was furious about it and planned to start the incursion of Britain Britain was bombarded with German Luftwaffes, aiming for radar installations, Britain's airfields, factories and ports In September they began bombing London and other major cities in what the British called the Blitz Night after night, civilians took shelter in underground bomb bunkers, emerging each morning to observe the damage and clean the wreckage Eighty Canadian pilots joined hundreds of pilots from Britain's royal air force to repel the attacks and gain control of the skies over Britain and the english channel 16 Canadian pilots were kia over the skies of Britain, but over time the repossession of the skies improved, and when the battle of britain was over, allied pilots show down almost 3000 Germany aircraft while losing 900 of their own After the defeat, Hitler focused his plans to attack Soviet Union 40 000 civilians were killed during the battle of Britain, but it was a major victory for Britain and a big L for Germany In September 1940, the axis powers extended their alliance and included Japan, then in 1941, Hitler broke his non aggression pact and invaded the USSR Hitler wanted to destroy communism and seize Soviet Union's rich materials, mainly oil Within three months Germany troops captured Ukraine and occupied Leningrad, which is St Petersburg today, they were just 20 km from the capital of Moscow By December 5 1941, Germany was stopped in their tracks, with the cold winter had left the soldiers exhausted On December 6, Soviet union launched its counterattack, and in the spring of 1942, Germany suffered minor victories but major Ls For the next two years the Soviet and the german armies fought some of the most lethal battles in history, and German troops soon start to retreat 35 million to 50 million soldiers were kia all together in Russia 1943, Germany got pushed back By 1942, allies planned to retake Europe Allies launched a quick series of raids across the english channel During the incursion on Dieppe, August 19 1942, 6100 allied troops, including 5000 Canadians landed on the beaches of the french town of Dieppe, but the raid was doomed from the start By the spring of 1944, after 5 years of bloody hell, the allies were prepped to finally execute “operation overlord”, the retake of europe One million British, American and Canadian troops fought across the english channel to storm the beaches of France This was a manipulation tactic, where they convinced the Germans that the allies main target is the Pas de Calais, just 50 km from the english coast, but the real incursion took place at Normandy to the south Allies launched a preliminary bombing campaign up and down the french coast, to conceal the location of the attack Fake planes were built, landing craft and tanks around pas de calais to mislead german intelligence On midnight June 6th 1944, the incursion began, paratroopers were sent first behind enemy lines to capture and secure strategic roads and bridges, then 2000 bombers began to bombard german defenses with explosives, to prepare thousands of allied troops to storm the beaches of normandy Allied troops sailed through the dark and prepared to tear down the walls fortress Europe American troops landed at beaches code named Omaha and Utah British soldiers landed at gold and sword beaches Over 15 000 Canadians landed at Juno beach, where they combatted heavy machine gun fire as they navigated their way around landmines scattered on the beach 355 Canadian soldiers kia, and 700 were wounded By the end of the day, Canadians secured Juno beach, the only allied force to achieve its goal on the first day In Hawaii, Japan bombed the Naval headquarters Pearl Harbor Japan has committed many war crimes and tortures that were inflicted on captured soldiers on the fall of Hong Kong, where many were raped and killed, especially woman Soldiers were taken to internment camps and died to diesease, sexual abuse, execution or shot to death by the Japanese In December 1941, Canada declared war on Japan On December 25, 1941, the Japanese forced the surrender of the British garrison at Hong Kong, including two battalions of Canadians Fears of a Japanese invasion spread along the pacific coast The Canadian raid on the French coastal town of Dieppe was a catastrophe (August 1942) In America, a air raid is made against naval headquarters in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, with 360 japanese fighter planes using blitzkrieg, and 2500 Americans were killed, and 1200 injured Scorched earth strategy is to destroy path and infrastructure when retreating The 1942 Battle Of Dieppe: Dieppe, was a huge masacre, with the Canadian raid on the french coastal town of Dieppe This was the bloodiest battle Canada has ever fought Hundreds of canadian corpse were scattered everywhere on the beach of dieppe 2000 were captured and were sent to pow camps or jail D-Day: Canada was a full partner in the success of the allied landings in Normandy, and this was well known as d-day Canadians played a prominent role in the Normandy Campaign, a deadly battle of attrition Canada’s 3rd division infantry were responsible for landing at Juno beach The landing was a success and within a month, allied troops were pushing the German armies out of France By 1944, Paris was liberated Lk Liberation of Holland: Canadians were charged