History Notes - Shanuja A. - World War 1 PDF

History Exam Review/Preparation Unit 1 - World War 1 How did the Canadian government contribute to WW1? -​ They authorized the Canadian Military force and the Canadian Divisions -​ Sent men to fight battles, like the Battle of Somme -​ Captured Vimy Ridge How many casualties did Canada suff...

History Exam Review/Preparation Unit 1 - World War 1 How did the Canadian government contribute to WW1? -​ They authorized the Canadian Military force and the Canadian Divisions -​ Sent men to fight battles, like the Battle of Somme -​ Captured Vimy Ridge How many casualties did Canada suffer during the war? -​ The First Canadian Division suffered more than 6000 casualties. -​ In the Battle of Mount Sorrel, Canada suffered 8000 casualties. -​ In the Battle of The Somme, Canada suffered 24,029 casualties. -​ The capture of Vimy Ridge led to 10, 602 casualties. -​ In the Battle of Passchendaele, Canada suffered 15, 654 casualties. -​ In the Battle of Amiens, Canada suffered 9,074 casualties. Russia had the highest number of casualties in WW1 In summary… -​ 650,000 Canadians served in the war -​ More than 200,000 had casualties -​ 172,000 were wounded -​ 66,000 were killed In the world. more than 11 million people were dead Start of WW1 - July, 28, 1914 End of WW1 - November 11, 1918 Prime Minister at the time - Sir Robert Bordon Triple Entente ( Allied Powers) Triple Alliance (Central Powers) 1.​ France 2.​ Russia 3.​ United Kingdom 1.​ Germany 4.​ Italy (joined in 1915) 2.​ Austria-Hungary 5.​ United States (joined in 1917) 3.​ Italy 6.​ Japan 4.​ Ottoman Empire 7.​ Belgium 5.​ Bulgaria  8.​ Serbia 9.​ Greece 10.​Romania 11.​Portugal The British Empire had one of the largest Empires Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Switzerland were neutral and did not take part in WW1. Italy was a part of the Triple Alliance in 1914-1915, but then called war on Austria Hungary, and switched sides. Italy wanted a part of Austria and the Ottoman Empire. Causes of WW1 Britain and France dominating the world -​ They dominated Asia and Africa and colonized by force. -​ They made money from importing raw resources and wealth from Asia and Africa -​ Germany, as a newly industrialized country, challenged the domination of Britain and France -​ Britain and France did not give up their colonies peacefully, which broke out in a war. Assiassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinard and his wife Sophie. -​ Triggered the war to start -​ Was carried out by the Serbian Nationalist Black Hand Organization -​ The Archduke was murdered because he was seen as a threat to Serbia’s Independence. -​ 23 year old Gavrillo Princip murdered 50 year old Archduke. -​ Austro-Hungarian government declared war on Serbia, 1 month after the assassination Imperialism -​ When Britain and France expanded their empires, the European countries felt compulsion and wanted to control the colonies. Nationalism -​ Created competition, and made nations to want their own power and independence Militarism -​ Created tensions as countries would compete to build the biggest army, which created rivalry. The support earned from Russia to Serbia -​ Both shared Slavic peoples, and the East Orthodox Christian Traditions -​ They formed a friendship, even though they were part of different alliances. What are the 5 main causes that led to the war? -​ Militarism -​ Alliances -​ Imperialism -​ Nationalism -​ The assassination Battles of WW1 Battle of Somme. -​ British and French against Germans -​ July 1 - November 18 1916 -​ At Somme -​ British and French won Battle of the Somme (July 1 - November 18, 1916) ​ Significance: ○​ One of the bloodiest battles in history, with over one million casualties. ○​ Marked the first use of tanks in warfare by the British. ○​ Highlighted the horrors of trench warfare and high human costs for minimal land gains. ​ Impact: ○​ Despite the heavy losses, it wore down German forces and relieved pressure on the French at Verdun. ○​ Showed the importance of coordinated offensives among allies (British and French). Canada fought in several battles including: Second Ypres. -​ Germans against Allied Armies including Canada -​ April 22 - May 25 1915 -​ Allied forces won -​ At Belgium Second Battle of Ypres (April 22 - May 25, 1915) ​ Significance: ○​ The first large-scale use of poison gas (chlorine) by the Germans.  ○​ Canadian troops held their ground despite being outnumbered and inexperienced, earning international respect. ​ Impact: ○​ Showcased Canada's bravery and marked the first time Canadian forces fought together in a major European battle. ○​ Demonstrated the horrors and evolving tactics of modern chemical warfare. Vimy Ridge. -​ Canada against German -​ 9-12 April 1917 -​ Canadains won -​ At France and Vimy -​ Deaths of thousands on Canadian men -​ Lots of planning which brought them to success -​ Meant the Canada can win a battle without British command The Battle of Passchendaele -​ allied powers against Germany -​ July 31-November 6, 1917 -​ At Belgium -​ The Canaidans won -​ Thousands men died -​ Enemy took back the land that had been won Battle of Passchendaele (July 31 - November 6, 1917) ​ Significance: ○​ Fought in atrocious conditions, with soldiers enduring thick mud and constant rain. ○​ Canadian troops played a crucial role in capturing the Passchendaele Ridge despite high casualties. ​ Impact: ○​ Symbolized the futility of some First World War battles, as the territory gained was later retaken by Germans. ○​ Reinforced Canada’s reputation for perseverance and effectiveness, even under dire conditions. Factors of WW1 The space between the two sides' front lines was called "no man's land." Manitoba was the first province to give women the right to vote in 1916 Britain and France, as imperialist countries, had the most colonies WW1 turned into a trench war, mainly as no side could win a quick victory. Weapons used to stab enemies consists of: -​ Trench Knife -​ Light and Heavy artillery - Old -​ Mortars -​ Lethal poison gas - New -​ Rifles - Old -​ Machine guns - New -​ Bayonets -​ Flamethrowers -​ Clubs -​ Hand grenades -​ Aircrafts - New -​ Submarines - New -​ Tanks -​ During a gas attack, if you did not have a gas mask, what would you have to do to survive? During a gas attack, if you did not have a gas mask, they would cover their mouths and noses with rags drenched in urine or water, and they also wore "respirators" constructed of tape and lint. This strategy wont work for every gas as urine is a great preventer because ascorbic acid is needed to neutralize the chemical in chlorine gas. But, certain gases are so dangerous that even a cloth drenched in urine won't be able to stop them from getting into your lungs. -​ What were some of the things that women did during World War I? Before WWI, women primarily worked as nurses and teachers. However, when the war began, there was a high demand for industrial production, leading many women to take low-skill, low-paying jobs in food and clothing industries. They also worked on fishing boats, farms, and filled artillery shells, earning about 50% of men’s wages. Due to their significant contributions during the war, women earned the right to vote and gained greater recognition for their work. Their status in Canadian society improved, allowing them to take on jobs traditionally held by men. Overall, while WWI had major impacts on the world, it also opened doors for women, making it easier for them to enter the workforce. -​ This battle, while still involving the deaths of thousands of Canadian men, was a success (because of all the planning that took place). The battle of Vimy Ridge, while still involving the deaths of thousands of Canadian men, was a success (because of all the planning that took place). -​ Which Empire broke up at the end of World War I. The Austro-Hungarian Empire broke up at the end of World War I and it led to the creation of nations like Finland and Latvia. This significantly reshaped the political landscape of Europe. -​ This country was on the side of the Triple Alliance for only one year. Italy was on the side of the Triple Alliance for only one year. -​ Who were the members of the Triple Alliance in 1914? Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy were the members of the Triple Alliance in 1914. -​ Which tax was supposed to be temporary? Income tax was supposed to be temporary, Corporate tax and business profits tax were created. -​ Who was Canada’s top air ace? Billy Bishop was Canada’s top air ace. -​ What was the name of Germany’s top air ace? Manfred von Richthofen was Germany’s top air ace. -​ Who were assassinated in Sarajevo, setting off World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg -​ What is Imperialism? Imperialism is when one country takes control of another country or region to gain power, resources, or influence. -​ Which country had one of the largest Empires? British Empire -​ What gas would kill you 48 hours after exposure? Chlorine gas could kill you 48 hours after exposure, hydrogen sulfide or phosgene could also kill after the same exposure. -​ What were two other kinds of gas used during World War I? Mustard Gas and Chlorine were also used during World War I -​ The Sarajevo assassination was carried out by which group? Serbian nationalist Black Hand Organization. -​ Why did they want to murder the Archduke? The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was driven by nationalist feelings for independence from Austro-Hungarian control, as many wanted to unify South Slavic peoples. -​ What was the name of the man who assassinated the Archduke Gavrilo Princip assassinated the Archduke. Gavrilo was 23 years old, and Archduke was 50 years old. -​ What British passenger ship sank, and what resulted in it? The Lusitania ship is a British passenger ship that sank. The sinking of the Lusitania during World War I increased anger against Germany, pushed Americans to support joining the war, and raised concerns about submarine warfare. The Battle of Passchendaele was a bloody, muddy battle that ended in a win for the Canadians, but thousands of men from both sides died, and after a short time, the enemy took back the land that had been won. -​ Explain why horses are a bad idea in modern warfare Horses are a bad idea in modern warfare because they are slower than vehicles, can't carry heavy weapons, and are easily harmed by modern weapons. -​ Were airplanes an asset or liability during World War I? Explain. Airplanes were an asset in World War I because they helped gather information, fought in battles, and boosted morale, even though they had some problems. -​ List all of the major European countries that were involved in World War