World War 1 Causes Study Notes PDF

MAIN Causes of World War I ​ Militarism: The belief that a country should have a strong military to defend itself and promote it’s interests. ○​ Arms +Naval race: Competition between european countries to see who can produce the most weapon’s and create the lar...

MAIN Causes of World War I ​ Militarism: The belief that a country should have a strong military to defend itself and promote it’s interests. ○​ Arms +Naval race: Competition between european countries to see who can produce the most weapon’s and create the largest navy ​ Alliances:Union formed between countrie for mutual benefit. ○​ Triple Entente (France, Britain + Colonies, Russia, (U.S. joined later) Vs. Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary) ​ Imperialism: Enforcing the rule of a nation on outside people’s of countries (colonialism) ○​ European countries could use ther colonies to provide military personnel and materials. ​ Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a nation, glorifying a nation above others. ○​ Residents of these countries wanted to defend their nation Assasination of France Ferdinand ​ On June 28th, 1914 The archduke of Austria-Hungary was assassinated alongside his wife in Sarajevo, Bosnia ​ They were killed by Gavrillo Princip, who was a member of the Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist group who was unhappy with the Austro-Hungarian empire. ​ Austria Hungary blamed Serbia and demanded they allow Austria-Hungarian police into Serbia to arrest members of the Black Hand. ​ Serbia refused, and Austria-Hungary declared war. Schlieffen Plan ​ Was a plan created by German general Schliefflen ​ He planned to go through Belgium, take over France within 6 weeks, and invade Russia through the Russia-France border. ​ This plan relied on the fact that Britain would not honor their alliance withe neutral Belgium Failure of the Schlieffen Plan  ​ Germany was held up by the Belgian army, backed by the British Expeditionary Forces ​ Britian and colonies (Canada) joined the War ​ Russia mobilized within 10 days, and Germany withdrew troops to defend eastern border. ​ Germany did not take the chance to invade Paris, and were met by the French Army at Marne ​ Created a series of deadlock (western front ) which led to Trench Warfare Trench Warfare ​ German dug trenches first, in high ground, so they were better equipped than Allied trenches. ​ Conditions in the Trenches ○​ Rats ○​ Disease (dyentery, trench foot,lice) ○​ Natural Elements (Rain, Mud, Snow) ○​ Lack of experience ○​ Friendly Fire ○​ Less food was available near the end of the war ○​ Shell Shock (PTSD) and Physical Injuries Technology ​ Artillery (Shells) ​ Barbed Wire ​ Machine Guns ​ Rifles (Ross rifles were used by Canadians but they often got Jammed) ​ Tanks ​ Poison Gas ​ Submarine (German Submarines = U-boats) ​ Airplanes ○​ 40% of british pilots were Canadian  ○​ Fighter pilots who shot down more than 5 enemy plane were called aces (e.g Billy Bishop) ​ Ships (Transporting foot, raw materials, soldiers.) Battles ​ Battle of Somme ○​ Where: Sommes, France ○​ Duration: July 1st-November 18, 1916 (4 months) ○​ Goals: Britain wanted to relieve French forces in Verdun by knocking down German defences. ○​ Known for ​ “Over the top” - Climbing out of trenches to advance on the enemy. ​ Largest single day casualties ​ First use of tanks ○​ Canadian Bravery ​ Canadian “storm troopers” led the attacks ​ Canadian forces fought under General Haig. ​ Battle of Passchendaele ○​ Where: Paschedaele, Belgium ○​ When: July - November 1917 ○​ Goal: take Passchendaele from the Germans ○​ Known For ​ Muddy condition, mud clogged rifle and machine guns, tanks were unable to go through the mud ○​ Canadian Bravery ​ Passchendaele passage was captured by the Canadians. ​ Battle of Vimy Ridge ○​ Where: Vimy Ridge, France ○​ When: April 9th, 1917  ○​ Goal: Canadians were sent to capture Vimy Ridge (all other allied attempts had failed) ○​ Known For ​ Very detailed battle preparations (fulls scale model, planes flew scouting missions, railway lines and underground tunnels were built) ​ Troops followed a barrage of artillery (creeping barrage). They advanced 100 yards every minute. ○​ Evidence of Canadian Bravery ​ Plan devised and led by Canadian General Arthur Currie ​ All 4 divisions of Canadian Corps attacked simultaneously ​ By April 17,1917, Allied forced had captured Vimy Ridge ​ Battle of Ypres ○​ Where: Ypres, Belgium ○​ When: April 22nd - May 25th, 1915 ○​ Goal: hold 3.5 km of front line during german attacks ○​ Known for: ​ First poison gas attack (chlorine gas) ○​ Canadian Bravery: ​ Canadians were only troops able to hold their positions ​ Canadian medical officer came up with solution for chlorine gas (urine on cloth) ​ Stalled german advance ​ Battle of the Atlantic: ○​ Allies set up Convoys of British submarines to protect merchant ships from being bombed by U-Boats ○​ When a U-boat bombed the Luisitania, a British Ship carrying 128 American passengers, it convinced America to join the war in April 1917. Discrimination During World War I  ​ Women, Indigenous people, Chinese, Japanese, East Indian, Black and those considered “Enemy Aliens” were not welcome to join the war effort. However, many joined anyway. ​ Black Canadians ○​ No. 2 construction Battalion helped with building and repairing bridges and trenches, and maintaining wells to ensure fresh water supply ○​ They served in all 4 major battles ○​ Black Canadian were later allowed to join troops, many lost their lives ​ Indigenous People ○​ Worked as “code takers” who communicated secret messages in cree to Canadian posts ○​ Francis Pegahmagobow was a famous ojibwe soldier known for being a deadly sniper. ○​ He killed 378 enemy soldiers and captured 300 prisoners ​ Chinese + Japanese