with liberating the Netherlands whose people had suffered through harsh conditions under Nazi power Upon the entry into the towns, the orange colours of the Dutch replaced the long standing Nazi flags Citizens were so grateful to the Canadian soldiers, and to this day the Dutch pursues to honour the soldiers who freed them Citizens were starved to death by the Nazis, and were saved from the Canadians, and showed great gratitude to the Canadians, freeing their souls from a living hell Wartime Prices and Trade Board (WPTB) made sure everyone got what they needed Women's role: Rosie the Riveter was a fictional heroine for the woman in the factories to emulate. In Canada, veronica Foster - Ronnie the Bren Gun girl, was the model for Canadian woman Women were recruited into the armed forces, and by 1945, almost 50 000 women had enlisted Canadian women's army corps Women in the army were taught how to fight fire, comb their hair, and get the job done as a military personnel, so they were maintained as a soldier and a regular women Lieutenant Woman were payed the same way men were payed Japanese Canadian Internment Under the war measures act, the government interned german, italian and Japanese Canadians More than 20 000 japanese Canadians living in B.C were relocated to camps in the interior of Canada and had their property confiscated by the government and auctioned off to pay for the camps Canadians considered dangerous were placed under armed guard in a camp near lake superior Families were sent to farms in the interior of Canada where they lived in cramped quarters and were created as a threat to Canada's security Most were second or third generation Canadians, but they were perceived as enemies of the country and foreign nationals On the start of ww2, nearly 23000 people of Japanese descent lived in Canada, mainly in British Columbia December 7, 1941, The Japs destroy the american pacific fleet moored at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attack Hong Kong, and 2000 Canadian soldiers were sent to defend it On December 1941, the Japanese forced the surrender of the British garrison at Hong Kong, including two battalions of Canadians Fears of a Japanese invasion spread along the pacific coast Japs had always faced racism in British Columbia 1941, some people in B.C, including municipal government offices, local newspapers and businesses called for the internment or imprisonment of Japanese Most Japanese Canadians worked in the fishing industry Fear that the Japanese Canadian fishers were charting the coastline for the Japanese navy As a result, 1200 Japanese fishing boats were confiscated to the government of Canada A war measures act was set on February 24 1942, forcing Japanese into protective areas, or internment camps “for their own safety” All property that could not be carried would be taken into protective custody. These items effectively became the property of Japanese internment The camps were not surrounded with barbed wire, but living conditions were primitive and crowded with no electricity or water Japanese canadians were denied of their basic rights, issued special clothing, stripped of their personal belongings, and manual labor Afer ww2, Canada ordered all Japanese to be deported to Japan The supreme court of Canada supported the law, although soe Judges ruled women and children were not threats to national security 1947, the deportation order was taken down In total, 3964 Japanese and Japanese Canadians were deportedp Japanese canadians who remained in Canada were not allowed to resettle in British Columbia, Rather they were ordered to disperse eastward Their homes and property was not returned, these items had been sold long ago The Japanese did not receive compensation for the sale of their properties September 22, 1988, Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney offered a formal apology from Canada to the interness, and sent all surviving internees 21 000 dollars, and the reinstatement of Canadian citizenship to those who were deported to Japan Victory In Europe, And Victory In Japan? Mussolini was killed on April 17th Hitler takes his own life on April 30th Germany surrendered on May 7th President Roosevelt died in office, making then vice president Harry S Truman the new president J Robert Oppenheimer leads the los alamos laboratory, in the manhattan project, to develop a weapon that mankind can use to destroy themselves, the nuclear bomb Two nuclear bombs are heading to two different cities in Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Little boy is dropped on Hiroshima on August 6th 1945, and fat man is dropped on Nagasaki August 9th 140 000 people died in Hiroshima, and 80 000 in Nagasaki Some died from the core of the explosion, others suffered debris flying everywhere, and acute radiation syndrome, or radiation sickness Japan surrenders on August 15, 1945, marking victory in Japan (V-J day) The dropping of the bomb brought more rapid end to the war, saved lives of American soldiers and Japanese civilians, and the Japanese were given enough time to consider surrendering To counter, the Japanese government was already on the verge of surrender, targeted civilian populations, and Truman was too eager to end the war (showing off to Stalin?) Unit 4: The Cold War Canada and communist: Allied nations wanted an organization which