Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main cause of stroke as described?
What is the main cause of stroke as described?
- Excessive physical activity leading to brain fatigue
- Infections affecting brain function
- A sudden increase in brain cell activities
- Rupture of blood vessels in the brain or blockage in blood supply (correct)
What happens to brain cells when there is a stroke?
What happens to brain cells when there is a stroke?
- They stop processing information completely
- They become damaged and begin to die without oxygen (correct)
- They regenerate immediately after the stroke
- They become hyperactive and begin to function better
Which type of aphasia is specifically associated with damage to the left posterior, inferior frontal gyrus?
Which type of aphasia is specifically associated with damage to the left posterior, inferior frontal gyrus?
- Anomic aphasia
- Broca’s aphasia (correct)
- Global aphasia
- Wernicke’s aphasia
What brain function is most immediately affected following a stroke?
What brain function is most immediately affected following a stroke?
What is the primary characteristic of hemispatial neglect following a stroke?
What is the primary characteristic of hemispatial neglect following a stroke?
What personality changes were observed in the individual with the brain injury?
What personality changes were observed in the individual with the brain injury?
What aspect of the individual's cognitive assessment was below average?
What aspect of the individual's cognitive assessment was below average?
What type of brain injury did the 45-year-old man suffer from?
What type of brain injury did the 45-year-old man suffer from?
What was the man's previous occupation before the injury?
What was the man's previous occupation before the injury?
What was one significant consequence of the brain injury on the individual's motivation?
What was one significant consequence of the brain injury on the individual's motivation?
How did the injury affect the man's capacity to follow through on plans?
How did the injury affect the man's capacity to follow through on plans?
Which part of the brain was primarily affected in the case study?
Which part of the brain was primarily affected in the case study?
What demographic details are provided about the individual with the brain injury?
What demographic details are provided about the individual with the brain injury?
What type of injury involves breaching the skull and protective barriers of the brain?
What type of injury involves breaching the skull and protective barriers of the brain?
Hemispatial neglect often leads to which of the following issues?
Hemispatial neglect often leads to which of the following issues?
What component of the brain is linked to visuomotor processing?
What component of the brain is linked to visuomotor processing?
Penetrating head injuries account for approximately how many civilian deaths each year in North America?
Penetrating head injuries account for approximately how many civilian deaths each year in North America?
What is the main issue that arises from poor working memory linked to hemispatial neglect?
What is the main issue that arises from poor working memory linked to hemispatial neglect?
What unusual event is associated with Phineas Gage's injury?
What unusual event is associated with Phineas Gage's injury?
What sensory processing issue is linked to hemianopia?
What sensory processing issue is linked to hemianopia?
What type of memory is described as temporary and used with short-term memory?
What type of memory is described as temporary and used with short-term memory?
What does selective attention refer to?
What does selective attention refer to?
What is sustained attention primarily concerned with?
What is sustained attention primarily concerned with?
What is a characteristic behavior of individuals with emotional instability following a brain injury?
What is a characteristic behavior of individuals with emotional instability following a brain injury?
What collection of abilities is included in executive function?
What collection of abilities is included in executive function?
What behavioral characteristic is commonly observed in individuals after sustaining a brain injury?
What behavioral characteristic is commonly observed in individuals after sustaining a brain injury?
What type of memory impairments are indicated in individuals with head injuries?
What type of memory impairments are indicated in individuals with head injuries?
Which population was targeted in the behavioral management program trial?
Which population was targeted in the behavioral management program trial?
Which of the following best describes impulsivity in the context of cognitive responses?
Which of the following best describes impulsivity in the context of cognitive responses?
What was the primary outcome of the behavioral management program according to the study?
What was the primary outcome of the behavioral management program according to the study?
What behavior might result from irritability in individuals after a head injury?
What behavior might result from irritability in individuals after a head injury?
What was noted about the magnitude of change in behavior frequency in the management program?
What was noted about the magnitude of change in behavior frequency in the management program?
Which of the following was NOT a criterion for participation in the study?
Which of the following was NOT a criterion for participation in the study?
What is the most common cause of physical disability and cognitive impairment in young people as mentioned?
What is the most common cause of physical disability and cognitive impairment in young people as mentioned?
What was the conclusion about the differences in caregiver-rated stress and burden after the intervention?
What was the conclusion about the differences in caregiver-rated stress and burden after the intervention?
What aspect of emotional response is commonly affected in individuals with acquired brain injury?
What aspect of emotional response is commonly affected in individuals with acquired brain injury?
How does closed motivation/apathy affect cognitive functions?
How does closed motivation/apathy affect cognitive functions?
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Study Notes
Stroke
- Stroke is a leading cause of death in North America each year
- Approximately 1 million people experience a stroke each year
- Stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds, or when there is a blockage in the blood supply to the brain
- Symptoms vary depending on the brain region affected
- Without oxygen, brain cells begin to die within minutes
- Slow speed of information processing is common after a stroke
- Memory problems are frequently observed after a stroke, but it may not be clear whether they are a direct or indirect consequence of stroke
- Damage to the left posterior frontal gyrus is often linked to the limitation in spoken output (Broca’s aphasia)
- Damage in the right inferior parietal lobule can lead to visual-spatial neglect, and damage in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can lead to visuomotor neglect
Penetrating Head Injuries
- Penetrating head injury involves any injury that breaches the skull and protective layers of the brain
- Can be caused by gunshot wounds, stabbings, falls, or accidents involving sharp objects
- Less prevalent than closed head injuries, but tend to have a worse prognosis
- Account for approximately 40,000 civilian deaths each year in North America
- The famous case of Phineas Gage (1848) illustrated the role of the frontal lobe in personality and behavior.
- Although he survived the injury, a tamping iron propelled through his brain caused personality changes, including impulsivity, irritability, increased profanity, and inability to follow plans
- A case study on a 45-year-old man provides an example of the impact of penetrating head injuries on cognitive processing, motivation and daily life.
- This individual, despite having a below average IQ and a tenth-grade education, was unable to return to work due to impaired cognitive processing and lack of motivation.
Closed Head Injuries
- A type of traumatic brain injury in which the skull and dura mater remain intact
- Accounts for approximately 250,000 hospitalizations for TBI each year.
- Common cause of physical disability and cognitive impairment in young people.
- Individuals with closed head injuries often experience challenges with selective and sustained attention
- Challenges with executive functions, including categorization, abstraction, systematic memory searching, information retrieval, problem solving, self-direction, and planning are common consequences.
- Apathy, or the lack of motivation, is common in people with closed head injuries.
- Closed head injuries often impact memory.
- Impulsivity, irritability, and affective instability are frequently observed.
- Individuals with closed head injuries may struggle to fully consider the implications of their actions, leading to poor judgement and potentially dangerous outcomes.
Cognitive Behavioral Management Program
- A behavioral management program, delivered in a natural community setting, has proven to be effective in managing disruptitive behaviors in people with acquired brain injury.
- The study by Carnavale et al. (2006) involved participants with TBI or acquired brain injury, who were at least 16 years old and had a presenting behavioral impairment caused by brain injury.
- The study found that rates of disruptive or aggressive behaviors significantly declined in the program with no statistically significant differences in caregiver-rated stress or burden.
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