Canadians ○​ Were not concripted, but volunteered to go, as they hoped to gain more rights and prove their loyalty ○​ 196 Japanese Canadaians and 300 Chinese Canadians serves in the War. ​ Women ○​ During World War 2, women worked in ​ Munitions factories ​ Farms ​ Nurses, ambulance drivers ​ Welders and Machinists ​ Rail Road workers ​ Knit scarves, socks, pillows, shirts for soldiers ​ Conserved coal, fuel, food, clothing, money Homefront ​ Conscription ○​ By 1916, the amount of volunteers had decline ○​ In 1917, Robert Borden passed the Military Service Act, which conscripted men between 19 and 45 years of age. ○​ Concription was unpopular: ​ Farmers needed men to work in farms ​ Labourers were needed for factories ​ French Canadians did not want to get involved in Britains war + No french-speaking unit. ○​ Robert Borden Called another election in 1917 and passed the Wartime Elections Act. ​ This extended the vote to women to who were nurses or had relatives serving in the military ​ The vote was not given to pacifist and immigrants from enemy nations ​ Borden’s government won the election and conscription became law. ​ Their were riots in Montreal and Quebec City: 4 people died. ​ Internment Camps ○​ After being re-elected, Robert Borden implemented the War Measure Act, which required all Canadian citizens from enemy countries to be interned ○​ This included People of Ukrainian, Austria Hungarian, Ottoman Empire, German of Eastern European descent. ○​ The conditions in these camps were harsh, men were forced to do hard labor. ​ Victory Bonds ○​ People would buy bonds from the government. Once the war was over, they were repaid the money with a 5% rate of return. ​ Victory Gardens ○​ Citizens were encourage to farm food in their front yards so that less food was consumed and could be sent to soldiers overseas  ​ Canadian Patriotic Fund ○​ Established to provide support for wives/dependents of men in the war ○​ Volunteers distributed funds and looked after affected families ​ Soldiers of the Soil ○​ Government encourages boys aged 15-19 to work in farms ○​ Received and official uniform and medal ​ Canadian War Memorial Fund ○​ Hired artists to paint scenes of Canada at war, These painting were sold, and the money was used to support war efforts. End of The War ​ Halifax Explosion ○​ On December 6th, 1917, the Mont Blanc (carrying explosives) and the Imo (carrying fuel) collided and started a fire ○​ Later triggered the largest man-made explosion until the nuclear age. ○​ The explosion obliterated everything in a 2 km proximity ○​ American doctors and nurses came to help ○​ Canada annually sends Christman Tree to Boston to show gratitude ​ Spanish Influenza ○​ In 1918 - flu epidemic spread worldwide ○​ Started among American recruits and spread throughout Europe ○​ Killed between 20-50 million people worldwide ​ Treaty of Versailles ○​ The war ended when Germany agreed to a ceasefire on November 11, 1918 ○​ Germany was forced to Sign the Treaty of Versailles, which was organized by the US, France and Britain ○​ The Treaty require Germany to pay war damages, reduce military size, give land and announce that the war was their fault ○​ This left Germany in a state of poverty and resentment Prosperity in 1920’s ​ The Roaring twenties W time of prosperity, consumerism dancing, etc. Politic of the 1920’s ​ Post-War Problems ○​ French Canadians: Angry about Conscription. ○​ Maritime Provinces: wantde better treatment ○​ Western Provinces: wanted lower tariffs ​ Elections ○​ 1921 elections- Mackenzie King (Liberals) won with majority government ○​ 1925 - Mackenzie King was re-elected with minority government ○​ This was due to a scandal involving interference with the imprisonment of and alcohol smuggler (this was during prohibition ​ King-Byng Crisis ○​ Mackenzie King wanted to call another election ○​ Governer General Julian Byng refused, and requested Conservatives form their own government instead of Liberals ○​ This was the first time governor general disobeyed the Prime Minister ○​ King resigned and Arthur Meighan became Prime Minister ○​ The government quickly fell apart, and another election was called (King won with a majority government) ○​ Balfour Reports: establish that Canada was a free nation from Britain, and that the governor general should follow advice of the prime minister. Technological Advances during 1920’s ​ Radio ○​ First broadcast in North America was in Montreal ○​ First Radios had very poor sound quality ○​ Canadian engineer Ted Roger created radios that plugged into outlets ○​ 80% of radio stations Canadians listened to were American  ○​ CBC was created in 1936 ​ Telephone ○​ Invented in Brantford, Ontario by Alexander Graham Bell ○​ First telephones were noisy and difficult to use ○​ Telephones brough Canadians toghether (Talk to people in isolated areas) ​ Airplanes ○​ Fighter pilot became bush pilots, who transported goods to remote areas of Canada ○​ Commerical flights throughout Canada ​ Automobiles ○​ In 1893, Henry Ford Built his first car ○​ Cars were expensive until the creation of the assembly line ○​ Cheaper cost = higher demand ○​ Road, parking lots and gas stations were built to accommodate for cars. ​ Advances in medicine ○​ In 1921, Frederick Banting invented insulin to control diabete ○​ More people were aware of the importance of healthy diet ○​ Band-aids and q-tips were invented in 1920 ​ Household Electric Appliances ○​ Washing machines, stove and vacuum cleaners were sold as labor-saving devices ○​ However, homemakers were expected to do better with the help of this advanced technology. Discrimination in 1920’s ​ Indigenous people ○​ Canadian government tried to assimilate Indegnious people by: ​ Banning traditional ceremonies (Sun Dance, Potluck) ​ Forcing indigenous children to attend residential schools  ○​ Mohawk Chief F.O. Loft founder the League of Indians, whose goal was to give Indegnous people the right to vote and more control over reserves and funds ○​ Other organizatiosn such as the Native Brotherhood were created to support Indeginous activism. ​ Black Canadians ○​ Could not get specifics jobs (E.g security guards) ○​ Laws allowed restaurant and institutions to rejects black customer and have segregated seatings ○​ Blacking Canadians found comfort in churches where: ​ Social services were offered ​ Church leaders spoke for change in the community ○​ Black men who worked in sleeping cars formed the “Canadian Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters” ​ Worked to introduce anti-discrimination laws ​ Raised awareness about discriminations ​ Connected with Black Canadians across the country ​ Won union rights ​ Women: ○​ Had limited job options (only 1 in 5 women were working) ○​ Were payed less than men ○​ When men came back from war, women were expected to become “homemakers” once more. 1920’s Economy ​ Economy After World War 1 ○​ Poor economy - end of demand for goods ○​ Soldier came back to unemployment ○​ Agriculture sector experienced drought ○​ Factories shut down ​ Rebuilding After World War 1 ○​ Wartime economy transformed into peacetime economy ○​ Unions formed, Strikes held to improve worker conditions ○​ Canadian wheat was in demand in war-torn Europe ○​ However, people in Maritimes still face many difficulties. ​ Consumerism + Credit ○​ Canadians were encouraged to use credit to buy goods they could not afford. ○​ They though they would be able to pay for it later. ○​ Mass production led to cheaper price of goods (automobiles, radio, refrigerators) ​ Trade ○​ Canada’s main trade partner was the U.S, who purchase raw goods. ○​ U.S. set up branches in Canada to avoid import taxes ○​ Canada’s main exports were lumber, pulp and paper, wheat and mineral ○​ Later, U.S. Britain and European countries raised tariffs to encourage sale of local goods. ○​ Competition with USSR and Argentina reduced demand for Canadian wheat. This led to lower salaries for farmers. ​ Saskatchewan Wheat Pool ○​ Was formed by farmers in 1924 to get higher price for wheat ○​ Was replaced by the Canadian wheat board, who stabilized wheat prices ○​ All farmers go the same price for their crop ​ The Stock Market ○​ Big companies sold shares (one unit of ownership) in the stock market ○​ Price depends on supply and demand (High Demand = High Price) ○​ Due to excitement about the market, shares were sold at higher prices than their real value ​ Buying Stock on Margin ○​ Some investors paid stock brokers 10% - 15% of the original price  ○​ When the price of the stock rose they would sell, paying off their debt and making a profit ○​ However broker could make “margin calls.” If the stock fell, Investor would have to pay all the money owed. ​ Stock Market Crash ○​ On the 3rd of September, The Stock Market Reached it’s peak. Prices decreased after that. ○​ Broker gave margin calls and were forced to sell out investors who couldn’t pay. ○​ Investors tried to sell stocks, but their were no buyers. ○​ On October 29th, Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed even lower Canadian Autonomy ​ The Chanak Affair (1922) ○​ Britain asked Canada to send troops to protect British Assets from Turkish Army ○​ Mackenzie King Decided to ask Parliament for authorization, instead of sending troops immediately ○​ Crisis was resolved before troops were required ​ The Halibut Treaty (1923) ○​ Fishing Stocks in the Pacific Northwest (Washington and BC coast) were becoming depleted due to overfishing ○​ Canada and the U.S. negotiated a treaty without Britain’s help ○​ Britain demands to be allowed to approve treaty ○​ Canada threatens to create it’s own embassy in Washington ○​ Britain backs down, Canada’s first independent international treaty ​ The Balfour Report (1926) ○​ Established how British Government treats former colonies ○​ Stated that all colonies were: ​ Equal in status ​ Independent from each other  ​ Common allegiance to the Monarchy ​ Free to associate with each other ​ Canada’s Foreign Embassy (1927-1930) ○​ First Embassy - Washington DC - 1927 - Vincent Massey ○​ Seconds Embassy - Paris, France - 1928 -Phillipe Roy ○​ Third Embassy - Tokyo - 1930 ​ Statute of Westminster (1931) ○​ Gave any Commonwealth country the right to be fully independent if they wanted ○​ However, Canada and Newfoundland were not ready for full power Causes of The Great Depression ​ 1) Irresponsible spending by Canadian and limited government regulation of the stock Market ○​ Canadian were going into debt due to buying expensive items through loans and credit ○​ They were buying stock on margin (only paying 10-15% of the stock). When Stock market crashed, they were not able to sell and were left in debt. ​ 2) Business were producing more goods that could be sold. This resulted in huge stockpile. ​ 3) Canada was to dependent on exports of natural resources. ○​ After WWI, Europe started recovering, and did not need Canadian products ​ 4) Canada’s economy was too dependent on the USA. ○​ Many countries raised tariffs, especially the U.S, which hurt the Canadian Economy ​ 5) The Dust Bowl (severe drought +locusts) ○​ Wheat prices decreased with no-one to export to ○​ Farmers lost their business in the prairies ○​ They abandoned their farms and tired to find jobs in other places. The Great Depression  ​ Started on “Black Tuesday” October 29, 1929 - New York Stock Market Crashes, Toronto Stock Market followed ​ Many Canadians lost their savings, jobs, assets and homes. Most live in poverty and relied on charities for food. ​ Lasted for 10 years 1930’s WorK Relief Camps ​ In 1931, The government established “work camps” for single, unemployed men ​ Government