had the power to intervene and settle disputes before escalated to war 51 countries signed a chart agreeing to ensure collective security by working to avoid war To encourage cooperation among countries To defend human rights To improve living conditions for people around the world Creation of the universal declaration of human rights which was drafted by Canadian John Humphrey Establishment of the international refugee organization to take over military bases and POW camps to turn them into refugee shelters Guaranteed people the right to seek asylum from persecution Canada dropped some of its discriminatory immigration policies Canada accepts thousands of refugees from all countries around the world Canada led the eventual creation of United Nations Emergency Force to maintain peace In post war Europe, countries governments are being reorganized, turning from democratic to communism The term cold war was used to describe the relationship between the US and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991 Each side fought for their respective beliefs through indirect means, rather than directly with each other After the war, many people immigrated into Canada, including survivors of the Holocaust In the post war period, about 45 000 people came through Pier 21 each year Immigrants were greeted from local church volunteers and their cultural organizations who spoke their language Nearly 45 000 british and european women left behind their lives to join a soldier as he returned to Canada following the war, War brides were women who came from Europe and married a Canadian man They were offered free essentials The birth rate exponentially grew in size, leading to the baby boom All Canadians were considered to be British citizens, that created a significant conflict in the post war world when war refugees fled Europe for a new home in Canada Prime Minister Louis St Laurent proposed a solution in order to address the citizenship issue of those who were not Canadian born, nor of British ancestry, and in 1947 he established the Citizenship act, and citizens finally became Canadian Citizens After the war, Canada's growing population and wealth made the Canadians market more attractive to U.S companies More manufacturers of consumer products set p branches as did retail and financial firms The goods and services offered by the U.s firms could have been provided by Canadian owned enterprises, but American companies had more capital, more experience and greater connections. Canadian owned firms inevitable could not complete against American branch plants After the war, the Canadian government needed to increase its infrastructure to improve its infrastructure so that it would support its business. The St Lawrence seaway was built to create a link between the great lakes through a system of locks which allowed larger ships access to the atlantic ocean The bill of rights was intended to protect human rights and create a more inclusive Canada. It guaranteed Canadians the right to be free from discrimination by reason of race, national origin, colour, religion or sex Prime minister John Diefenbaker experienced racism and discrimination growing up When he entered politics, he made it his goal to improve the condition of all Canadians, not just those of British descent The Pierre Trudeau's Charter of rights and freedoms supersedes it as it applies to both provincial and federal laws In 1960, Indigenous peoples across Canada got access to vote By the 1940s Canadians were becoming concerned by the growing influence of American culture in Canada The federal government established the Royal commission on national development in the arts, letters and Sciences (or the massey commission), led by Vincent massey In 1951 the commission reported that US cultural influence was a threat to Canada's cultural identity. The massey commission was to maintain establishment of the National library, govern broadcasting and television policies and continued control of the broadcasting system, and increased federal funding of Canadian arts, humanities and sciences The baby boomers begin to come of age in the 50s and the 60s. They stay in school longer and get jobs Record albums and record players were sold in local record stores, for only a few cents, and these type of products was popular among teenagers During the Suez Canal crisis in 1956, Canadian soldiers wore the Canadian red ensign flag on their shoulders, having the union Jack in its corner, which confused the Egyptians who were at odds with the British government This pushed Lester Pearson, when he was elected Prime minister, to propose the adoption of a truly Canadian flag, one that was distinct from the British Union Jack The red maple leaf was raised on February 15 1965, and some people weren’t happy about it Canada's centennial, on 1967, was Canada's 100th birthday, with so a centennial train travelled across Canada and carried displays of history and culture Communities across Canada created centennial projects, where some communities build memorials, skating rinks or libraries Centennial community center in Markham honored centennial 67 Expo 67 was the highlight of Canada's centennial celebrations, where nations that participated built their own pavilions or combined with other nations to create regional pavilions About 60 countries participated and with