Nervous System and Hormones Quiz

Nervous System and Hormones

• Somatic nervous system carries commands to skeletal muscles.
• Ganglion is the portion of the CNS located at the periphery.
• Parasympathetic nervous system does not affect adrenal glands.
• Pre-ganglionic fibers followed by a prolonged positive afterpotential (in the ANS).
• Post-ganglionic fibers followed by a prolonged negative afterpotential (in the ANS).
• Acetylcholinesterase splits acetylcholine into acetate and choline.
• Norepinephrine released from postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers.
• Acetylcholine released from postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers.
• Acetylcholine is a transmitter synthesized in terminations of parasympathetic nerves, and sympathetic vasodilator and sweat glands.
• The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gastrointestinal tract function.
• Sympathetic centers are in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
• Parasympathetic centers are in the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and sacral segments of the spinal cord.
• The metasympathetic nervous system is a complex of microganglionar structures in internal organ walls.
• The autonomic nervous system effector pathway generally involves two neurons.
• Sympathetic ganglia are divided into paravertebral and prevertebral categories.
• Transducers are cells of the vegetative nervous system receiving information and responding via endocrine means.
• Nicotinic receptors are found in all postganglionic neurons, and the ganglia/skeletal muscle fibers (PNS).
• All preganglionic autonomic neurons secrete acetylcholine.
• Neurons in the vegetative nervous system have longer postsynaptic potential durations than those in the central nervous system.
• Parasympathetic nerves have opposite effects on stomach motility to sympathetic nerves.
• Hypothalamus is the main subcortical center integrating visceral processes.
• Medulla oblongata is not an effector of the autonomic nervous system.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

• Median eminence contains primary capillaries in the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system.
• Releasing hormones travel via nerve axons to the pituitary gland.
• LH (in females) stimulates ovulation.
• LH (in males) promotes androgen secretion.
• Growth hormone (GH) includes increased protein synthesis in muscle.
• Hormones are predominantly proteins.
• Oxytocin synthesis increases during pregnancy.
• Liberins stimulate secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones.
• Thyroid and adrenal medulla hormones are amino-acid derivatives.
• Negative feedback controls hormone secretion rate.
• Corrective hormone action changes effector intensity.
• Vasopressin synthesis increases in hyperosmia and hypovolemia.
• Metabolic hormones affect metabolism.
• Adrenal medulla neural pathways produce hormone-producing actions.
• ADH increases fluid retention in kidneys.
• Trophic hormones regulate other endocrine glands' secretion.
• Adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, and placenta hormones are steroids.
• Target tissues need receptors for a particular hormone.
• Parathyroid hormone is not secreted by the anterior pituitary.
• Vasopressin decreases diuresis.
• Hormone action corrects intensity changes in organs/tissues/cells.
• High blood glucose is not a stimulus for GH secretion.
• Hormone receptor presence determines tissue responsiveness.
• Hormones change organ function, metabolism, and structure.
• Morphogenetic hormones drive tissue growth/differentiation.
• Kinetic hormones initiate target organ activity.

###Additional Hormones and Actions

• Metabolic hormone action regulates metabolism and tissue activity.
• Specific cell actions are triggered by particular hormones.
• Protein-peptide hormones from pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroid.
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.
• Growth hormone (GH) increases protein metabolism.
• Morphogenetic hormones affect growth and differentiation of tissues.
• Haptomer ensures hormone action site determination.
• Kinetic hormone action launches effector activity.
• Posterior pituitary hormones are oxytocin and ADH.
• Alpha cells produce glucagon in the islets of Langerhans.
• Thyroid produces calcitonin and thyroxine.
• Glucagon stimulates liver ketogenesis.
• Cortisol feedback affects anterior pituitary/hypothalamus.
• Epinephrine does not decrease urea synthesis.
• Chromaffin cells are similar to sympathetic postganglionic neurons.
• Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
• Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal glands.
• Hypothalamus controls adrenal chromaffin secretion.
• Aldosterone regulation involves K concentration in extracellular fluid.
• Pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine gland.
• Aldosterone is a principal mineralocorticoid from adrenal cortex.
• Reduced plasma ionized calcium triggers parathyroid hormone.
• ACTH regulates glucocorticoid secretion.
• Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium.
• Glucagon increases blood glucose.
• Insulin decreases blood glucose.
• Parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone.
• Parathyroid hormone increases osteoclast activity.
• Epinephrine increases cardiovascular system activity.
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine respond to fight-or-flight.

Test your knowledge on the nervous system and hormones with this quiz. It covers various aspects of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, including neurotransmitters and the effects on different organs. Ideal for students studying human biology or physiology.