was afraid that these men would be influenced by communism and protest. ​ These camps were located in remote areas ​ Conditions in the camps: ○​ Men were employed to build roads, parks, etc. ○​ They were paid 20 cents a day, and forced to work 8 hours daily ○​ Lacked recreational facilities ○​ Poor food ○​ Tents and bunkhouses were crowded, did not have stoves. On-to-Ottowa Treak ​ Workers started to protest and demand better conditions ​ They formed the Relief Camps Workers Union (RCWU) ​ Federal Government refused to meet striker demands ​ Striker decided to march to Ottowa to meet with PM ​ By the time they reached Regina, Prime Minister Bennet decided to end the protests: ○​ Canadian Pacific Railway were not allowed to escort workers ○​ RCMP and Regina Police attacked a public meeting of trekkers ○​ By the end, one person was dead, several hundreds injured, and thousands of dollars of property damage. ​ This event lost support for Bennett, Conservatives got less seats in the next election ​ Government provided free transportation for trekkers to return  ​ Relief Camps were dismantled and replaced with seasonal relief camps run by the provinces. Politics during the Great Depression ​ Liberal - Mackenzie King ○​ Stated he would not give money to provinces with conservative governments ​ Conservatives - R.B. Bennett ○​ Promised to end unemployment, but does not have a clear action plan. ​ Co-operative Commonwealth Federation - J.S. Woodsworth ○​ Against free enterprise - wanted socialism ○​ Socialism =government control of economy with citizen benefits ○​ Ideas (Written in Regina Manifestion) ​ Government ownership of bunks and transportation companies ​ Crop insurance ​ Free Healthcare ​ Employment Insurance + Pensions ​ Peaceful Foreign Policy ○​ Became the NDP in 1962 ​ Social Credit Party - William Aberhart ○​ Wanted to introduce Social Credit (giving every person in Alberta $25 to fuel the economy) ○​ Aberhart believed that Great Depression would end if people had money to spend. ○​ Governed in Alberta and B.C between 1925-1992, and gained popularity in Quebec. ​ Union Nationale - Maurice Duplessis ○​ Wanted francophone control over Quebec ○​ Allowed Catholic Church to control education and Foreign Investment ○​ Wanted higher minimum wage and provincially owned hydroelectic systems ○​ Premier of Quebec between 1936-1959 Long-Term Causes of World War II ​ 1) The Treaty of Versailles ○​ Ruins Germany’s economy ○​ War guilt clause was a source of outrage for german people ○​ Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France all receive German land still populated with about 6.5 million Germans ​ 2) Rise of Dictators ○​ Dictatorship ​ Government established complete control of the state ​ Highly Nationalistic (Flags, salute, rallies) ​ Strict control and laws ​ Military state (secret police, military) ​ Censorship (opposing literature and ideas) ​ Propaganda (Media-radio, newspapers, posters) ​ One Leader (dictator) ○​ Dictators: ​ Soviet Union - Joseph Stalin - Communism ​ Italy - Benito Mussolini -Fascism ​ Germany -Adolf Hitler - Nazism ​ Japan - Emperor Hirohito - Fascism ​ 3) Failure of the League of Nations ○​ League of Nations created after WWI (later become the United Nations) ○​ Purpose: to keep peace and prevent future wars ○​ Member countries were to solve problems peacefully by stopping trade with aggressive countries. ○​ Fails to address Hitler’s aggression in the 1930’s ​ 4) Policy of Appeasement ○​ Countries gave into Hitler’s demands in order to avoid war  ○​ This was because they lacked funds for another war and agreed the treaty of versailles was too harsh. ○​ Munich Agreement: The leaders of Italy, Britain, France, and Germany met in Munich decided to “give: Hitler the Sudetenland in exchange for his promise to end all aggressions against other nations. Canadian Military Contributions ​ Battle of Britain ○​ German air force “Luftwaffe” bombed major cities in Britain ○​ They were taskd with destroying the Royal Air Force ○​ The RAF was able to push back German Air Force ○​ Over 100 members of the Royal Canadian Air Force went to Defend Britain ○​ Canada’s top ace was Mark Hilly Brown, who had 15 victories. ​ Battle of Hong kong ○​ Dec 8 - Dec 26, 1941 ○​ After bombing Pearl Harbors, the Japanese Attacked Hong Kong ○​ 1900 Canadians volunteered to defend Hong Kong. ○​ However they were poorly trained and outnumbered 1 to 10 ○​ Japanese quickly defeated them, 500 Canadians were killed and the rest were taken prisoner ○​ First land Battles ​ Battle of Dieppe ○​ August 19, 1942 ○​ Main objective : test german defenses and remove pressure from Russia ○​ Germans were prepared for that allied and knew their exact location ○​ The plan was poorly executed, took place in broad daylight, many casualties ​ Battle Of Atlantic ○​ Germans deployed U-boats to sink allied ships and convoys ○​ Navy ships and air force defended allied convoys  ○​ To avoid detection, electric cables were placed on the outside of ships (degaussing) ○​ Canada produced supplies for Britain, and the Royal Canadian Navy escorted Convoys. ○​ After the War, the Canadian Navy became the third largest in the world ​ Battle of Ortona ○​ Dec 20 - 28, 1943 ○​ When Italty surrendered to germany, there were two sides: pro-german and pro-allies ○​ On Sept 9th, allies landed in Salerno and Taranto. ○​ German Army was in control of Italian Defence ○​ House-to-House fighting in narrow streets of Ortona, mines were thrown, building bombed. ○​ Allies took control of Italy, 1300 Canadian casualties. ​ D-day + Juno Beach ○​ June 6, 1994 ○​ After taking control of Italy, Allies shifted focus to France ○​ Allies deceived Germans with the wrong location, they attacked from Normandy ○​ Allies broke through “Atlantic Wall” (Barrier built on beach by Germans) and air