I. France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and the Russian Empire. -​ In what year did World War I start? July 28, 1914 -​ In what year did World War I end? November 11, 1918 -​ What is Militarism? Militarism is the belief in building up a strong military and using it to defend or promote national interests. It often means focusing on military strength and preparing for war instead of other important things in society. -​ Why was a shovel important A shovel was important in World War I because soldiers used it to dig trenches for protection, build defenses, and do general tasks like moving dirt and burying the dead. -​ Even though Canada was not its own country yet, where did this symbol appear during World War I? The maple leaf symbol was on Canadian soldiers' uniforms during World War I. It helped identify them and became a symbol of pride for Canadians fighting alongside British and Allied forces. -​ What are two uses for barbed wires? Trench Defense: Barbed wire was used to create barriers in front of trenches to protect soldiers from enemy attacks. Obstacle for Enemy Troops: It made it difficult for enemy soldiers to advance, slowing them down and making them easier targets. Marking Boundaries: Barbed wire helped mark the boundaries between different countries and areas of conflict. Protecting Supply Lines: It was also used to protect supply routes and important military installations from enemy infiltration. -​ Another name for the Triple Entente is: The Allied Power -​ This man was the leader of the Austria-Hungarian Empire: Franz Joseph -​ What, in your opinion, was the most powerful weapon of WW1? In my opinion, the most powerful weapon of World War I was the machine gun. It could fire many bullets quickly, causing lots of casualties and changing how battles were fought, leading to trench warfare. -​ Do you think the war could have been avoided? It so, how? If not, why? Yes, I think World War I could have been avoided. If countries had communicated better and worked together to solve their problems instead of building up their armies and forming alliances, it might have prevented the conflict. Additionally, addressing nationalism and imperialism could have reduced tensions. However, once the war started, the situation became complicated, making it harder to stop. -​ What is Militarism? Militarism is the belief in building up a strong military and using it to defend or promote national interests. It often means focusing on military strength and preparing for war instead of other important things in society. -​ What is Nationalism? How can Nationalism contribute towards war? During World War I, nationalism caused competition between countries, fueled the desire for independence among ethnic groups, and encouraged people to support their nations in going to war, making it a significant factor in the conflict. Nationalist groups within a state can push for independence by using frequent or irregular warfare, making it hard for the government to keep control. -​ What are two (2) things that propaganda posters tried to encourage? Propaganda posters during World War I encouraged patriotism, women to join the workforce, resource conservation, unity and sacrifice among citizens, and demonizing the enemy to gain support for the war. -​ What was the Military Service Act? The Military Service Act was a law passed in Canada in 1917 that made conscription mandatory, requiring men to enlist in the military for service during World War I. -​ Why was Quebec opposed to conscription? Quebec opposed conscription because many people there felt it unfairly targeted French Canadians and did not want to fight in a war that they felt did not involve them. -​ What were Victory Bonds? Were they successful? Victory Bonds were government-issued bonds sold during World War I to help finance the war effort. They were successful in raising money and encouraging citizens to support the war by investing in their country. -​ What does “U-boat” stand for? “U-boat” stands for Unterseeboot, which is German for "undersea boat." Underwater mobility allowed U-boats to operate undetected. -​ Which Canadian province gave women the right to vote in 1916? Manitoba -​ 5 main causes that led to the war? The main causes of World War I were: militarism (countries built up their armies), alliances (nations formed treaties), imperialism (competition for colonies), nationalism (strong pride in one's country), and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which sparked the war. Propaganda in World War 1 How was it used during the war? -​ To spread specific beliefs and opinions -​ It was produced by governments to entice people to support the government -​ To purchase Victory Bonds -​ To join the army -​ And to use less gasoline. Propaganda are facts that have been distorted to alter the truth. Examples are…  -​ Posters, films, and radio programs showing minimized statistics of the Allies casualties to encourage men to fight. A specific example is.. Canada participating in the Afghanistan War -​ They used campaigns to highlight the effort to promote peace, freedom, and women’s rights. -​ Changed the public perception of the violence the war beings towards humanitarian goals The NATA-Led Libyan Intervention. When Gaddafi’s government crumbled, Canada made the role of Canadian fighter jets the spotlight. -​ Emphasized their success in their mission -​ Did not focus on the chaos and instability that Canada had caused in Libya What are specific military contributions made by Canada? -​ Vast amounts of pilots who each shot down 5 enemy aircrafts -​ More than 20,000 troops from Canada volunteered to defend their country. -​ Canada’s merchant marine performed an extremely risky task of transporting food and weapons to Britain. What are things that propaganda posters tried to encourage? -​ Encourage patriotism -​ Women to join the workforce -​ Resource conservation -​ Unity and sacrifice among citizens -​ Demonizing the enemy to gain support for the war 1.​ How was propaganda used during the war? Discuss whether it is appropriate to manipulate information for patriotic purposes during war. Find examples of government propaganda in the wars that Canada has participated in during the 21st century. During WWI, Canadians were heavily influenced by propaganda to incite patriotism and support the government. However, propaganda often distorted facts, exaggerating Allied soldiers' deaths and promoting British actions. This led to prejudice and harsh restrictions on Canadian citizens. In the 21st century, Canadian media conducted propaganda during Afghanistan. 2.​ List specific military contributions made by Canada. In 1910, Britain requested Canada to contribute to its naval forces during the war between Britain and Germany. The Naval Service Act allowed for the construction of Canadian warships, which could be handed over if war broke out. Canada's merchant marine played a crucial role in delivering supplies and food. 3.​ Explain how women contributed to the war effort, and describe how their status in Canadian society changed as a result. ​ Before 1914, middle-class women had limited outside work opportunities, often in low-skill, low-paying jobs in the food and clothing industries. During the war, increased industrial production led to a demand for labour, and women were hired for various jobs, including fishing boats and farming. Without their efforts, Canada's wartime economy would have collapsed. Post-war, employers assumed women would return to home to work, and their contributions led to their right to vote in 1916. 4.​ What contributions did Canadians on the home front make to the war effort? ​ Canada supported the war effort through high production and export of goods, including lumber, nickel, copper, and lead. Farmers produced wheat and beef for overseas troops, boosting the economy. However, most Canadian goods were exported to Europe, leading to shortages and rising prices. Workers demanded higher wages and better working conditions, a major issue post-war. 5.​ The suffragists had excellent reasons for granting women the right to vote. How do you think the war helped them win this right? Why were some women still excluded? During the war, women took on the role of family and earning money, proving their worth as they helped Canada's wartime economy survive. In 1916, Manitoban women were granted the right to vote, followed by Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and British Columbia. In 1918, women were granted the right to vote in federal elections, except for Aboriginal and immigrant women. Some women were excluded due to their non-military service or relations with servicemen. The Conscription Crisis Why did Prime Minister Bordeon believe that conscription was necessary? -​ He learned that the war needed more men to fight to win the battle at Vimy Ridge. -​ He had concern about the troops and the dropping rate of conscription number -​ He wanted to contribute to the war and introduced a Military Service Act, which made conscription compulsory. Who was opposed to conscription? -​ Quebec  -​ They didn't want to fight a battle that had no connection to them -​ When they volunteered they felt as if they were second class citizens on the home front. -​ There was little effort on the home front to keep them together -​ Not many officers spoke french Why did Borden not allow conscientious objectors of immigrants from enemy countries to vote? -​ He believed that a person who opposed war should not be recognized -​ He wanted a 100 percent chance he would win -​ He wanted to win the election for the beginning of conscription Why did he not let women vote in 1917 either? -​ Women wouldn't want their husbands and sons to leave them to fight war, without knowing they would come back. Why was conscription not good for the country? -​ People get erased of their free will -​ Conscription needs more money for equipment for the amount of men being forced to fight. This will strain the economy. -​ It will divide the nation by the anger between anglophones and francophones. Pros of sending more troops by conscription Cons of sending more troops by conscription -​ Better influence for Canada post-war -​ Heavy casualties -​ Contributing to the war effort. -​ Political risks as sending more troops -​ It can promote national unity, as the can lead to political backlash nation would work together to fight. -​ The increased enlistment could result -​ Allied support and reputation in a greater resistance -​ Morale boost -​ More troops are going to take a toll on the economy. Canada’s Impacts from the War ECONOMIC SOCIAL POLITICAL -​ Growth towards -​ Women’s -​ Government Powers, as Industries, as war Contributions, as the war led to an increase created more