Nervous System and Hormones - Scholarly Flashcards (1) PDF

Nervous System and Hormones Question Answer What portion of the nervous system carries commands to Somatic nervous system. skeletal muscle tissue? What is the term for the portion of the CNS that is located at the Ganglion...

Nervous System and Hormones Question Answer What portion of the nervous system carries commands to Somatic nervous system. skeletal muscle tissue? What is the term for the portion of the CNS that is located at the Ganglion. periphery? Which organs are affected by the parasympathetic nervous Adrenal glands. system except? What follows the action potential in the preganglionic fibers of the A prolonged positive after potential. ANS? What follows the action potential in the postganglionic fibers of A prolonged negative after potential. the ANS? What is acetylcholine split into by the enzyme Acetate ion and choline. acetylcholinesterase? What mediator is released from the endings of the postganglionic Norepinephrine. sympathetic nerve fibers? What mediator is released from the endings of the postganglionic Acetylcholine. parasympathetic nerve fibers? Which transmitter is synthesized in the terminations of Acetylcholine. parasympathetic nerves, sympathetic vasodilators, and sympathetic nerves of sweat glands? What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the It inhibits the secretory function. gastrointestinal tract? Where are the centers of the sympathetic nervous system In the thoracic and lumbar segments. located within the spinal cord? Where are the centers of the parasympathetic nervous system In the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and in the sacral segments of located? the spinal cord. What is the complex of microganglionar structures located in the The metasympathetic nervous system. walls of internal organs called? How many neurons generally comprise the effector pathway of Two neurons. the autonomic nervous system? Into what categories are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous Paravertebral and prevertebral. system divided? What are the cells of the vegetative nervous system that receive Transducers. information by traditional means and respond to it by endocrine means called? What type of receptors do all postganglionic neurons contain? Nicotinic receptors. What substance do all preganglionic autonomic neurons secrete? Acetylcholine. Where are nicotinic receptors of the PNS found? In the ganglia and in the membrane of skeletal muscle fibers. What comprises each sympathetic pathway? Two fibers, a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron. How do the neurons of the vegetative nervous system differ from They have a bigger duration of the excitation of the postsynaptic those of the central nervous system? potential. What effects do parasympathetic nerves have in comparison to They have opposite effects. sympathetic nerves on the motor activity of the stomach? What is the main subcortical center that integrates the visceral Hypothalamus. process? Which organ is not an effector of the autonomic nervous system? Medulla oblongata. Question Answer What is the region of the hypothalamus that contains the primary Median eminence. capillaries of the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system? How do releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus reach They pass down nerve axons. the pituitary gland? What are the main physiological effects of LH in females? Stimulating ovulation. What are the main physiological effects of LH in males? Promoting secretion of androgens. What do the insulin-like effects of GH include? Increased protein synthesis in muscle. What type of biological molecules are almost all hormonal Proteins. receptors? What increases during pregnancy before delivery in regards to Synthesis in the hypothalamus and its secretion by the posterior oxytocin? lobe of the hypothalamus. What hormones stimulate the secretion of adenohypophyseal Liberins. hormones? What are the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, adrenal Amino-acid derivatives. medullae categorized as according to their chemical structure? What is the main mechanism for control of hormone secretion Negative feedback. rate? What involves changing effector functioning intensity in hormonal Corrective type of hormone action. action? Under what conditions does vasopressin synthesis in the In cases of hyperosmia and hypovolemia. hypothalamus increase? What type of hormone action affects metabolism? Metabolic type of hormone action. What is the major action performed by neural pathways in the Hormone producing action. adrenal medulla? What is the net effect of ADH action on the kidneys? Increased fluid retention. What are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other Trophic hormones. endocrine glands called? What type of hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex, Steroid hormones. ovaries, testes, and placenta according to their chemical structure? What must a target tissue contain to respond to a particular Receptors for that particular hormone. hormone? Which hormone is not one of those secreted by the anterior Parathyroid hormone. pituitary? What effect does vasopressin (ADH) have on diuresis? It decreases diuresis. What provides the change in the function intensity of organs, Hormone action corrective. tissues, and cells possessing automatity? What is not a stimulus for GH secretion? High blood glucose. What determines the ability of a specific tissue or organ to The presence of appropriate receptors on the cells. respond to a hormone? What are specific biologically active substances produced by Hormones. endocrine glands that can change the function, metabolism, and structure of body organs and tissues called? What type of hormone action provides growth and differentiation Morphogenetic hormone action. of tissues? What initiates the activity of target organs through hormone Kinetic hormone action. action? Question Answer Which type of hormone action regulates metabolism and trophic Metabolic hormone action. activity of tissues? What is responsible for specific hormone action on the cell? The main function of the action. What hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland, pancreas, Protein-peptide hormones. and parathyroid gland classified as according to their chemical structure? Where are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin stored and By the posterior pituitary gland. released? Which hormones directly exert anabolic influence upon protein Growth hormone (GH). metabolism? What type of hormone action involves affecting growth and Morphogenetic type of hormone action. differentiation of tissues? What is the main function of the haptomer? To ensure a search for the site of hormone action. What does the kinetic type of hormone action involve? Launching a certain effector activity. What are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary? Oxytocin and ADH. What produces glucagon in the islets of Langerhans? Alpha-cells. What gland produces calcitonin? The thyroid gland. What gland produces thyroxine? The thyroid gland. What does glucagon stimulate in the liver? Ketogenesis. Where does cortisol exert negative feedback effects? At the level of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. What physiological effect does epinephrine not include? Decreased urea synthesis. To what are the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla Sympathetic postganglionic neurons. analogous? What does the adrenal medulla produce? Epinephrine and norepinephrine. Where is aldosterone produced? In the adrenal glands. Where are the nerve centers controlling the secretory function of In the hypothalamus. the adrenal chromaffin located? What regulates aldosterone secretion? High concentration of K in the extracellular fluid. What type of gland can be classified as both endocrine and Pancreas. exocrine? What principal mineralocorticoid is produced by the adrenal Aldosterone. cortex? What is the major stimulator of parathyroid hormone release from A fall in plasma ionized calcium. the parathyroid gland? How is glucocorticoid hormone secretion regulated? By ACTH. What does parathyroid hormone do in the blood? Increases the amount of calcium. What is the main physiological effect of glucagon? Increasing the concentration of glucose in the blood. What is the main physiological effect of insulin? Decreasing the concentration of glucose in the blood. What produces parathyroid hormone? The parathyroid glands. What is the direct effect of parathyroid hormone? Increased osteoclast activity. What are the effects of epinephrine on the cardiovascular Increased heart rate. system? What hormones are responsible for the Fight-or-flight response? Epinephrine and norepinephrine. Question Answer Where does insulin stimulate glucose uptake? Into the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. What hormones are produced in the zona fasciculata of the Glucocorticoids. adrenal cortex? What is the net effect of aldosterone? To increase plasma sodium. What cells produce insulin in the islets of Langerhans? Beta-cells. What does thyrocalcitonin do in the blood? Reduces the amount of calcium. What does cortisol stimulate in the liver as part of its effect of Glycogenolysis. increasing blood glucose? Under what conditions is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) When metabolic rate falls. secretion increased? What hormones are produced in the zona glomerulosa of the Mineralocorticoids. adrenal cortex? When are plasma cortisol levels typically highest? Just after awakening. What hormone is responsible for sex hormone production and LH. ovulation in females? Why are the supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei They synthesize oxytocin and ADH. significant? What would increased circulating concentration of thyroxine lead Decreased secretion of TSH. to? Which general chemical category is not represented by a group Nucleic acids. of hormones? What hormones contain the element iodine? T3 and T4. What is the range of half-life for most hormones? Minutes to hours. What is a symptom of hyperthyroidism? High metabolic rates. What is the major target of antidiuretic hormone? The kidneys. What organ is responsible for the removal of hormones from the The liver. blood? What is the role of insulin in relation to glucose and amino acids? It promotes their entry into tissue cells. Why is the anterior pituitary gland unable to secrete oxytocin? Because it is secreted by the posterior pituitary. What type of tissue is the conductive system of the heart made Atypical muscular tissue. up of? What is the intrinsic rhythmic rate of the A-V nodal fibers? 40-60 times per minute. What is the intrinsic rhythmic rate of the S-A nodal fibers? 72 times per minute. What is the intrinsic rhythmic rate of the Purkinje fibers? 15-40 times per minute. What channels provide the phase of fast repolarization of a Activation of potassium channels. typical cardiomyocyte action potential?