forces dropped bombs on german forces. ○​ Canadian Navy, Troops and RCAF participated. There were 1074 Canadian Deaths. ○​ Largest invasion in history, led to the eventual defeat of Germany and liberation of Europe. Holocaust ​ The Holocaust: The Annihilation of 6 million Jews under the Nazi regime during World War II ​ 63 % of the Jewish Population were killed ​ Stages of Isolation ○​ Stripping of Rights ​ Stripped of German citizenship  ​ Fired from jobs and businesses boycotted ​ Banned from schools and universities ​ Marriage betweens Jews and Aryans was forbidden ​ Forced to carry ID and wear star of David ​ Synagogues destroyed ​ Forced to pay reparations and special income tax ○​ Segregation ​ Jews were forced to live in “Ghettos”, Isolated areas within cities which had poor sanitation, overcrowding and very little food ○​ Concentration Camps ​ Mass murder of Jews, Communists, homosexuals, and political opponents ​ Slave labor + Starvation ​ Prisoners transported in cattle freight trains ​ Possesions confiscated ​ Inhumane medical experiments ○​ Extermination ​ Mobile killing units attacked Jewish communities ​ Euthanasia program - Nazi policy to eliminate people with mental or physical disabilities ​ Gas Chamber -large groups of jews were killed using poison gas ○​ End of the War ​ Nazis tried to destroy evidence of their crimes ​ Tried to move prisoners closer to germany ​ Nuremberg Trials -trials for war crimes of Nazis and associates ○​ Canada and the Holocaust ​ Canadian Government didn’t allow Jewish refugees aboard teh S.S Louis to come to Canada ​ Did not take action to prevent anti-semitism (E.g swastikas were allowed)  ​ Many industries did not hire Jews ​ Christies Pitt Riots - Jews +Italians vs anti-immingrant Anglo and French Canadians Women in WWII ​ Canadian Women’s Army Corps and Canadian Women’s Auxiliery Air Force was established ​ Women worker as radio operators guiding ships and planes, first aid posts, and worked in war industries at home ​ They did welding, assembly line work, ran farms, worked in lumber mills, and drove street cars + buses ​ “Ronnie, the Bren Gun Girl” - Canadian women representing those who worked in factories ​ Elsie Mcgill - chief aeronautical engineer at Canadian Car and Foundry, who designed Hurricanes. ​ Women worked as spies and nurses ​ Government created Daycares, where women could keep childrenn while working ​ Men didn’t want Women to continue working after the war Japanese Internment Campps ​ In 1933, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations ​ In 1940 japan signed Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy (The Axis) ○​ U.S, Britain and Netherlands froze japanese financial assets. (prevents Japans from purchasing oil. ​ After Bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Canadian Government became fearful of an attack on B.C. ​ White settler suspected Japanese canadians of being spies ​ Boats, radios, cars, Cameras and other property was confiscated. ​ Under the War measures Act 21, 000 Japanese Canadians were interned ○​ Internment camps were located in the B.C. interior  ○​ Living condition were poor, no electricity or running water ​ After the War, Japanese Canadian were not allowed to return to B.C. They were given the option of: ○​ Moving to Japan ○​ Moving to other Provinces. ​ Their houses were sold by the government to fund their internment ​ An apology was given by Brian Mulroney, alongside $21,000 of redress payments per individual. Canada and the Homefront ​ World War II launched Canada out of the Great Depression ​ C.D. Howe, minister of munitions turned Canada into a war-time economy ​ He set quotas for how much needed to be produced within a specific time frame. ​ New factories were built, old ones transformed ​ Government set fixed price for good and wages through the Wartime Prices and Trade Board. ​ Items such as meat, butter and tea were rationed ​ Victory Gardens and War Bonds were continued ​ Taxes were raised Conscription and WWII ​ Mackenzie King originally said “Conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription” ​ NRMA men were conscripted to defend the homefront ​ Soon Mackenzie King was under pressure to provide more men ​ He decided to hold a plebiscite, asking Canadians if he could conscript men overseas. ​ 80% of Canadians votes “yes” ​ Mackenzie King delayed conscription until 1944 ​ Since conscripted men had to be trained, most never saw action. End of the War  ​ V-E Day - May 8th 1945 ○​ Hitler and his wife commit suicide, Germany surrenders. ​ Hiroshima and Nagasaki ○​ On August 6th, 1945, a plane name “Enola Gay” dropped the atomic bomb “little boy” on Hiroshima ○​ This caused mass scale destruction and many deaths ○​ Japans refused to surrender, so the U.S dropped another atomic bomb “Fat Man” on Nagasaki. ○​ On August 15th (V-J day) Japan surrendered ○​ Atomic Bomb Impact: ​ Cancer and other injuries ​ Environmental impact (mutations) ​ Destruction of buildings Residential Schools ​ During the 19th century, the Canadian Government attempted to assimilate Indeginous children by place them in Residential Schools. ​ 15, 000 children were faced to go to these schools, last school closed in 1996. ​ Conditions: ○​ Poor sanitation + inadequate food + poor clothing ○​ Students weren’t allowed to speak native language and practice their culture ○​ Physical, mental and sexual abuse ○​ Half day spent learning, other hald spent doing hard labor ○​ Many died at the schools due to disease ○​ Survivors turned to alcohol, drugs and suicide Cold War ​ Alliances ○​ NATO: Democratic countries : US, Canada, Britain, France etc. ○​ Warsaw Pact: Communist Countries: Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary. etc. ​ United Nations ○​ The Big 5 Nations - Soviet Union, U.S, Britain, France, China + rotating