demand while men were in their powers as the for the production of serving overseas, government intervened in weapons and supplies. women took the labor, economy, and It also encouraged male-dominated jobs. freedom of citizens. This  urbanization. This was This is a positive was a negative change as a positive change as it change as it paved the it led the government to helped Canada's way for more rights for have control over the economy grow rapidly. women in the future. population. -​ Economic challenges, -​ Increased Labour, as -​ Nationalism, as many as the Canadian due to the economic Canadians wanted a Government borrowed hardships, it raised greater independence a vast amount of labor movements. This from Britain, this was a money in order to is a negative change positive change, as it finance the war. This is as it caused many shaped Canada where it a negative change as it violent strikes and is now. caused national debt protests. -​ Pressure for the and created inflation -​ Displacement of government, as the war and instability. Indigenous Peoples, had caused significant -​ Better Trade as the war had pressure on the Relationships, as impacted the land government to address Canada had turned into rights and treaties. the inequalities. This is a an industrialized This was a negative positive change as it country due to the change as the contributed to the change demands of product government had of Canada’s political goods. This is a ignored the stance. positive change as Indneoguns Rights Canada had a stable because of the war. economy and created strong trade lines with the United States. The Treaty of Versailles What is the Treaty of Versailles -​ Most important of the peace treaties -​ Brought WW1 to an end Canada’s contributions -​ Canada earned its own separate signature because of its immense contribution to the war. Signed on June 28, 1919 in the Palace of Versailles. But the fighting actually ended when the armistice signed on November 11, 1918 Germany did not want to agree to the terms, but later submitted because the allies threatened to keep on fighting. Germany’s economy was in ruins because of the treaty. Terms of the Versailles Treaty was (least fair - most fair) -​ Surrender navy and merchant ships - navy reduced to 6 ships -​ Leave all tanks, artillery, guns and other equipment - France/ Germany border became a demilitarized zone; Germany army reduced to 1000 soldiers; No tanks, air force, or artillery for Germany. -​ Withdraw 10 km from Rhine River -​ Compensate Allies for war damages - $30 Billion US to Britain, France, Belgium -​ Provision for the trial of the former Kaiser and other war leaders. -​ Germany was forced to accept FULL responsibility for causing the war (War Guilt Clause -​ Surrender Railways and trains to France and Belgium -​ Evacuate all territories captured during the war and overseas colonies. Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland became independent. Germany lost 12% of pre-war territory. France received Alsace-Lorraine Rascals of the 20’s After the war finished, countries were enduring bad economic conditions, and as the country was destroyed, rascals and criminals of all kinds appeared immensely in society. When the roaring 20’s occurred, with good economic stability. Dishonest people wanted to make fast money illegally. Roaring 20’s 1919 - 1929 - “jazz age”, “roaring 20’s” After the war, businesses, factories, and farmerms went back to normal. Workers used their money to buy consumer goods, and buy shares. Buying and selling of consumer goods went on for the decade. People enjoyed lives and created a number of inventions to their excitement. Manufacturers shifted focus from war supplies to selling goods. Large production of products like radios, refrigerators, and cars. Stock Market Crash of 1929 Causes ​ Over-speculation: Borrowing money to buy stocks (buying on margin). ​ Stock overvaluation: Prices higher than real value. ​ Economic issues: Overproduction, income inequality, declining agricultural prices. ​ Weak banking system: Banks took high risks, no federal regulation. Key Events ​ Black Thursday (October 24, 1929): Stock prices fell, panic selling started. ​ Black Monday (October 28, 1929): Panic intensified, prices dropped sharply. ​ Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929): Largest single-day market collapse (16 million shares traded). Immediate Impacts ​ Collapse of stock value: Billions lost. ​ Bank failures: Unpaid loans, depositor panic. ​ Rising unemployment: Business closures. Long-Term Consequences ​ Triggered the Great Depression (1930s). ​ Led to SEC creation in 1934 (regulated the stock market). The Great Depression What is the Great Depression -​ Great economic crisis during the 30’s -​ People had no jobs, no food, and struggled to afford the basic needs -​ Unexpected customer demand led to overproduction. -​ Businesses suffered, leading to worker layoffs. -​ Banks collapsed between 1929 and 1934. Causes of the Great Depression Overproduction -​ Businesses made more products than they could sell -​ People couldn't afford to purchase Supply and Demand -​ Supply means how much a product is available -​ Demand is how many people want that product Economic Dependency on Exports -​ Wheat had competition from international countries and markets. -​ Resources were overproduced and prices started to fall -​ International sales decreased Tariffs and U.S Protectionism -​ As the U.S and Canada were each others trading partners, when U.S economy crashed, Canada economy faced the consequences -​ Many countries created tariffs (a tax for exported goods, ex. U.S making Canadian wheat more expensive) which created a slowdown in world trade -​ Many stopped buying Canadian goods due to tariffs Debt from WW1 -​ The U.S leant money to many countries, and when the export trade market crashed, people couldn't afford to pay back the loan. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 -​ Stock prices fell drastically, leading to huge financial loss -​ As people wanted to sell their shares for money, other followed, which lead to a crash Effects of The Great Depression Businesses -​ Factories experienced immense price drops  -​ Companies shut down -- employees were laid off Workers -​ Countless workers left without a paycheck -​ Household financial struggles & poverty and protests. -​ Bank loans we’re quickly growing. Environment -​ A large amount of natural resources were wasted -​ Conservation was getting difficult. -​ Disposal of products added to global warming from releasing toxic gas. Facts of The Great Depression -​ 11,000 banks failed -​ $1 billion in bank deposits were lost due to bank closings -​ 300,000 companies went out of businesses How did the Great Depression End? -​ With the start of WW2 -​ The wartime economy put many people back to work and filled factories Fascism What is fascism? -​ A political movement under the conditions of a severe economic crisis marked by bankruptcies of businesses, decline in goods and services, job losses, and high prices. -​ The rise of fascism is associated with the development of industrially developed capitalist countries that seek to obtain protected sources of raw materials and a market to sell their products. Fascism arose in Europe in 1923-1945 Where did the word come from? -​ Latin word named fasces, meaning axe -​ The symbol is seen on the Nazi German Flag -​ Symbol of power and authority -​ Was called Nazism in Germany -​ Emerged from Italy in 1923 by Benito Mussolini -​ Emerged from Germany in 1933 by Adolf Hitler Promoters of Fascism  -​ Large Private corporations like Krups, Ford Motor Company, and German steel producer. -​ These corporations see their rule threatened by working people and loss of government -​ power. -​ They rally Unemployed youths, impoverished farmers, and small businesses -​ They promise a good life by means of war of conquest Characteristics of Fascism Racism, hatred of other nations -​ Fascists promote racial and national superiority -​ Hatred of other ethnic groups War of conquest -​ Fascism promotes the only way to overcome an economic crisis is to invade other countries, and out their populations to work for them. How do Fascists work? -​ Attack Verbally and Physically against communist parties, immigrants, and labor unions -​ Eliminate all opposition groups through execution, torture, and imprisonment -​ They try to run for government offices Fascism was ended in the Second World War Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) -​ He was appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933 -​ He used propaganda as a secret weapon to gain power. How did it arise in Germany? -​ From the devastation of WW1 and the Great Depression, people were in shambles after their defeat in the war -​ People struggled with Job losses, weak democracy, and inflation -​ Adolf Hitler promised them jobs, bright futures, and living spaces. -​ He created nationalistic passions and prosperity in Germany. -​ He created a country where he won power and used it in ruthless ways -​ He kept lying to citizens, promising them everything they lost -​ Later, he wanted to crush communist and jews, and sent them to concentration camps, destroying businesses, burning synagogues, and killing them. Why didn’t fascism succeed to remain in power in Germany and elsewhere in the world? -​ Hitlers suicide marked ends to fascist power -​ The public was opposed to the horrors of fascism -​ Germany’s cities were devastated by the attack from the combined Allied forces How was fascism in Germany defeated? -​ WWII -​ U.s, Britina, and the Soviet Union working together to defeat fascism in Germany -​ The world saw the brutality of Hitlor’s fascism -​ Hitler’s suicide Mussolini’s Italy Benito Mussolini turned Italy into a fascist country -​ He established the fascist party, gang of fascists, called blackshirts -​ He would force castor oil and laxatives in throats. -​ Attacked communists and socialists -​ Nation Fascist Party won 35 seats in 1921 -​ He used Totalitarian model as a blueprint to rule Italy -​ 1922, Mussolini led the March on Rome, gathered 26 000 blackshirts He was called II Duce after taking power Totalitarian State - A dictatorship where the government uses intimidation, violence, and propaganda to rule all aspects of its citizens. Nazi Germany After WW1, Germany was in shambles due to their loss and the Treaty of Versailles. The Weimar Republic was set up, but failed to please citizens. How did Adolf Hitler Start to turn Germany into a fascist country? -​ 1920, Adolf Hitler joined the Nazis -​ 1921, He became the leader of the party -​ Hitler persuaded the country that he can save them from the distraught of WW1 -​ 1932, The Nazis became the largest party in