the creation of a new subway system in Montreal, the excess dirt was used to create two new islands in the St Lawrence River that would host the event The official Expo 67 song “Un jour, un jour: Hey friend say friend” Some people hated the choice of music and demanded it be replaced Post world war: The U.s, and its allies including Canada and Western Europe establish NATO, believed in democracy, capitalist, and in economic societies The Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe, known as the East, believed in communism, and a controlled economy. WARSAW pact governs communism Arms race began for nuclear weapons, and the deterrence argument starts into action Igor Gouzenko defected to Canada, and offered secret documents in exchange for residency and protection, where 18 people were convicted later The Cold War: Canada was part of the UN coalition forces which supported the defence of South Korea The United states feared of a domino effect, where South Korea would fall into communism, and so other countries would too With the fear of soviets potentially attacking the United States, the D.E.W line was established to warn the allies about a soviet attack inbound 63 radar stations known as the D.E.W (distant early warning) were funded primarily by the United States, were built along the 69th parallel of latitude 42 of those stations were located in Canada's Arctic NATO was established to protect democracy from communist Norad was established to better facilitate command over Canadian and American air forces, where it was to protect the airspace over North america in both Countries Norad also monitored Soviet and communist activities, but changed its focus toward aerospace warning The airplane, Avro Arrow, was a cancelled interceptor considered to be the most advanced aircraft of all time, and was later cancelled in case the soviets get their hands on the plane The Suez canal was nationalized by the president of Egypt, Nasser, and would cause Britain, France and Israel to form an alliance in order to secure the canal and overthrow Nasser The UNEF, was established to cause a stop to the Suez crisis, so the peacekeeping force, consisting of mostly Canadian soldiers would be sent to the Suez region Lester B Perason earns a nobel prize for inventing the UNEF During the vietnam war, Canada made 2.5 billion dollars for selling military supplies for the US When many American men were drafted in the army, they would flee to Canada to evade the draft, calling them draft dodgers During the vietnam war, thousands of people fled to overcrowded boats, and were called boat people A ship called the Hai Hong sailed from Vietnam to Indonesia, with 2500 passengers on board and was blown off course and damaged in a typhoon. When it attempted to land, it was unauthorized to dock The Hai Song then abandoned its passengers on the ocean Unit 5: The French Revolution The Quiet Revolution: From 1944 to 1959, Maurice Duplessis leaded quebec, and was premier of the Union Nationale The Quiet Revolution was a time where quebec changed greatly to suit the modern lifestyle of the rest of the provinces After Duplessis’s death, Quebec changed many of policies Jean Lesage, a liberal leader, was the premier after Duplessis Jean Lesage defeated the Union Nationale, promised to end corruption and patronage, and caused the beginning of the quiet revolution Maitre chez nous, basically meaning In charge of our own destiny Restricted role of Catholic Church Hospital insurance plans were established by the Union Nationale He created a ministry of education (took away from church) The union nationale created its own pension plan The Union Nationale took over smaller companies and created Hydro Quebec A new sense of Quebec nationalism (playwrights, musicians, film) was established Wanted a more assertive Quebec within Canada The Quiet Revolution caused a decline in the influence of Catholic church, modernized and access schooling, the government controlled medical services, protected workers and unions, women became legally equal to man, voting age moved to 18, made the pension plan for Quebeckers, and created a standardized hydro program The federalist were Pierre Trudeau, the Nationalist were Jean Lesage, and the Separatist were Rene Levesque The militants were the FLQ Rene Levesque thought Quebec needs to be separate from Canada Separatism became more popular Some wanted to separate through peaceful means, while others wanted quicker action, terrorist Jean Lesage was responsible for the Quiet Revolution Rene Levesque was a member of the Liberal Party of Quebec under John Lesage, but struck out on his own and formed the Parti Quebecois (a separatist) Pierre Trudeau was a leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 70s and 80s, becomes prime minister and promotes federalism when dealing with Quebec Some recommendations were made, where english and french should be official languages, Canadians should learn both official languages, french should become official language of business in Quebec, French communities outside of Quebec should be protected, and Quebeckers should feel that all of Canada is their home The Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) committed 200 violent acts that killed several people, were bombs were placed in, Mailboxes in Montreal, mostly in affluent english districts, the