nations ○​ Attempt to shape a peaceful future where global topics can be discussed. ​ Gouzenko Affair - Sept 1945 ○​ A Russian Spy in Canada told the police about a secret soviet spy ring In canada ○​ This later led to the to the discovery of spy rings in the U.S, by then, the Soviet’s had already produced nuclear weapons ​ Korean War - 1950 - 1953 ○​ After Japan de-colonized Korea, Soviet Union established communist governments in North Korea and U.S. established democratic government in South Korea ○​ North Korea attacked South Korea in June 1950 ○​ U.S led multinational force to defend South Korea ​ Canada sent 27,000 soldiers ○​ War ended in 1953 with a truce. ​ Suez Crisis - 1956 ○​ In 1956, Egypt’s President Nasser took control of Suez from the British and French. ○​ The Canal was an important trade route ○​ Israel, Britain and France attacked Egypt. ○​ Soviet Union threatened to send missiles, U.S stated it would respond. ○​ UN sent Emergency Forces under Lester B. Pearson ​ Multinational police forced from countries not involved in conflict ​ They would keep peace until settlement was reached diplomatically ○​ Settlement was reache Shortly after the arrival of the UNEF. Lester B. Pearson was awarded Nobel Peace prize. ​ Cuban Missile Crisis - October, 1962 ○​ After WWII Cuba had a communist government led by Fidel Castro ○​ The Soviet Union placed Missile Bases in Cuba  ○​ This raised fears that the Soviet Union would attack America ○​ The U.S created a naval barricade around Cuba ○​ Eventually, U.S and Soviet Union reached an agreement ​ U.S removed missiled in Turkey, Soviet Union removed missiles in Cuba. ○​ U.S. President J.F.K was upset with Canadian P.M. John Diefenbaker lack of support and failure to mobilize NORAD ​ Vietnam War - 1955 - 1975 ○​ American feared the Communist Government would take over Vietnam, so troops were sent ○​ Many Americans protested against conscription in this war. ​ “Draft dodgers” came to Canada to avoid conscription ○​ American troops were pulled out under President Nixon ○​ Canada refused to participate. Social Changes ​ Birth Control Pill were invented ○​ Allowed women to pursue further education and careers without worrying about Children. ○​ Families became smaller ​ Divorce Laws ○​ Trudeu’s Government legalized “No fault” divorce ○​ You no longer needed to prove that your partner cheated or was abusive in order to get a divorce ○​ Allowed women to escape from abusive relationships ​ Abortion law ○​ Abortion was legalized in 1968 if women could prove that childbirth would cause them harm. ○​ Protected women who were experiencing physical or mental health issue due to childbirth  ​ Homosexuality ○​ Canadian government decriminilized homosexuality ○​ Canadian society became more tolerant ○​ LGBTQ+ community gained more right and the ability to express themselves ​ Ontario Humans Right Code ○​ The Ontario Human Rights Code was established in 1962 ○​ protects Canadians from discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disabilty, age and marital status. ○​ ensured peoples rights were not violated ​ Capital Penalty ○​ Canada has executed 710 people ○​ Death penalty was abolished in 1976 Universal Health Care ​ Definition: All people have equal access to medical care. Healthcare is paid for by the government and is accessible ​ Tommy Douglas, leader of the CCF, became premier of Saskatchewan in 1944 ​ He started to provide free medical care for senior citizens, and funded treatment for people with cancer, tuberculosis and other diseases ​ In 1959, Tommy Douglus implement Universal Health Care for citizens in Saskatchewan. For $5, residents would have all their hospital bills covered ​ Doctors were angered with this, as they though they would lose professional freedom and get paid less. ○​ They went on strike, so the government brought foreign doctors ○​ The strike ended 23 day later ​ The Federal government later implemented Universal healthcare throughout the country, due to public pressure Political Changes ​ William Lyon Mackenzie retire in 1948, after serving as PM for 22 years ​ He was succeeede by Louis St. Laurent ○​ convinced Newfoundland and Labrador to join the confederation of Canada ​ Joey Smallwood became first PM of Newfoundland ○​ built the St. Lawrence seaway, which linked the great lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.  ○​ Louis St Laurent became unpopular due a pipeline construction project from west to eastern Canada ​ John Diefenbaker (Conservative) won with a minority government in 1957. ○​ cut taxes, helped farmers and raised senior pensions ○​ was a good speaker and promised new jobs ○​ In 1960 he passed the Canadian Bill of Rights ○​ promoted developments in the North and the West ○​ stopped the “Avro Arrow” project ​ Canada started building the world’s most advanced supersonic Jet fighter ​ The cost was much higher than anticipated. ​ 28,000 people lost their jobs or moved to the U.S. ○​ In 1958, he agreed to station nuclear bomarc missiles from the US in Ontario and Quebec ​ This led to anti-nuclear protests, although Canada eventually accepted the warhead in 1963 ​ In 1963 Deifenbaker lost the election to Lester B. Pearson (liberal) ○​ He wanted to have a new flag, which reflected Canada’s diverse identity ​ The current flag was raised in 1956 ​ Pearson’s government establish medi-care nationwide ​ Pierre Trudeau was elected as Prime Minister in 1968 ○​ De-criminilized homosexuality ○​ Establish Bilingulism (English and French) ○​ Created Petro-Canada ○​ Constitution act of 1948- Canada was completely independent from Britain ○​ Passed the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Quit Revolution ​ Maurice Duplessis was the premier of Quebec between 1936-1939 and 1944-1959 ○​ He founded and led the Union Nationale ○​ Cut Quebec of from