the Reichstag -​ 1933, He became chancellor He was called Fiihrer “leader” How did he take control? -​ He ruled by intimidation and fear -​ He banned all political parties except for the Nazis -​ Used Gestapo, a secret police -​ He defined the Treaty of Versailles, so that he didn’t have to repay Stalin Soviet Union -​ 1917, Communists took over -​ 1924, Joseph Stalin became leader -​ 1928, He gained full control and started a 5-year plan to industrialize the country and give the government control of the economy -​ The 1st step was to seize all private land -​ The 2nd step was to create industry projects -​ 1930, he eliminated anyone who opposed communism of his power -​ Many died of starvation or exhaustion in labor camps The “Master Race” The Nazi Party believed that Germans were a master race of Aryans. Non Aryans included… -​ Jews -​ Roma (Gypsies) -​ Slavs -​ Homosexuals -​ People with disabilities -​ Communists What did Hitler and the Nazi Party do to Non Aryans? -​ They were banned from teaching, attending school, holding government offices, and writing books. -​ They set us concentration camps to isolate these people from Germany What are the Nuremberg Laws? -​ The laws forced Jews to wear the Star of David at all times -​ Banned marriages between Jewish and Aryans -​ It was illegal to be lawyers or doctors -​ They encouraged violence against Jewish November 9, 1938 - “Kristallnacht” or “Crystal Night” -​ Nazi mobs attacked Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues -​ Jewish were terrorized, beaten, and imprisoned for no reason It was called the Crystal Night because sidewalks were covered with glass More laws passed making it illegal for Jewish to own businesses and travel. Fascism of Spain Lead by General Francisco Franco What did Franco do? -​ He lead fascist rebels, called Nationalists -​ 1936, He tried to overthrow socialist the government, which lead to a brutal civil war that lasted 3 years What happened in the Spanish Civil War? -​ Countries went to spain to join the fight against fascism and Franco -​ 1200 Canadian volunteers called the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion. -​ Franco has support from Hitler, and won the war Franco became ruler in 1935 -​ Ruled by intimidation and violence -​ Imprisoned people in concentration camps, forced labor, and some were executed Franco ruled spain until he died in 1975 Militarism in Japan Japan became a totalitarian state in the 1930’s. But Japan was different from fascist states in Europe. How was Japan different? -​ Japan had a government loyal to a single leader, the emperor -​ The country’s parliament, called Diet, had little power as the government ministers answered to the emperor. -​ The power was also rested with the military and large family-run corporations. How was Japan similar? -​ Fascism was influenced by European countries, Japan had the Kempeitai, which was similar to the Gestapo police force. (both enforced radical impulses and crimes) Militarism had control over Japan in the 1930’s and began seizing and conquering countries Attack 1937 - Nanjing, China (city) -​ Japanese soldiers killed 30 000 people  -​ Looted excessively Axis Powers (The Opposing Side) 1.​ Germany (led by Adolf Hitler) 2.​ Italy (initially led by Benito Mussolini, until 1943 when Italy switched sides) 3.​ Japan (led by Emperor Hirohito and military leaders) Allied Powers (The Defending Side) 1.​ United States (entered the war in 1941 after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor) 2.​ Soviet Union (entered after Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941) 3.​ United Kingdom (led by Winston Churchill) 4.​ China (fighting Japan in Asia) 5.​ France (until it was defeated by Germany in 1940, but Free France forces continued to fight) 6.​ Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India (Dominions of the British Empire that joined the war) 7.​ Many other countries including Poland, Norway, Belgium, Greece, Yugoslavia, the Netherlands, and more. Neutral Countries (While Most Stayed Out of the Fighting) Some countries were officially neutral during World War II, such as: ​ Switzerland ​ Sweden ​ Spain (while neutral, Spain supported the Axis with volunteers, especially in the conflict against the Soviet Union). Causes of WWII Leaders of European states wanted to expand their territory and resources. Especially Italy and Germany, as they felt cheated by treaties of WW1. Japan wanted to access more resources to support its industries. Hitler’s Imperialistic Ambitions -​ His plan was to unite the Master Race and take back territories Appeasing Hitler -​ 1936, Hitler ordered troops into Rhineland, which was the property of French Protection due to the Treaty of Versailles -​ 1938, Germany took over Austria -​ France and Britain chose not to act to maintain peace. Sudetenland - Czechoslovakia’s Territory -​ Hitler threatened to take over the territory -​ British and French leaders tried to negotiate with him in Munich -​ In exchange for Sudetenland, Hitler promised not to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia What is the Policy of Appeasement? -​ An agreement made by the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain -​ Secures the peace of time In March 1939, 6 months later, Hitler broke his promise and invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia The Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact -​ Hitler planned to unite East Prussia with the rest of Germany -​ East Prussia was redrawn at the Paris Peace Conference But Hitler had a problem ; if Germany invaded Poland, the Soviet Union would see them as a threat. August 1929 - Hitler signed the non-aggression pact, where the Soviet Union and Germany pledged not to fight each other if they went to war. They also decided to divide Poland between them. Suprising because Nazi’s (Germany) hated Communists (Soviet Union). This solved Hitler’s problem. September 1, 1939 - Germany invaded Poland. The British and France responded immediately, when Hitler ignored their request to stop the invasion. Britain and France declared war. Failure of the League of Nations The league of nations was supposed to maintain world peace. They failed as the military could not enforce decisions This caused 2 conflicts that paved the way to war. Japan Invades Manchuria -​ 1931, To expand territory and power, Japan invaded Manchuria  -​ 1937, Japan expanded its invasion of China, and the 2 countries were at war. Italy Invades Abyssinia -​ To expand territory and power, Italy attacked Abyssinia (ethiopia) in 1935 -​ As Abyssinia was an independent country and never been colonized, they fought hard and had support from the World What did the league of nations do? -​ Immediately voted to impose trade from Italy, but it didn’t work as oil was a crucial import for Italy -​ They hoped for Italy’s support if there was war with Germany Canada’s Response to the Threat of War “Why should we be at risk with a war that does not directly affect us”. Canada’s Policy of Isolationism Isolationism - The policy of remaining apart from the affairs of other countries. Prime Minister Willian Lyon Mackenzie King did not want to be involved. He stayed neutral when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935. If King imposed conscription he would lose support in Quebec. What was Canada’s response to the Jewish Refugees? -​ King maintained Isolationist Policy -​ Canadains believed that what was happening in Germany, should not affect them -​ Canada’s Immigration Politics and the Jewish Refugees Fleeing were not encouraged. Canada Declares War In 1939, Canada had freedom to govern itself, so the decision to join the war was decided by Canada’s parliament. On September 8, there was a special meeting to decide whether Canada should join the war. In favor of the war -​ King -​ Ernet Lapointe from Quebec Not in favor of the war -​ J.S Woodsworth, leader of Co-operative Commonwealth Federation September 10, 1939, Canada declared war on Germany. September 1939, More than 58 000 people volunteered. The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan was a major contribution to the war effort. Axis Advances The war was declared in September 1939 ​ Allies -​ Britain -​ France -​ Canada -​ Austaria -​ New Zealand Axis -​ Germany -​ Italy (1939) -​ Japan (1940) For 7 months, From October 1939 - April 1940, Nothing Happened. It is called the Phony War. In April 1940, Germany renewed its blitzkrieg, “lightning war”, attacking Denmark and Norway. This war tactic used suprise, speed, and massive power to overwhelm the enemy. -​ War planned lead by knocking out key enemy positions and supply lines -​ German tanks crashed through enemy lines. -​ Soldiers would parachute into enemy territory and destroy communications transportation links. Germany then attacked the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium. And later went to France. Battle of Britain Starting from the Evacuation at Dunkirk, Allies had to get out of Dunkirk before the Germans captured the town. After the evacuation, the German Army swept through France, which made France surrender. After France fell, Hitler launched “Operation Sea Lion”, which is a plan to invade Britain How was Hitler going to do this?  -​ The Royal Air Force had to be defeated so that German forces can land in Britain What did Hitler do? -​ Massive bombing campaigns -​ Destroyed harbors and shipping facilities -​ Targeted air friends and aircraft factories -​ Bombed several areas of London -​ Destroyed Buildings -​ Killed civilians Germany was unable to destroy the RAF, because Britain had very advanced radar systems that notified Germany’s air raids. Britain used Spitfires and Hurricanes, 2 effective fighter planes In September 1940, Hitler gave up his plans to invade Britain 23 000 people were killed in The Battle of Britain Operation Barbarossa After Germany’s defeat in the Battle of Britain, Germany launched “Operation Barbarossa” or “Red Beard” on June 22, 1941. What was Operation Barbarossa? -​ Attack on the Soviet Union -​ Hitler broke the non-aggression pact he signed in 1939 -​ He wanted the raw materials, land, and labor to build a new German Empire What was the Outcome? -​ Soviets were unprepared, Germany strikes deep into Russian territory -​ By Autumn, Germany reached Mosvow and Leningrad -​ 1942, Germany launched an attack in the Soviet Union and focused on the rich oil fields -​ They got stopped because of the cold winter, this caused them to retreat in 1942 after 300 000 casualties. This made the Soviet Union join the Allies side. Pearl Harbour Japan began a campaign to expand its territory in the 1930’s By 1941, The Japanese wanted to gain control of the valuable resources in Southeast Asia colonies owned by Europe and America. But, they knew that this would cause war onto the U.S, which thus remained neutral in the war. ​ What happened on December 7-8, 1941? -​ Japanese planes bombed the U.S naval base in Pearl Harbour, on an island in Hawaii -​ Bombed the U.S territory of the philippines -​ 2400 people were killed This caused the U.S to join the allies, which meant the whole world was at war now. Hong Kong Hours after bombing Pearl Harbour, They attacked Hong Kong, which was a British colony. Weeks earlier, Canada send 2 battalions, and 20 000 allied soldiers After 18 days of fighting, Hong Kong fell to the Japanese on December 25, 1941, known as “Black Christmas” How did this impact Canada? -​ 1700 Canadian prisoners of war faced brutal conditions and later used as slaves -​ 260 out of the 1700 died during the 3 years of imprisonment Canada’s Contribution to the War Effort ; Military Role Over the course of WWII, Canada expanded its navy and airforce to help reinforce the Allies. Battle of the Atlantic -​ The struggle between the Allies and Axis powers to control the Allied shipping route across the Atlantic Ocean How did Canada help? -​ The Royal Canadian Navy only had 13 ships and 1819 sailors, so Canada started massive building and training programs so by the end of the war the RCN will have 400 vessels and more than 100 000 sailors In WW1, Britain was dependent on Canada and the U.S for food and military supplies. But German U-boats made it not possible for England to receive the needs. Germany wanted to starve Britain German submarines pounded convoys, sank hundreds of ships. The German Submarine also sailed up the St.Lawrence river to attack ships. But Britain cracked the code, and allowed the Allied to track German submarine movements. The Allies were building more ships than destroyed. Canada’s War at Sea -​ The RCN provide half the escorts across the Atlantic -​ The better training and sophisticated equipment helped the Allies -​ The WRENs “Womens Royal Canadian Naval Service created in 1942 had shore based jobs and worked as wireless operators and operational plotters. -​ German U-Boats still destroyed hundreds of supply ships, so Canada created small warships called Corvettes Corvettes -​ Quick and maneuvered well -​ Best shop to be built in a short amount of time -​ Helped protect the conveys route. War in the Air -​ The Royal Canadian Air Force consisted of more than 215 000 people, and participated in bombing raids. -​ The Women Royal Canadian Air Force trained as clerks, cooks, hospital assistants, drivers, telephone operators, and in the mechanics Bomber Command - the section of the RAF that directed the strategic bombing of Germany Canada bombed German Cities and killed more than 40 000 civilians and destroyed cities. Why were these cities targeted? -​ To retaliate for German air raids on English cities -​ Diminish German morale -​ To destabilize German industrial centers. Victory in Europe Allies invaded Germany from the north and west, the Soviet Union attacked from the east On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered Hitler committed suicide in Berlin before he could get captures May 8 was declared as Victory in Europe Day Japan Surrenders After the Allied victory in Europe, the war in the Pacific intensified. In March 1945, Americans, the main allied force in the Pacific, fire bombed Japanese cities trying to get them to surrender. Although thousands of people died, the Japanese declared that they would fight to the last person, and not surrender. The Atomic Bomb The American and British scientists have been working on the Manhattan Project, a plan to develop an atomic bomb. How did Canada contribute? -​ In 1942, Canada was asked to contribute Uranium, which was an important part of the bomb. -​ The government agreed and bought the Eldorado mine to produce the Uranium. How did they use these bombs? -​ August 6, 1945, Enola Gay, an American bomber plane, dropped an atomic bomb over Hiroshima. 135 000 died -​ August 9, A second atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. 50 000 died -​ The bomb had long term side effects like cancer, affecting more Japanese Citizens The War Ends Japanese surrender realizing they cannot withstand the power of the U.S weapon, the atomic bomb. WWII was 6 years long and caused 75 million deaths September 1, 1939 - August 14, 1945 August 14, 1945 is the end of World War 2 Allied Powers Winston Churchill: The British Prime Minister Joseph Stalin: The leader of the Soviet Union. Franklin D. Roosevelt: The leader of the United States. Harry S. Truman: The leader of the United States. Charles de Gaull - The leader of France William Lyon Mackenzie King - The Canadian Prime Minister Axis Powers Adolf Hitler: The leader of Germany and the Nazi Party. Benito Mussolini: The leader of Italy Hideki Tojo: The leader of Japan. Battles of WW2 Invasion of Poland Germans and Poles September 1-28, 1939 In Poland Germans won Battle of Britain Germans and British July 10-October 31, 1940 Over Britain British won Operation Barbarossa Germans and Soviets June 22-December 5, 1941 In the Soviet Union Inconclusive Pearl Harbor Japanese and Americans December 7, 1941 At Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Japanese won Battle of Stalingrad Germans and Soviets August 23, 1942-February 2, 1943 At Stalingrad, Soviet Union Soviets won D-Day (Battle of Normandy) Germans and Allies June 6-August 25, 1944 In Normandy, France Allies won Battle of Berlin Germans and Soviets April 16-May 2, 1945 In Berlin, Germany Soviets won Canadian Prime Ministers 1. William Lyon Mackenzie King (Prime Minister 1935–1948, 1949–1955) ​ Post-WWII Leadership: ○​ Oversaw Canada's transition from a wartime economy to peacetime. ○​ Led Canada’s post-war economic recovery. ○​ Played a pivotal role in the formation of the United Nations (UN) and NATO. ○​ Established the Canada Pension Plan in 1951. ○​ Took steps towards greater independence from Britain, leading Canada into the Statute of Westminster and further away from colonial ties. 2. Louis St. Laurent (Prime Minister 1948–1957) ​ International Diplomacy: ○​ Continued strengthening Canada’s role in international organizations, particularly NATO and the UN. ○​ Championed Canada's involvement in NATO and signed the North Atlantic Treaty. ○​ Played a role in the founding of the NATO and promoting peacekeeping missions. ​ Domestic Policies: ○​ Oversaw the expansion of Canada's welfare state, including the establishment of the Trans-Canada Highway. 3. John Diefenbaker (Prime Minister 1957–1963) ​ Advocacy for Civil Rights:  ○​ Implemented the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960, an important step for civil liberties. ​ Foreign Policy: ○​ Strongly opposed the Nuclear arms race and opposed Canada's involvement in the Avro Arrow program, a significant military project. ○​ Prioritized building relations with the Commonwealth, but had strained relations with the United States during his tenure. Lester Pearson 1. When was the time of their service as prime minister or politician? Lester B. Pearson was prime minister of Canada from 1962 - 1968. 2. What was the most important event during their service? The most important event during his service was the implementation of medicare in 1966, and the Suez Crisis in 1956. 3. How did they deal with the event? He negotiated with provinces and experts in healthcare to create a universal healthcare system. Whilst also ensuring federal cost-sharing. He finally got it passed in 1966 with a vote of 177 - 2. For the Suez Crisis, he sponsored a resolution to establish a UN Emergency Force to protect Egypt. 4. How do you like each prime minister or politician and why? Lester B. Pearson was very calm and always had an inclusive approach to governance. He is a great prime minister because of his ability to achieve major national reforms. 5. Include a photo of each prime minister or politician. Lester B. Pearson (Prime Minister 1963–1968) ​ International Influence: ○​ Architect of Canada's reputation as a peacekeeping nation, having proposed the UN peacekeeping force during the Suez Crisis (1956). ○​ Won the Nobel Peace Prize for his peacekeeping efforts in 1957. ​ Domestic Achievements: ○​ Created Canada’s universal healthcare system (Medicare). ○​ Established the Canada Pension Plan and initiated Canadian flag adoption. ○​ Reformed Canada's immigration policies, leading to a more multicultural nation. Pierre Trudeau 1. When was the time of their service as prime minister or politician? Pierre Trudeau was prime minister from 1968-1979 and 1980-1984. 2. What was the most important event during their service? The most important event during his service is the October Crisis and the creation of multiculturalism policy in 1971. 3. How did they deal with the event? When British diplomat James Cross and Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte, were kidnapped by the FLQ, Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act, giving the government extensive powers. For the creation of the multiculturalism policy, Trudeau had promoted multiculturalism as an official policy. He encouraged the preservation of cultural heritage. All while fostering national unity. 4. How do you like each prime minister or politician and why? Pierre Trudeau is a great prime minister. His intellectual approach to governance and his commitment to individual rights overpower the public's opinions about his economic policies. In my opinion, Pierre Trudeau remains to be one of Canada’s most divisive leaders. 5. Include a photo of each prime minister or politician. Pierre Trudeau (Prime Minister 1968–1979, 1980–1984) ​ Economic and Social Reforms: ○​ Implemented national bilingualism and established official bilingualism in Canada’s constitution (1971). ○​ Introduced the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) as part of the patriation of the Canadian Constitution. ​ Foreign Policy: ○​ Advocated for Canada’s independence from U.S. foreign policies, especially during the Cold War. ○​ Worked toward improving relations with the Soviet Union, pursuing détente. ​ Domestic Controversies: ○​ Faced resistance from Quebec, but also strengthened Canadian identity through multiculturalism. Joe Clark (Prime Minister 1979–1980) ​ Short Term but Key Contributions: ○​ Held office for a brief period but worked on economic stabilization efforts. ○​ A strong advocate for the Canadian Constitution and the Constitution Act of 1982. Brian Mulroney 1. When was the time of their service as prime minister or politician? Brian Mulroney was prime minister from 1984-1993. 2. What was the most important event during their service? The most important event during his service was the signing of the Canada -Us free Trade Agreement in 1988, and he also introduced the Goods and Services Tax in 1991. 