montreal stock exchange, and the McGill University October 5 1970, FLQ kidnapped James Cross Flq wanted the release of 23 people imprisoned for terrorist activities Government did not comply October 10, they kidnapped Pierre Laporte On October 16, 1970 Truduea invoke the WMA Gave government extraordinary powers Arrest could be done without a warrant Raids occurred across the province 465 people were arrested Pierre Laporte's body was found on October 17 Support for the FLQ vanished James Cross was found safe on December 4rth, 1970, and 4 men were charged with Laporte's murder The decision to invoke the war measures act was controversial It was the first time to be used in peacetime The October Crisis, set the stage for a new era of negotiations over French language and sovereignty in Canada In 1969, a year after Trudeau became Prime Minister, the Official Languages Act was passed by Parliament It declared Canada to be officially a bilingual nation The official languages act caused tremendous controversy throughout Canada Many people were convinced that they were being forced to learn another language against their will In 1974, Bourassa passed bill 22 in Quebec, which made French the only official language of Quebec, where some questioned the official languages act on this basis Rene Levesque is now Premier of Quebec in 1977, and passed bill 101, the charter of the french language, strengthened bill 22 by adding more regulations Purpose was to ensure not just the survival of the french language but the prominence of French over English in QuebecFrench was made the official language of business, government and the courts Store signs, billboards and public notices were to be exclusively in French All children must attend French schools except those whose families were born in Quebec having english as their first language Immigrants had to send their children to french schools, publicly funded ones The parti Quebecois introduced bill 101, the language of business, and government courts was FRENCH The parti Quebecois gained popularity during the 1970s, under Rene Levesque The goal was to make a peaceful, democratic transition to an independent Quebec Many Quebecois were uneasy about economic separation Levesque believed that Quebec could forge a new partnership with Canada Maintain major economic institutions (banking, free trade) But make its own laws, charge its own taxes, and have its own immigration policies Levesque becomes premier in 1976 Levesque had promised a Referendum on the issue of sovereignty Association In May 1980, Quebeckers took to the polls to vote for sovereignty association 60 percent said NON, and 40 percent said oui, and for now the Canadian Unity was safe Pierre Trudeau wanted to patriate the constitution, bring it home We could now amend it Identify the powers of the different levels of governments clearly Keep a promise of a new relationship with Quebec (Referendum 1980) Provinces thought that including a Charter of Rights and Freedoms into Constitution would infringe on provincial powers Provinces could not agree on amending formula In November 1981, agreement by 9 of 10 premiers Quebec (Levesque) did not agree and refused to sign the Constitution On April 17, 1982, the Queen officially signed it on Parliament hill, and Canada complete political independence from Britain In 1986, the Meech Lake accord is held, and made changes to the constitution to satisfy Quebec, and other provinces The Meech Lake Accord was an attempt by Brian Mulroney to bring Quebec into the Constitution In 1984, Brian Mulroney campaigned to become next PM, and promised to fix Constitution so Quebec would sign it In 1987, PM Mulroney held a conference with premiers at Meech Lake Quebec to come up with several changes to the constitution The Meech Lake Accord said that Quebec would be recognized as a distinct society, it would change the amending formula to allow provincial vetoes (allow quebec to say no), more provincial control immigration, and more input in appointment of senators and Supreme Court judges Critics argued it would give too much power to provinces Many did not like the distinct society clauses for Quebec, including Trudeau (said it was against Charter of Rights) Indigenous people objected, accord failed to address the issue of Indigenous peoples Provinces could not agree and the Accord failed In 1991-1992, Mulroney tried to make changes to Constitution to encourage Quebec to sign He proposed changes included Quebec being recognized as a distinct society and guaranteed at least 25 percent representation in House of Commons A Nationwide referendum, every Canadian voted on Charlottetown Canadians rejected the Accord In 1995, a new premier is in town, Jacques Parizeau Once again, Quebeckers take to polls to decide if they want to separate from Canada, 50.58 percent people said no, and 49.42 percent said no The clarity act, wording of future referendum questions must go through federal government Jean Chretien, brought in the clarity act Unit 6: The French/English Relations Pierre Elliot Trudeau: Elected in 1968 Said he wanted a “just society” All Canadians would have equal opportunities bilingualism/multiculturalism Opened doors to immigrants Read page 246-247 and answer questions 1 and 2 The royal commission on the status of women created more equality for women, providing