the rest of Canada ○​ He ran a politically corrupt government ○​ He died in 1956  ​ Jean Lesage (Liberal) became the next premier. The liberal began to reform Quebec, which was called the “Quit Revolutions” ○​ Improve economic and social conditions in Quebec. ○​ Gave greater recognition and control to French Speaking people ​ In 1963 Lester B. Pearson set up the Bilinguilism and Biculturalism commision. They made the following recommendations. ○​ Declare Canada officially Bilingual ○​ Make English and French official languages in parliament and courts ○​ Provide government services in English and French ○​ Employ more french Canadians in the federal government ​ In 1969, Pierre Trudeu passed the Official Language Act so Government services were offered in French and English ​ Parti De Quebecois was formed by Rene Levesque in 1968, and wanted Quebec to separate from Canada through democratic means. ○​ They won majority seats in 1976 provincial election. ​ Official Languages Act, Bill 22, was passed in 1974. ○​ French became official language in Quebec and limited the choice of parents to which language their children would be educated in. ○​ Canada was bi-linguals, Quebec uni-lingual ​ Bill 101 was passed in 1977 ○​ Continuation of Bill 22, Strong restrictions on use of English in Quebec ○​ French had to be used in government, courts and schools ○​ Children of immigrants had to go to French Schools ○​ Many English-speaking residents moved to other provinces as a result. FLQ crisis of 1970 ​ Starting in 1962 FLQ , a radical separatist group, used bombings and kidnapping to convince the government to let Quebec become a seperate from the rest of Canada ​ The FLQ was responsible for 160 violent act killing 6 people ​ On October 5, 1970, the FLQ kidnaps James Cross, the British Trade Commisioner, and demands a $500, 000 ransom ​ 5 days later Pierre Laporte is kidnapped and killed, his body is found in the trunk of a car  ​ PM Pierre Trudeu send the Canadian army to Quebec and enacts the War Measures Act, which gives government complete control over citizens ​ James Cross is rescued 2 month later ​ 23 people are sent to prison for terrorist acts. Indigenous Activism ​ The White paper was drafted in 1969 by the Canadian government ○​ It aimed to abolish historic treaties and assimilate Indigenous people into Canadian society, without providing them with extra benifits ○​ Indigenous people were strong opposed to the document, because they felt that it was meant to erase Indigenous culture and past injustices. ​ In response, the Red Paper was sent to the government. ○​ The authors believed The White Paper would harm Indigenous people, and lead to loss of land, cultures and traditions ○​ It served as a rallying cry for Indigenous people across the country ○​ The government eventually withdrew the the White Paper, admitting it was problematic. ​ In 1971, Hydro-Quebec and the Government of Quebec launched a hydroelectrical-power development on the east coast of James Bay. ○​ They did not consult the Indigenous groups which held treaty over the area ○​ The Cree and inuit protested against this arrangement. ○​ The Canadian Government negotiated with the Indigenous people, and came to an agreement. ○​ The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement: ​ In exchange for allowing the construction, the Cree and Indigenous would receive 225 million dollars, and retain special fishing and hunting rights. The Constitution Act ​ Overview ○​ Constitutions; a list of rule which govern the actions of an organization ○​ Canada has a written and unwritten constitutions ​ British North America Act of 1867 ○​ The colony of Canada (Ontario and Quebec) were united with the colonies of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. ○​ The act described the union and set up rules about how Canada should be governed  ○​ They decided on a strong federal union ​ Power was shared between Federal government and provincial and municipal governments ​ Federal government has the most power ○​ The BNA act could only be change the British Parliament. ○​ Two sectionsof the BNA Act listed the powers of the federal and provincial governments. All left over matters were given to the Federal government. ​ Section 91 - powers of the federal government ​ Fisheries, currency, postal systems, national defence, national Issues. ​ Section 92 - powers of the provincial governments ​ Justice, Municipal Institutions, Public Lands, Hospitals ​ Statute of Westminster ○​ Canada became a self governing-dominion, independent from Britain. ○​ British law no longer applied in Canada ​ Creating the Constitution (1982) ○​ The government revoked the BNA Act ○​ Pierre Trudeu wanted the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms entrenched in the Constitution ​ The province objected, as they feared they lose power due to interpretations of the Charter ​ The federal government created an amending formula by which the constitution could be changed. ​ Provinces and Federal government reached an agreement in 1981 (except Quebec) ​ In 1982, Queen Elizabeth signed the new constitution. ​ The Meech Lake Accord (1987) ○​ Effort to bring Quebec into the constitution by stating that ​ Quebec was a “disctinct society: ​ Province were given the right to nominate judges for the Supreme Court ○​ However, the Accord failed ​ Charlottetown Accord (1992) ○​ Included  ​ “Distinct Society” status for Quebec ​ Aboriginal Self Government. ​ Senate reform ○​ However, this also failed ○​ Quebec is still not part of the Constitution ​ Charter of Rights and Freedoms ○​ A constitutional document that defined the rights and freedoms of Canadians. ○​ Prior to the Charter there was: ​ The Canadian Bill of Right (1960) ​ The Official Language Acts (1969) ​ Provincial Bill Of Rights ​ Section