3. How did they deal with the event? For the Canada -Us free Trade Agreement, He approached the agreement with leadership, personal diplomacy, and policial courage, which led him to develop and reshape Canada’s relationship with the Us. For the Goods and Services Tax, even though there was a lot of public opposition, Mulroney pushed through the GST. He thought it was necessary to modernize Canada’s tax system. He also wanted to reduce the national deficit. 4. How do you like each prime minister or politician and why? I think that due to his introduction of the GST and his failure of the Meech Lake Accord had major impacts on the public. It also raised a lot of tensions due to the public opinions. 5. Include a photo of each prime minister or politician. Brian Mulroney (Prime Minister 1984–1993) ​ Economic Leadership: ○​ Played a significant role in the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) (1989) and the subsequent North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). ○​ Focused on reducing the deficit and balancing the budget. ​ Domestic Policies: ○​ Implemented major tax reforms and privatization of several state-run industries. ○​ Faced backlash from Quebec with the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord, which failed to bring Quebec into the constitutional fold. Rene Levesque 1. When was the time of their service as prime minister or politician? Rene Levesque was the Premier of Quebec from 1976 - 1985. 2. What was the most important event during their service? His most important event during his service was the introduction of the Charter of the French Language and his contribution to the rise of the Parti Quebecois. 3. How did they deal with the event? For the introduction of the Charter of the French Language, He first enacted the Bill, by solidifying the role of French as the dominant language in education in Quebec. For his contribution to the rise of the Parti Quebecois, he put important policies into action which were used to strengthen Quebec’s independence. 4. How do you like each prime minister or politician and why? I like Rene Levesque as he had a passion for Quebec’s autonomy. It was really admirable, even though he had controversial factors in the broader context of Canada. 5. Include a photo of each prime minister or politician. Jean Chretien 1. When was the time of their service as prime minister or politician? Jean Chretien was the prime minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003. 2. What was the most important event during their service? The most important event was handling the 1995 Quebec Referendum. 3. How did they deal with the event? He campaigned for national unity and also campaigned to leverage federal resources to promote their votes to be “No”. 4. How do you like each prime minister or politician and why? I think that Jean Chretien was a good prime minister and politician as he had left a legacy due to his pragmatic approach to unity. 5. Include a photo of each prime minister or politician. Jean Chrétien (Prime Minister 1993–2003) ​ Economic and Fiscal Management: ○​ Focused on eliminating Canada's budget deficit, creating a surplus by the end of his term. ○​ Passed social policies, including universal child care and healthcare reforms. ​ Foreign Policy: ○​ Maintained Canada’s independence in foreign policy, notably in rejecting participation in the Iraq War (2003). ​ Domestic Affairs: ○​ Introduced several initiatives for indigenous reconciliation, and led the country through a period of economic prosperity. Paul Martin 1. When was the time of their service as prime minister or politician? Paul Martin was prime minister of Canada from 2003-2006. 2. What was the most important event during their service? The most important event during his service is the 2004 federal budget and the fact that he legalized same-sex marriage. 3. How did they deal with the event? For the 2004 federal budget, he balanced financial responsibility for Canadains and focused on debt reduction, healthcare, and education. For his take on legalizing same-sex marriage, he supported and passed the Civil Marriage Act, which made Canada the 4th country to legalize same-sex marriage. 4. How do you like each prime minister or politician and why? Paul Martin was a good prime minister as he had dedication to social justice as he improved indigenous relations and always reflected his progressive values. Even though his reputation was overshadowed by the Sponsorship Scandal, I would still say his goods outweigh his flaws. 5. Include a photo of each prime minister or politician. Paul Martin (Prime Minister 2003–2006) ​ Economic Stability: ○​ Responsible for achieving surpluses and debt reduction. ​ Social Policies: ○​ Continued Chrétien’s legacy with policies on healthcare, including the Health Accord with provinces. ○​ Focused on poverty reduction and increased foreign aid. Stephan Harper 1. When was the time of their service as prime minister or politician? Stephan Harper was the 22nd prime minister from 2006-2015. 2. What was the most important event during their service? The most important event during his service was his handling of the 2008 global financial crisis. He also strengthened Canada’s military involvement in Afghanistan. 3. How did they deal with the event? For his handling of the 2008 global financial crisis, he stabilized the Canadian economy using his economic leadership. He also focused on the banking system stability and financial prudence. For his strengthening of Canada's military, he increased military funding and also extended Canada’s mission in Afghanistan. He also emphasized on rebuilding efforts. 4. How do you like each prime minister or politician and why? Stephen Harper had some flaws as most of his environmental policies faced an immense amount of criticism. However, he was a decent prime minister who helped Canada achieve a strong financial management and economic stability. So, I would say his goods outweigh his bad. 5. Include a photo of each prime minister or politician. Stephen Harper (Prime Minister 2006–2015) ​ Economic Leadership: ○​ Navigated Canada through the global 2008 economic crisis, steering the country toward recovery with economic stimulus plans. ○​ Emphasized tax cuts, economic growth, and job creation. ​ Foreign Policy: ○​ Strengthened ties with the U.S., and was more aligned with conservative global leadership. ○​ Advocated for strong defense and supported Israel in Middle Eastern geopolitics. Justin Trudeau 1. When was the time of their service as prime minister or politician? Justin Trudeau was the prime minister of Canada since 2015-Present Day 2. What was the most important event during their service? His most important event during his service was managing the Covid-19 Pandemic 3. How did they deal with the event? He had created health measures and introduced financial support programs like CERB and CEWS, to help out Canadians during the crisis. His leadership emphasized public health and equity for minorities. 4. How do you like each prime minister or politician and why? Justin Trudeau has some flaws like the blackface incident and some of his policies had sparked debate, but he also has maintained focus on inclusiveness. So, I would be fifty-fifty about Justin Trudeau. 5. Include a photo of each prime minister or politician. Justin Trudeau (Prime Minister 2015–2024) ​ Social Reforms: ○​ Advocated for gender equality, climate change action, and indigenous rights. ○​ Legalized recreational marijuana and pursued environmental policies aimed at reducing Canada’s carbon footprint. ​ Economic and Social Policies: ○​ Focused on middle-class prosperity with tax cuts, childcare reform, and efforts to ensure economic recovery post-pandemic. ​ International Affairs: ○​ Maintained strong ties with the U.S., especially with President Biden, and engaged in global diplomacy on climate issues. ○​ Strong advocate for multilateralism in global organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. Cold war 1945-1991 1991-Current The Cold War was between the West (the United States, Canada, Britain, France, and their allies) and the Soviet Union. Main Cause of Cold War = Confrontation between the 2 opposing economic systems after WW2; socialism by the USSR and capitalism by US 1.​ Capitalism: ○​ In a capitalist system, resources like factories, banks, land, and mines are privately owned by individuals or businesses. ○​ The goal is to make money (profit). ○​ Most people, such as factory workers and the middle class, do not own these resources. Instead, they work for wages or salaries. 2.​ Socialism: ○​ In a socialist system, resources are owned by the government on behalf of the people. ○​ The goal is to meet the needs of everyone, not just to make profit for a few individuals. ○​ The focus is on providing services like healthcare, education, and housing for all citizens. 3.​ Conflict Between the Two Systems: ○​ Capitalism and socialism are very different, and their leaders believed their system was better. ○​ Each side wanted to spread its system to other countries. ○​ This created tension, as both wanted to prove their way of organizing society and the economy was superior. 4.​ Cold War Context: ○​ The United States represented capitalism and wanted to stop the spread of socialism. ○​ The Soviet Union represented socialism and wanted to spread its system to other countries. ○​ This rivalry led to a long period of competition, political tension, and indirect conflict, known as the Cold War (1945–1991). What Was the Cold War? -​ A period of intense rivalry (1945–1991) between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. -​ Both nations competed for political, economic, and military dominance. -​ Tension stemmed from distrust, especially about Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and communism. Why “Cold War?  -​ No direct military conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. -​ Proxy wars occurred where the superpowers supported opposing sides (e.g., Korean War, Vietnam War). Major Aspects of the Cold War 1.​ Arms Race -​ Both sides built and stockpiled weapons to deter attacks. 2.