daycare services for women who work outside home The RCOTSOW prohibited discrimination on basis of gender and marital status Unemployment benefits to working women on maternity leave Wages based on skills and responsibilities, not on gender The social safety net created the pension plan, equal rights, public health care, banned capital punishment, added minimum wages and labour laws, and established unemployment insurance On February 15, 1965, Canada gets a new Canadian flag, that shows strong autonomy On 1967, Canada becomes 100m and holds Expo 67 in Montreal, where 90 countries participated, included shows and exhibits, as well as world leaders and the Queen came to visit Charles de Gaulle, the French president, created controversy with a speech that declared “Vive le Montreal!” “Vive le Quebec” “Vive le Quebec libre!” He’s now considered the ops for promoting the FLQs slogan Pierre Trudeau dissed the french president by reminding him that he set France free from Nazi control The french president echoed the separatist slogan, which interfered in Canada's affairs, and Pearson refused to meet him On 1969, the Official languages act was set, and made Canada officially bilingual Services at the federal level must be available in French and English, and improve teaching of French language In 1972, the Russia-Canada hockey series comes to place, with a bitter rivalry, and Paul Henderson, a Canadian player, scored with just 34 seconds to go, giving Canada the win On 1976, the Montreal olympics were held, held in the french city, Montreal Unit 7: Canada-American Relations After WW2, Canada and the U.S developed a closer economic and political relationship Canadians were paying 30 percent than Americans for the same car In 1965, the Auto Pact eliminated tariffs in the auto industry, which started the beginning of free trade It later leaded to the North American Free Trade Agreement Read pages 316-326, answer what is nafta, what are some of the benefits, answer question 2 on page 317, who was the prime minister at the time, and the president? Apartheid in South Africa was a problem, where black and white south Africans could not live in the same neighbourhoods, attend same schools or swim at the same beaches Interracial marriage was forbidden, and the white population was wealthy and controlled government The black population had no power and experienced very high poverty rates The African National Congress fought apartheid Mandela was jailed The UN imposed an arms trade embargo Mulroney pushed for other sanctions by 1984 Canada led the way, even though this was at odds with policy in the US and Great Britain We won international respect By the end of the 80s, Britain and US agreed to sanctions - economic pressure In 1990, Mandela was released after spending 27 years in prison In 1991, the apartheid laws were repealed Canada's technology grew, and Canada then apologized to Japanese Canadians for the Japanese internment camps during ww2, and they apologized for the sanctioning of the residential schools NAFTA And Free Trades: After the Shamrock Summit, president Ronald Reegan and prime minister Brian Mulroney attended shamrock summit, an event in Quebec to talk about politics and upgrading systems, such as anti air defence systems, and surface to air ballistic missile defences Talked about removing tariffs, on all exports There were some problems with free trading, where Canada and America were competing with each other With Canadian salmon being born in Canadian seas, and migrating to the U.S border, problems began With the salmon problem salmon populations plummeted Later on a major event breaked down in the coast of British Columbia, where a U.S ferry was in the coast, so Canadian fishers blockaded the ferry The U.S relied Canada to be their softwood lumber supplier When the U.S imposed duties of 27 percent on Canadian softwood lumber, American producers could sell their domestic softwood more than the Canadian price Stumpage fees are paid by forestry companies to Canadian governments for the right to harvest wood The aftermath of the softwood lumber problem led to the creation of the Softwood Lumber Agreement The agreement stated that the U.S would agree to return 80 percent of the over 5 billion dollars they collected, the US agreed not to launch any new trade actions, Canadian sourced lumber would stay at or below its current 34 percent share of the US softwood market NATO: Nato was made to dprotect protected countries from communism Dealt with holocaust victims Dealt with destroyed homelands Truman Doctrine contained communism in Europe The Canadian Article, made by Lester Pearson, said that by keeping countries in poverty and avoid supporting In 1991, the Soviet Union disbanded Answer thesis in the introduction, prove the thesis in your three paragraphs. Each paragraph will contain one event that's either social, political and economical, and it must have been significant in Canadian history. You must connect two events to each other and how both of them can make a difference in Canadian society Canada's contribution to the war and Canada's contribution to peace goes well in a paragraph (political paragraph) Social paragraphs can be such as from Residential schools to the change of the constitution Economic paragraphs such as From the Massey report to the arts and culture, 1976 olympics