of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms ○​ Secton 2 -Fundamental Freedoms ​ Freedom of religion ​ Freedom of expression ​ Freedom of association and peaceful assembly ○​ Section 3-5 - Democratic Rights ​ Right to vote ​ Right to run for elected office ​ Elections are called every five years ​ Parliaments and legislature must sit once every year ○​ Section 6 - Mobility Rights ​ The right to leave and return to Canada ​ The right to move anywhere in Canada ○​ Section 7- 14 - Legal rights ​ Rights to life, liberty and security of a person ​ Right to retain lawyer ​ You must be informed of your arrest ​ Police search must be warranted ​ You are innocent until proven guilty ○​ Section 15 - Equality Rights ​ Legal equality regardless of race, age , gender, ethnic origin etc. ○​ Section 16-22 - Language Rights  ​ Bilingual status of Canad (French and English) ​ Federal agencies must provide services in English and French ○​ Secton 23 - Minority Language Rights ​ Minorities can have children educated in their own language ​ Province only need to provide minority language school when their are sufficient cost and number. ○​ Section 33 - Notwithstanding Clause ​ This allows governments to pass laws which may interfere with ​ Fundamental Freedoms ​ Legal Rights ​ Equality Rights ​ The action is only valid for 5 years, after which it must be reaffirmed. Sovereignty Vote ​ 1980 Referendum ○​ In 1980, Parti Quebecois gave Quebeckers the chance to vote for independence ○​ A Yes would give the Quebec government a mandate to to negotiate for sovereignty with the Canadian Government. ○​ Results, On May 20, 1980: 60% no, 40% yes ​ 1995 referendum ○​ Another vote for Quebec Sovereignty ○​ PM Jean Christien vs PM Jacques Parizeau ○​ 49.4% of Quebec voted yes for sovereignty, 50.5% vote no. Social Changes ​ Immigration ○​ In the 20th century, many immigrant arrived from non-european countries ○​ By 2006, 41% of Immigrants were from Asia and the Middle East. ○​ A point systems is used to decide which immigrants to accept ​ Higher points are awarded from fluency in English or French, advanced education, solid work experience, and an offer from a Canadian company. ○​ However the immigration application process has significantly slowed down ​ Aging population ○​ It is predicted that by 2056, 30% of Canada’s population will be 65 years or older  ○​ This will put a strain on social services and health care providers North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) ○​ Negotiated between Canada, U.S.A and Mexico, in 1994 ○​ Largest free trade agreement in the world ○​ Free trade - elimination of Most tariffs Sove Canadian Peacekeeping Around the World ​ Yugoslavia ○​ In 1990s, there was fierce fighting between ethich groups in the regione (Bosnian Albanians vs Serbs) ○​ UN negotiated Several ceasefires ○​ Canadian general Lewis Mackenzie commanded the UN force in Bosnia ​ Somalia ○​ By late 1992, the government of Somalia had collapsed, and the country was left in a stated of famine and violence ○​ 900 members of the Canadian Airforce Regiment joined a UN Peacekeeping mission there ​ Their mission was to disarm armed groups and provide relief ○​ However, some members of the Canadian regiment committed violent acts against Somalian citizens ○​ This tarnished Canada’s peacekeeping record, and the regiment was disbanded. ​ Rwanda ○​ In 1993, The UN sent 2500 peacekeepers, including 400 Canadians to Rwanda, under the command of Canadian General Romeo Dallaire ○​ The genocide started in April 1994, and lasted for 100 days, during which 10% of Rwanda’s population was killed ○​ Romeo Dallaire tried to warn the UN about the scale of the genocide and asked for reinforcement, but he was ignored ○​ UN aid only arrived in the country after the genocide ​ International Criminal Court ○​ Canadian government was one of the driving forces in establishing the court ○​ In 1988, Canada and other countries met in Rome to discuss how the Court would work  ○​ By early 2009, 108 countries had signed ○​ The main goal is try individuals accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Oka Crisis ​ In 1989, The Mayor of Oka, announced a plan to expand a golf course of a historic Mohawk cemetery ​ Despite months of protest by the Mohawk community, construction was schedule for March 1990 ​ The Mohawks of Kanetasake decided to create a Road Blockade around the site, but were met with force from the Quebec Provincial Police, SQ ​ On July 11, 1990, The SQ attacked the encampment with flash grenades and tear gas. Gunfire ensued, and one SQ officer was killed ​ On August 20th, the Military was sent to control the situation. They quickly overwhelmed the Mohawk resistance and pushed them back. ​ The federal government decided to purchase the area so that it could not be developed, and stated the land was reserved for the Mohawks of Kanesatake ​ The Oka Crisis brought attention to Indiginous land disputes throughout the country. Reconciliation ​ Reconciliation: Building a renewed relationship with Indigenous people ​ The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was formed after the 2008 Residential School Apology. ○​ They wanted to share the truth about Residential Schools and Indigenous Culture ​ The TRC created 94 call of action to help us work toward reconciliation 9/11 and Beyond ​ On September 11, 2001, two planes were hijacked by Al Qaeda to crash into the twin towers ​ One plane crashed into the pentagon, another crashed in an open field in pennsylvania ​ Their were many casualties ​ After these events, US and NATO troops (including Canada) were sent to Afghanistan to dismantle the Taliban and search for Osama bin Laden ​ He was executed 10 years after the events of 9/11 ​ 9/11 led to more security measure in the modern world (e.g. tighter security in airports)