​ Space Race -​ Competition for technological superiority in space. -​ The U.S. landed humans on the Moon (Apollo 11, July 20, 1969). End of the Cold War -​ The Soviet Union began collapsing in the late 1980s. -​ In 1991, it broke into 15 independent states, ending the Cold War. Overview of the Cold War -​ Period of tension (1945–1991) between capitalist West (U.S., Canada, allies) and socialist East (Soviet Union). -​ Rooted in ideological differences: ○​ Capitalism: Private ownership of resources, profit-driven. ○​ Socialism/Communism: Government ownership of resources for public benefit. Post WWll Relationships & Cold War -​ US & Britain had a good relation with the Soviets during WWll -​ Post WWll the relationship turned into a cold war with threats of nuclear from 1945 - 1991 -​ The soviet Union Collapsed in 1991 ending the first phase of Cold war -​ New phase of Cold War began from 1991 - current -​ The US has a cold war against China, Russia, Cuba, North Korea, Venezuela, Syria and those not following American rules Types of War Relationships War: only fighting, no buying & selling, no travelling, no cultural exchange, closed borders and hostile propaganda Example - Syria on one side and terrorist backed up by the US on the other side Peace: have a friendly relation, buy, sell, travel, support each other, communicate friendly Example - Canada and the US Cold War: no war but no peace, restricted or no buying and selling, restricted or no travelling, hostile propaganda, opposing positions at the UN -​ When no trade is imposed by one of the countries it is called “economic sanction” Example - US and China, US and Syria, US and Venezuela… Causes of the Cold War -​ One of the cold war is always the US -​ US imposed economic sanctions on the countries listed above -​ Restricts or bans everything -​ Tries to overthrow government by coup d’etat -​ Military invasion (Venezuela) -​ Threaten with Nuclear War (North Korea) -​ Builds up nuclear military base around Russia and hostile propaganda -​ The reason US imposed cold war is so they can be independent economically and politically Key Events in the Cold War 1. Truman Doctrine (1947) ​ Named after U.S. President Harry Truman, this policy aimed to prevent countries from becoming socialist or breaking away from U.S. influence. ​ It involved giving military and economic help to governments loyal to the U.S. who were fighting against socialist or independence movements. ​ The Soviet Union saw this as interfering in other nations’ affairs to maintain U.S. control. 2. Marshall Plan (1947) ​ Named after U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall, this plan provided $12.2 billion in aid to European countries devastated by World War II. ​ The goal was to rebuild these economies and keep them aligned with the U.S. rather than the Soviet Union. ​ To qualify for aid, countries had to stop trading with the Soviet Union and buy goods from the U.S. ​ The Soviet Union saw this as an attempt to isolate them economically and undermine their influence. 3. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON, 1949) ​ This was the Soviet response to the Marshall Plan. ​ It aimed to coordinate post-war rebuilding and trade among the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe. ​ The U.S. imposed sanctions on these countries, and the Soviet and American-aligned economies stayed separate. 4. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, 1949) ​ NATO was a military alliance of Western countries against the Soviet Union. ​ It started with 12 members, including the U.S., Canada, Britain, and France, and later expanded. ​ The Soviet Union viewed NATO as an aggressive move because it brought nuclear weapons and military forces close to Soviet borders. ​ Despite U.S. promises not to expand NATO, it continued growing, eventually reaching the Russian border. 5. Warsaw Pact (1955) ​ This was the Soviet response to NATO, forming a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies. ​ Members included Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, East Germany, and Albania. ​ It acted as a counterbalance to NATO and showed the deep military and political divide of the Cold War. ​ The Warsaw Pact dissolved in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union and its allied socialist states. Canada’s Contradictory Cold War Behavior ​ Canada has attempted to maintain neutrality with Russia and China but often follows U.S. policies, such as supporting the American coup in Venezuela. ​ The most notable effort for independence in foreign policy came under Pierre Trudeau (1970s-80s), when he advocated for peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. These efforts, however, were rejected by the U.S. Canada’s Early Cold War Alignment ​ As a former British colony, Canada aligned with U.S. and British Cold War policies, joining:  ○​ NATO (1949) and NORAD (North American Defence Command, 1957) for military cooperation. ○​ Participated in the Korean War (1950-53) alongside the U.S. ​ Domestically, anti-communist measures included: ○​ Purges of communists from trade unions and the civil service. ○​ Suppression of communist-aligned unions, often led by American officials like Hal Banks. ○​ Targeting of marginalized groups, such as homosexuals, reflecting broader NATO country trends. Canada’s Peacekeeping Role ​ Lester Pearson played a key role in establishing Canada’s peacekeeping tradition, beginning with the Suez Crisis (1956). ​ Canadian troops participated in numerous peacekeeping missions, including: ○​ Lebanon, Congo, Cyprus, Yemen, and along the India-Pakistan border. ○​ These missions varied in roles: observers, trainers, and ceasefire enforcers. Korean War (1950-1953) ​ Context: ○​ Korea, occupied by Japan until 1945, was divided post-WWII into Soviet-controlled North Korea and U.S.-controlled South Korea. ○​ The U.S. blocked planned elections, fearing a communist victory, leading to Korea’s partition. ​ Conflict: ○​ North Korea, led by the Communist Party, invaded South Korea in 1950 to unify the nation. ○​ The U.S., mobilizing 21 countries (including Canada), counter-invaded North Korea. ○​ The war resulted in 516 Canadian deaths and devastating bombings in North Korea, with 1 million civilian casualties. ​ Outcome: ○​ The war ended in 1953 without a peace treaty, leaving Korea divided to this day. Vietnam War (1955-1975) ​ Canada’s Role:  ○​ Did not send troops but supported the U.S. by supplying $2.5 billion in military materials and another $10 billion in goods. ○​ Contributed peacekeeping forces in 1973 to enforce the Paris Peace Accords. ​ Conflict: ○​ The U.S. blocked elections in Vietnam, dividing the nation into a U.S.-backed South Vietnam and a communist North Vietnam. ○​ The war resulted in heavy casualties: over 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1 million North Vietnamese soldiers, and 58,000 Americans. ​ Outcome: ○​ Unlike Korea, Vietnam was ultimately unified after the U.S.’s defeat and withdrawal. Key Comparison: Korean War vs. Vietnam War ​ Both conflicts stemmed from U.S. refusal to allow elections that could lead to communist governments. ​ Korea: Remains divided into North and South. ​ Vietnam: Unified after the war. The Iron Curtain What Was the Iron Curtain? -​ A metaphorical division between Eastern Europe (controlled by the Soviet Union) and Western Europe (democratic, capitalist countries) during the Cold War. -​ Separated communist and non-communist countries, symbolizing the ideological divide. Why It Happened -​ After WWII, the Soviet Union expanded its control over Eastern Europe, installing communist governments. -​ The U.S. and its allies opposed this expansion, leading to tensions and the division of Europe. Key Feature -​ Eastern Europe was behind the "curtain" of Soviet control, with limited contact and trade with the West. Impact  -​ The Iron Curtain represented the physical and ideological barriers between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, fueling the Cold War. End of the Iron Curtain -​ The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the symbolic end of the Iron Curtain, leading to the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe. NATO What is NATO? -​ The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance established in 1949. -​ It includes countries from North America and Europe, committed to mutual defense against aggression. Purpose -​ To provide collective security: if one NATO member is attacked, all members agree to defend it. -​ Created to counter the threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. -​ NATO members also agreed that if conventional weapons were not sufficient, they would use tactical weapons like short-range nuclear weapons like artillery shells or bombs. They are also ready if they need to use wage-total nuclear war. -​ Key Members -​ Original 12 members: U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, Iceland. -​ Expanded over time to include more countries, now with 30 member states. Importance -​ NATO played a key role in deterring Soviet aggression during the Cold War. -​ It remains a major international military alliance, focusing on collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative security. Current Role -​ NATO continues to address global security challenges, including terrorism, cyber threats, and military interventions. Canada Joining -​ Prime Minister St.Laurent saw Canada as the middle power between the United States and Britain. As Canada could never act independently of these two nations. St.Laurant was a supporter of Canada joining NATO and the UN. -​ In 1949, Canada joined NATO with the United States, Britain, and other Western European nations. It was a military alliance. -​ Canada agreed to keep a full army unit and air squadrons in Europe. It built and supplied military bases overseas. -​ Canadian ships and aircrafts tracked the movements of Soviet submarines. Canada had to adapt its defence policy. Canada's NATO membership led to a divided northern hemisphere, with armies constantly practicing war and spies promoting revolutions and counter-revolutions. When NATO let West Germany as a member, the Soviet Union initiated the Warsaw Pact. Warsaw Pact - a post-WW2 military alliance, made in 1955 involving the Soviet Union and the Soviet-bloc countries like Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East-Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. This made the northern hemisphere into two separate camps. Aspect NATO Warsaw Pact Formation 1949 1955 Members 31 countries (e.g., US, UK, 8 countries (Soviet Union + Eastern France) Europe) Lead Country United States Soviet Union Ideology Capitalism, democracy Communism, Soviet control Purpose Collective defense against Soviet Maintain Soviet control over Eastern threat Europe Core Principle Attack on one = attack on all Collective defense, but under Soviet (Article 5) leadership Military Deterrence and defense against Soviet military dominance and control Strategy Soviet expansion over Eastern Europe  End of Still active today Disbanded in 1991 (after the fall of the Alliance Soviet Union) NORAD What is NORAD? -​ North American Aerospace Defense Command is a joint military organization between the U.S. and Canada, responsible for aerospace warning and defense. (North American Air Defence Command until 1981) Purpose -​ To monitor and defend North American airspace against potential threats, including missile attacks and aircraft incursions. -​ Ensures aerospace and maritime defense for both the U.S. and Canada. Formation -​ Created in 1958 as Prime Minister Diefenbaker signed the NORAD agreement during the Cold War as a response to the threat of Soviet missile attacks. Key Functions -​ Monitoring: Tracks all air traffic and missile threats across North America. -​ Defense: Coordinates actions to respond to potential threats, including fighter jets and other defense systems. -​ NORAD has 1000 bombers at its disposal, some of which are armed with nuclear weapons. -​ To protect against direct Soviet attack from the air -​ The United States built three lines of radar stations across Canada between 1950 and 1957. The Pinetree Line, the Mid-Canada line, and the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW). These stations were made to detect a surprise Soviet attack over the North Pole, which gives time for the U.S to counterattack. A Canadian command post was established in tunnels at North Bay, Ontario. To protect against direct Soviet attack, the US built three lines of radar stations across Canada between 1950 and 1957. These stations compromised Canadian sovereignty, with the US stationing military personnel in Canada for the first time. The loss of independence was "sold" as a security measure for an attack from the Soviet Union. The development of intercontinental ballistic missiles armed with nuclear warheads rendered radar stations in Canada less effective. Significance -​ Symbolizes U.S.-Canada military cooperation. -​ Continues to operate today as a major part of North American defense, especially in air and space surveillance. Lester B. Pearson Who Was Lester B. Pearson? -​ A Canadian politician, diplomat, and Prime Minister who served as Canada's 14th Prime Minister from 1963 to 1968. -​ Known for his role in shaping Canada’s foreign policy and for his contributions to global peace efforts. Major Achievements -​ Nobel Peace Prize (1957): Awarded for his leadership in the creation of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) during the Suez Crisis (1956), which helped prevent war between Egypt, Israel, Britain, and France. -​ Canadian Peacekeeping: Established Canada as a global leader in peacekeeping missions during the Cold War. -​ Universal Health Care: Advocated for and helped implement Canada's public healthcare system. -​ Canadian Flag: Oversaw the adoption of the iconic red maple leaf flag in 1965, symbolizing Canada's identity. Political Leadership -​ Served as the Minister of External Affairs (1948–1957) before becoming Prime Minister. -​ Under his leadership, Canada emphasized peacekeeping, multilateralism, and maintaining strong international relations. Legacy -​ Considered one of Canada’s most influential political figures, shaping both domestic and international policy.  -​ Known for promoting Canada's role as a peacebroker on the world stage. Most Important Event: A key event during Pearson's tenure was the Suez Crisis in 1956. Dealing with the Event: Pearson proposed the creation of a United Nations Emergency Force to intervene in the Suez Crisis. This helped protect Egypt from invasion by the UK, France, and Israel, and allowed the aggressor nations to withdraw with minimal embarrassment. Impressions of Pearson: Pearson is remembered as a significant Canadian leader for his role in resolving international conflicts, particularly the Suez Crisis. His leadership earned him the Nobel Peace Prize. As Prime Minister, he introduced universal healthcare and strengthened Canadian identity, notably through the adoption of the national flag. Suez Crisis (1956) The Suez Canal in Egypt was the main route that links the Mediterranean Sea and Red seas and it provides the shortest sea route from Europe to the Indian ocean. It was bought in 1869 and was privately owned by British and French investors. But in 1956, Egypts President, Gamal Abdel Naseer, took over the canal and threatened to ban ships from travelling to and from Israel. To respond, Britain and France planned “Operation Mouseketeer” to gain control of the canal. They landed troops. The Soviet Union aided Egypt, but the U.S threatened to retaliate against any of the Soviet Union's actions. Lester Pearson went to the United Nations and proposed a multinational peacekeeping force and installed it in the war zone. The UNEF (United Nations Emergency Force) was sent to the Suez area. This remained until 1967. Canada Offered reconnaissance units, supply troops, and cargo to support the UN mission. This helped Canada gain a reputation as a peace loving country. Outcome: The conflict ended with a ceasefire, Nasser retained control of the Suez Canal, and Britain and France were forced to back down. Significance  -​ Marked a shift in global power dynamics, with the U.S. and the Soviet Union emerging as the main superpowers. -​ Canada’s role in organizing the peacekeeping force boosted its international reputation as a peacekeeper. -​ The crisis highlighted the decline of British and French imperial power and the increasing influence of the UN in resolving international conflicts. First Canadian Prime Minister to Propose UN Peacekeeping Force Lester B. Pearson: In 1956, Pearson proposed forming a UN Peacekeeping force to stabilize conflicts and allow the withdrawal of attacking forces. Baby Boom - the increase of Birth Rate that occurred after WW2. 6.7 million children were born in Canada between 1946-1961. This increase in birth rate also occurred in AUstralia, the United STates, and among the First Nations. Post War Immigration - After WW2, 1 million veterans came back to Canada with wives that they married overseas. This increased Canada's population. Canada also accepted 165k displaced persons, people who were forced to leave their home due to war related reasons. Immigrants who also wanted to escape war-torn Europe came to Canada. This all rounded up to 2 million immigrants between 1945-1960. Those in Hungary and Czechoslovakia also came to Canada in 1956-1969 in similar conditions of war. Suburban Expansion Unlike the immigrants in WW1, who settled in Western Canada as the government promoted agriculture and farming. Post-WW2 immigrants settled in central Canadian cities where their culture was enriched also as the boom in urbanization led to a demand for labour in cities. In the Older areas of larger cities, veterans vacated and moved to the Suburbs with their families. The Veterans Land Act, provided loans and opportunities for home ownership. After World War II, there was a boom in population, economic growth, and demand for better living conditions, leading to rapid suburban development. After the war, there was a mass-production of homes in the suburbs, which were big houses on large lots with lawns, patios, and swimming pools. Suburbs offered more space, safety, and better living conditions for families, contributing to their popularity. The rise of car ownership and the construction of highways made commuting from suburbs to cities easier, encouraging suburban living. Consequences - When the Veterans moved to the suburbs, it allowed immigrants to revitalize the older urban neighbourhoods. The central Canadian cities became hubs of multiculturalism. Connections 1. World War I (1914–1918): The Catalyst ​ Trigger: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ignited alliances into conflict. ​ Outcome: Germany and its allies were defeated, with massive loss of life and economic devastation across Europe. 2. Treaty of Versailles (1919): The Seed of Resentment ​ Connection to WWI: The treaty ended the war but imposed harsh penalties on Germany: ○​ War guilt clause. ○​ Reparations, military restrictions, and territorial losses. ​ Impact: Economic hardship and humiliation in Germany fueled resentment and instability. 3. Interwar Period (1920s–1930s): Instability and Extremism ​ Economic Turmoil: Reparations and the Great Depression created poverty and unemployment in Germany. ​ Rise of Hitler (1933): Adolf Hitler exploited these conditions, promising to restore German power and defy the Treaty of Versailles. ​ Appeasement: Britain and France allowed Germany to rebuild its military and annex territories (e.g., Austria, Sudetenland) to avoid another war. 4. World War II (1939–1945): Global Conflict ​ Trigger: Germany invaded Poland (1939), prompting Britain and France to declare war.  ​ Connection to WWI: WWII was driven by unresolved issues from WWI: ○​ Germany’s desire to reverse the Treaty of Versailles. ○​ Expansionist ambitions fueled by nationalism. ​ Outcome: The Allies defeated Germany and Japan, but the war devastated Europe and shifted global power. 5. Cold War (1947–1991): The New Conflict ​ Connection to WWII: ○​ Division of Germany: After WWII, Germany was split into East (Soviet-controlled) and West (Western Allies). ○​ Superpower Rivalry: The U.S. and USSR emerged as the dominant powers, with ideological differences (capitalism vs. communism). ​ Impact: The Cold War shaped global geopolitics for decades, with lingering effects in the post-Cold War world. On-to-Ottawa-Trek - The On to Ottawa Trek was a protest movement in 1935 where unemployed workers from across Canada traveled to Ottawa to demand better conditions and relief from the government. It was sparked by frustration over the harsh conditions in relief camps and the lack of support during the Great Depression. Antisemitism refers to prejudice, discrimination, or hostility against Jewish people based on their religion, ethnicity, or culture. It has historically led to violence, persecution, and exclusion, including events like the Holocaust during World War II. The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its allies during World War II, from 1941 to 1945. Led by Adolf Hitler, the Nazis believed in the racial superiority of the "Aryan" race and viewed Jews, along with other groups such as Romani people, disabled individuals, and political dissidents, as inferior. This genocide included mass shootings, gas chambers, forced labor, and concentration camps, and it remains one of the most horrific atrocities in human history. The North African Campaign was a series of World War II battles (1940-1943) between the Allies and Axis powers for control of North Africa, leading to the defeat of Axis forces in Tunisia. The United Nations (UN) plays a key role in promoting and protecting human rights worldwide through its declarations, treaties, and agencies, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), which sets out fundamental rights and freedoms for all people.